tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2849121725900161022024-03-19T05:31:23.245-04:00Urban Scale RichmondRichard Worshamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13506216069153805493noreply@blogger.comBlogger82125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-284912172590016102.post-63408418994047833672023-03-16T11:32:00.011-04:002023-06-16T09:17:26.878-04:00<p><span style="font-size: large;">BASIC BUILDINGS</span></p><p class="Body"><span style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="Body" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 1.0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 1in 0in 0.5in;"><o:p><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></o:p></p>
<p class="Body" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 49.5pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 49.5pt 0in 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: large;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">...The
division of dwelling place and working place was no recognized feature of the
social structure of the towns which our ancestors inhabited. The journey to
work, the lonely lodger paying his rent out of a factory wage or an office
salary, are the distinguishing marks of our society, not of theirs. We are
forced to suppose that in industrial and commercial matters the working family
was assumed to be self-sufficient on its labour, in spite of the vicissitudes
of the market.</i><a href="file:///V:/05%20Staff/Previous%20Work/Gibson%20Worsham/Urbanism/Urbanism/Draft%20blog%20posts/Stores%20in%20Virginia/Store%20Buildings%20%5bedited%20from%20Petersburg%5d.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">[1]</span></sup></b><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></i></a><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> <o:p></o:p></i></span></p>
<p class="Body" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 63.0pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 63pt 0in 0.5in;"><o:p><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></o:p></p>
<p class="Body" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 1.0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 1in 0in 0.5in; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span>Peter Laslett. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
World We Have Lost.</i><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="Body"><o:p><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></o:p></p>
<p class="Body" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 49.5pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 49.5pt 0in 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: large;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span face=""Arial Unicode MS",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica;">“</span>A
good portion of the population lived over stores in this part of the city,
probably more than two thousand, within an area of a few squares.</i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span face=""Arial Unicode MS",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica;">”</span><o:p></o:p></i></span></p>
<p class="Body"><o:p><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></o:p></p>
<p class="Body" style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span>Dan Murphy’s
Reminiscences </span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">[concerning
Main Street,</span></span></p>
<p class="Body" style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="text-align: left;"> </span><span style="text-align: left;"> </span><span style="text-align: left;">Richmond
in the early nineteenth century]</span> </span></p>
<p class="Body"><o:p><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></o:p></p>
<p class="Body"><span style="font-size: large;">Towns in seventeenth and early eighteenth-century Virginia were
almost entirely oriented around commerce. Towns were required in order to
concentrate the availability of products and services needed for the
organization of commerce and agriculture. The distribution of land in Richmond
began in the 1730s, by which time the surveying of land and the regional manner
of laying out of towns was well developed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The lots in 1730s Richmond were established for the building of merchant
enterprises. </span></p>
<p class="Body"><span style="font-size: large;">In most cases merchants lived in the same structures occupied by
their shops and stores, although by the mid-eighteenth century the most
financially independent citizens began to build suburban dwellings on hills
around the town, where the noisome air and bustling activity could be avoided.
For the first 70 years the town was made up of one- and two-story frame
structures like those built throughout the Tidewater region during this period.
The half-acre lots appear to have been considered large enough for a main
building and the domestic offices and garden needed to support an urban family
without rural property. Most buildings were placed near the front edge of the
property with the implicit understanding that eventual subdivision of the lots
would create a virtual wall of buildings. Its helpful to think of the similar
but much more populous Duke of Gloucester Street in Colonial Williamsburg in
this regard.</span></p><p></p><p class="Body"><span style="font-size: large;">The basic building of the Virginia town until the antebellum
period was the store/dwelling. One memoir of the area around Main and Governor
Street in early Richmond emphasizes this fact: </span><span face=""Arial Unicode MS", sans-serif" style="font-size: x-large;">“</span><span style="font-size: large;">A good portion of the population lived
over stores in this part of the city, probably more than two thousand, within
an area of a few squares.</span><span face=""Arial Unicode MS", sans-serif" style="font-size: x-large;">”</span><a href="file:///V:/05%20Staff/Previous%20Work/Gibson%20Worsham/Urbanism/Urbanism/Draft%20blog%20posts/Stores%20in%20Virginia/Store%20Buildings%20%5bedited%20from%20Petersburg%5d.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face="Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: black;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><span style="font-size: large;">
The value of land for commercial use led to the lining of the principal routes
with long rows of these store/dwellings. The gradual infilling of the town</span><span lang="FR" style="font-size: x-large;">’</span><span style="font-size: large;">s grid took many years, as civic
institutions, service functions, and professions multiplied. As space became
more valuable, secondary commercial and service buildings spread to secondary
streets. The construction and placement of these basic buildings were governed
by the grammar of regional vernacular architecture and by rules established by
the town government to ensure regularity and safety.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;">Sir John Summerson called this basic building block of the British town "the unit house," “with a narrow
frontage to the street, [and] rooms back and front on each floor,” and the front
room on the ground floor often containing a store [Summerson, <i>Architecture in Britain 1530-1830</i>. (London, 1954) 56].”</span> <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Body"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjA_k5cf2x8nrKFuCLFzFSOrjnwa_ajwv9M6ePhRD7YOhmnS3FL4vC2YOaxel1D2KM_4EBHrWGOMYdLBRwDIlJY_eyPr6ntWBimfwP9LNejBQ2Wx8pbuvLb6yeeK3D3xyNpyqx-S3ZvcUeGO7EUdryeianUXkyeU9ua5M1b9a-jJPzAYsv_UHlziedf/s308/Picture2.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="308" data-original-width="292" height="372" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjA_k5cf2x8nrKFuCLFzFSOrjnwa_ajwv9M6ePhRD7YOhmnS3FL4vC2YOaxel1D2KM_4EBHrWGOMYdLBRwDIlJY_eyPr6ntWBimfwP9LNejBQ2Wx8pbuvLb6yeeK3D3xyNpyqx-S3ZvcUeGO7EUdryeianUXkyeU9ua5M1b9a-jJPzAYsv_UHlziedf/w353-h372/Picture2.png" width="353" /></a></div><p></p><p class="Body"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNWSOLRL_M3o9KeWXu-m5I4xSgos2iqqPXeqvTszFQeKb3q0UIx_8_5ikASIOG32HG9o5ML1WGfB9sAIbymnQ83JSjJxg3xZKEW527QYDCoUBEcnb0w1ydpUyMj0vB8Lv-EjBGjk4ZDfIwb6uAQSLLkvjDh_PFutd-9ez9XylCupeNBSWnkqO_WXwG/s497/Picture1.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="336" data-original-width="497" height="280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNWSOLRL_M3o9KeWXu-m5I4xSgos2iqqPXeqvTszFQeKb3q0UIx_8_5ikASIOG32HG9o5ML1WGfB9sAIbymnQ83JSjJxg3xZKEW527QYDCoUBEcnb0w1ydpUyMj0vB8Lv-EjBGjk4ZDfIwb6uAQSLLkvjDh_PFutd-9ez9XylCupeNBSWnkqO_WXwG/w414-h280/Picture1.png" width="414" /></a></div><br /><o:p></o:p><p></p>
<p class="Body"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Nicholson Store, Williamsburg (above, by
1750, restored 1949-50) and <span lang="NL">Fielding Lewis Store,
Fredericksburg (below, 1749)</span></span></p>
<p class="Body"><span style="font-size: large;">Examples of urban stores in Virginia from the mid-eighteenth
century include the store that forms the core of the Market Square Tavern in
Williamsburg, the Nicholson Store, also in Williamsburg, and the Lewis Store of
1749 in Fredericksburg. Stores in Virginia tended to be built of framed wood,
were placed with their shortest wall to the street (often the gable end) and
consisted of an unheated sales room in front and a heated counting room or
office to the rear. The owner/shopkeeper and his apprentice employees lived
upstairs in a half-story garret, a full second floor, or in a domestic wing.</span></p><p class="Body"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilazAfcfQUGS6MnefF68Qj_pxHU-DGsEMbHRewvvMdaqcCizkKZiAdDx43mAUf3dnemffBfSZpSOo-TzmuOuo4vwZceaLethHsfWdGwCroE3SGM-apIM-Q_OeBf5y8C_gFd6oFqEXYnntYXBXeKUj8VEJmK1IHqct1zKG5e2MRqAAiLonYjibwNYEv/s865/Screen%20shot%202011-11-13%20at%201.36.49%20AM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="865" data-original-width="606" height="421" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilazAfcfQUGS6MnefF68Qj_pxHU-DGsEMbHRewvvMdaqcCizkKZiAdDx43mAUf3dnemffBfSZpSOo-TzmuOuo4vwZceaLethHsfWdGwCroE3SGM-apIM-Q_OeBf5y8C_gFd6oFqEXYnntYXBXeKUj8VEJmK1IHqct1zKG5e2MRqAAiLonYjibwNYEv/w295-h421/Screen%20shot%202011-11-13%20at%201.36.49%20AM.png" width="295" /></a></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; text-align: start;">The plan shown here is often cited as an example of the kinds of English store buildings familiar to the colonists. From Joseph Moxon, </span><i style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: start;">Mechanick Exercises</i><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; text-align: start;"> (London, 1703), cited in "Architectural Report on Archibald Blair's Storehouse," (CW Division of Architecture, 1949), p. 7</span></span></div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><p></p><p class="Body"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">According to Colonial Williamsburg's Division of Architecture, </span></span></p>
<p class="Body"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;"></span></span></p><blockquote><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><i><span style="background-color: white;">The floor plan of the store seems to be typical of eighteenth-century design. The outside dimensions of the building measured 36 by 24 feet and the lower floor was divided into two separate sections. This conforms in striking fashion to a general plan published in England early in the century. In this volume, Joseph Moxon offers a plan 20 feet by 40 with a similar first floor division and almost identical treatment of the entrance and front windows.</span><span style="background-color: white;"> Several other stores in the colony followed the same general arrangement. John Frazer's stores at West Point were "twenty eight Feet by sixteen each," one of which had a "Lodging Room, with a Brick Chimney, at one End,…"</span><span style="background-color: white;"> Alexander and Peterfield Trent advertised for bids on the construction of their store at Rocky Ridge which was to be "forty four Feet by twenty two, ten Feet Pitch, with a Cellar…,"</span><span style="background-color: white;"> and a store at Newcastle owned by Samuel Pearson was described as "a large commodious storehouse thirty six Feet by twenty six,… </span>Similarly, a piece of rental property in Norfolk measured "36 by 24 wh a Cellar abt 5 feet high Brick parts to the 2d floor a fire place Countg Room & Bed Chambers…" at one end.[4]</i></span></blockquote><p></p><p class="Body"><span style="font-size: large;">Houses of workers and public servants and industrial structures
lined secondary streets and the main street outside the commercial zone. Some
of these houses were also built by developers in pairs or longer rows. While
these arrangements did economize on space and material, the choice to build
iterative multi-family buildings was also deeply rooted in European urban
tradition.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As the commercial nucleus
grew in scale the suburban dwellings on the edges were replaced with more
store/dwellings.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Public buildings were
placed in significant locations above and beyond the rules governing the
placement of basic buildings.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Body"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">As a town dominated by merchants, basic building made up the background fabric of the city. The city's tissue was ordered by a tight grid of squares and routes that were organized around civic buildings that, in accord with their significance in the hierarchy of civil order,</span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span> </span><span>were given special architectural distinction. Due to their association with political authority, these buildings, such as markets, courthouses, and schools, were generally located in significant places on public land outside the grid of lots. </span></span></p><p class="Body"><span style="font-size: large;"><span>For more information on Richmond's civic order, see <a href=" http://urbanscalerichmondvirginia.blogspot.com/2010/11/understanding-richmonds-urban-order.html"><i>Understanding Richmond's Urban Order</i></a>. For related information on Richmond's urban form, see this article on the <i><a href="http://urbanscalerichmondvirginia.blogspot.com/2014/02/the-matrix-route-in-richmond.html">Matrix Route in Richmond</a></i>. </span></span></p>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///V:/05%20Staff/Previous%20Work/Gibson%20Worsham/Urbanism/Urbanism/Draft%20blog%20posts/Stores%20in%20Virginia/Store%20Buildings%20%5bedited%20from%20Petersburg%5d.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span face="Helvetica, sans-serif" style="border: none; color: black;">[1]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> Laslett, Peter. The World We Have
Lost: English Society before and after the Coming of Industry. (1961) New York NY:
Charles Scribner</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">’</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">s
Sons, 1971.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///V:/05%20Staff/Previous%20Work/Gibson%20Worsham/Urbanism/Urbanism/Draft%20blog%20posts/Stores%20in%20Virginia/Store%20Buildings%20%5bedited%20from%20Petersburg%5d.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face="Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: black;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Newspaper account, “Dan Murphy’s Reminiscences, Part II,” author’s collection,
no date, no source.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: x-small;">[3] quoted in Marcus Whiffen, <i>The
Eighteenth-Century Houses of Williamsburg</i>, Colonial Williamsburg
Foundation, 1960.71-74.</span></p><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">[4] </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span>Colonial Williamsburg, </span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: center;">Prentis Store Historical Report, Block 18-1 Building 5.</span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
</div>Gibson Worshamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17914252671575229780noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-284912172590016102.post-23332805339046276372020-12-30T14:07:00.004-05:002020-12-30T14:18:56.963-05:00Pleasure Gardens: Escaping the Heat in Summertime Richmond<p> </p><p></p><blockquote><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: times;"><i><span style="color: #323232;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYBiJgsomAYMlpdwgs-DzczUOXRrc4t6ewUeAu-uSWWdW1LmLx_fL_vtKE0zqoyNAoCquQPETfT5w3Bx1QlCALCe2Gz_EAR2CcN6elIvo48s5POddMD0fC8-DorsefIGQLxWSS3DbWUK0/s500/gmanquoits.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="343" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYBiJgsomAYMlpdwgs-DzczUOXRrc4t6ewUeAu-uSWWdW1LmLx_fL_vtKE0zqoyNAoCquQPETfT5w3Bx1QlCALCe2Gz_EAR2CcN6elIvo48s5POddMD0fC8-DorsefIGQLxWSS3DbWUK0/s320/gmanquoits.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />“</span><span style="color: #323232;">A public pleasure garden
was a privately-owned ornamental ground or piece of land, open to the public as
a resort or amusement area, and operated as a business. In privately-owned
public gardens, man was attempting to control nature as well as insert his new
ideas about the world--and occasionally even some of his curious machines--into
a purely ornamental garden. The commercial pleasure garden was the ultimate
garden. Here was nature so controlled by man, that the garden was purely an
artform. Here art & capitalism wed. This garden produced no crops but still
rendered a profit for its owner</span><span style="color: #323232;">”</span><span style="color: #323232;"> [<a href="http://americangardenhistory.blogspot.com/search/label/Public%20Gardens%20-%20For%20Profit">American Garden History blog</a>]. </span></i></span></span></blockquote><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: times;"><a href="http://americangardenhistory.blogspot.com/search/label/Public%20Gardens%20-%20For%20Profit%5D"><span class="Hyperlink0"></span></a></span><span style="color: #323232;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><p></p>
<p class="Body"><br /></p>
<p class="Body"><span style="font-size: large;">One of the prominent urban landscape features of the eighteenth- and nineteenth-century American city was the pleasure garden. Richmond<span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">’</span>s several public
gardens were examples of this property type- the privately owned garden open to the public- that were operated for
profit in both European and American cities. As leisure time and ready cash
increased in the mid-eighteenth century, these offered a retreat from the </span><span style="font-size: large;"><span>heat and smells of the city as well as an opportunity for outdoor
social interaction in the cool of the evening.</span><span> In the American cities, s</span><span>uch gardens began attached to taverns. They featured formal designs
made up of square parterres, straight, hedge-lined walks, and shade trees. </span></span></p><p class="Body"><span style="font-size: large;"><span>In Richmond, these orderly landscaped environments contrasted with most of the public land available to the general public. Other than the rough terrain of c 1800 Capitol Square, the public "commons" set apart in 1737 consisted of flood-prone, undeveloped land along the east bank of Shockoe Creek, the edge of the north bank of the James, and nearby Chapel Island. While these were excellent for washing clothes, fishing and strolling, they didn't provide the more orderly setting needed for agreeable sociability. </span></span></p><p class="Body"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKVq0_nmHiVRHRdVyF9CC4988i5nlx_iUtXaOA8cgEvRM0liomDjm3EGMO_FELyKM9e6_Za0r_Zny-o7Q9DLSHz3-RKE8e4xQp_pw5DmHRRWT2Xh_9svNujnEzwk0ETdKM4VA3tpcMpdU/s1280/Thomas_Rowlandson_-_Vaux-Hall_-_Dr._Johnson%252C_Oliver_Goldsmith%252C_Mary_Robinson%252C_et_al+c+1779.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1280" height="450" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKVq0_nmHiVRHRdVyF9CC4988i5nlx_iUtXaOA8cgEvRM0liomDjm3EGMO_FELyKM9e6_Za0r_Zny-o7Q9DLSHz3-RKE8e4xQp_pw5DmHRRWT2Xh_9svNujnEzwk0ETdKM4VA3tpcMpdU/w640-h450/Thomas_Rowlandson_-_Vaux-Hall_-_Dr._Johnson%252C_Oliver_Goldsmith%252C_Mary_Robinson%252C_et_al+c+1779.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div style="text-align: center;">Thomas Rowlandson, Vaux-Hall Gardens, c 1779, depicting Samuel Johnson, Oliver Goldsmith, </div><div><div style="text-align: center;">Mary Robinson and other prominent Londoners during an evening concert under the trees.</div><p></p><p class="Body"><span style="font-size: large;"><span>One
of the first in New York, appearing on a map from the 1740s, was Spring Garden,
a rectangle 120 feet wide and 300 feet long, laid out in parterres and
featuring a small building, probably a brewery.</span><span> It shared its name with the New Spring Gardens, the prototypical English pleasure garden in London. Known after 1785 as Vauxhall Gardens, London's most famous garden was privately operated from as early as 1660 until 1859. New York's Vauxhall Garden opened in 1767 beside the Hudson River. </span></span></p><p class="Body"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMJhSebyCWiPdl7dBEtOKtFcvVDWqHLrJGvfom65BzWega2B1WjuYJuisr9c1MnDVts-1VUneuiEIpOw8Q-xSuaztVNNTbkxZyr1nTxB1Zsi_-LQZn_qdMFiNyhA_eevuWglx8qC4_-Bc/s648/New_York_Vauxhall_Gardens_1803.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="375" data-original-width="648" height="370" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMJhSebyCWiPdl7dBEtOKtFcvVDWqHLrJGvfom65BzWega2B1WjuYJuisr9c1MnDVts-1VUneuiEIpOw8Q-xSuaztVNNTbkxZyr1nTxB1Zsi_-LQZn_qdMFiNyhA_eevuWglx8qC4_-Bc/w640-h370/New_York_Vauxhall_Gardens_1803.jpg" title="The Vauxhall Gardens, Broome Street New York City, its second location, 1803" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;">The Vauxhall Gardens, Broome Street, New York City</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;">, its second location, 1803</span></span></div><p></p><p class="Body"><span style="font-size: large;"><span>Later in the eighteenth century, the proliferating number of pleasure
gardens in the states emulated London</span><span lang="FR">’</span><span>s
public gardens by added covered areas for use in wet weather,
arbors for private dining. Many included kitchens and a house for the
proprietor, as well as fountains and other ornamental landscape features
[Thomas M. Garrett, </span><i>“A History of Pleasure Gardens in New
York City, 1700-1865,</i><i>”</i><span> Ph.D. dissertation, New York
University, 1978].</span></span></p>
<p></p><p class="Body"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYRHkrFViIX3dDVxSYaDguaZ9XsNeGuGit9bnsdCanj0I00kKQJKJL0LTBEyi6pt5DB5755KWHjLZWJYij4zYR73YKUMYeahxuo3wEQliLUYMVGzvR2P7UIWO1N_9z4_H8JL7KZs27X5w/s437/Falling+Gardens+on+1835+Mijacah+Bates+Map.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="437" data-original-width="423" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYRHkrFViIX3dDVxSYaDguaZ9XsNeGuGit9bnsdCanj0I00kKQJKJL0LTBEyi6pt5DB5755KWHjLZWJYij4zYR73YKUMYeahxuo3wEQliLUYMVGzvR2P7UIWO1N_9z4_H8JL7KZs27X5w/w620-h640/Falling+Gardens+on+1835+Mijacah+Bates+Map.png" width="620" /></a></div><br /><div style="text-align: center;">Richmond's Falling Gardens (seen at center at bottom) on Mijacah Bates Map, 1835</div><p></p><p class="Body"><span style="font-size: large;">The earliest public garden in Richmond appears to have been the Falling
Gardens, a five-acre tract remembered by Samuel Mordecai in 1856. It occupied a prominent hillside site behind Bowler<span lang="FR">’</span>s Tavern on the north side of Franklin Street, located
where the City Hotel later stood. The garden, overlooking Shockoe Creek, was operated by
an elderly Quaker gentleman named William Lowndes. The history of the Falling
Gardens tract and the meandering of Shockoe Creek is told in a lawsuit
between the heirs of Lowndes and a neighboring property owner [Thomas J.
Michie. <i><span lang="IT">Virginia Reports.
Jefferson..33 Grattan,1730-1880</span></i>. 446-42]. </span><span style="font-size: large;">In addition to a cool outdoor retreat, the garden provided a bathhouse with both hot
and cold water. </span></p><p class="Body"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoI03WOeXHkzuJrWRAJRfM9qDFXf0Ph9sINF_nueiqeziJS1lM5cZpa6LaZ3Q8LvGgET177P_zNeAm3CARPmPzp9n-Y14jexIo-hvE33hqJ3gFh3hkrHL505F6gfLk6-KSdCxQYtaOUcA/s624/Pryor%2527s+or+Haymarket+Gardens+at+the+end+of+7th+St.+on+Ross%2527s+Mill+Canal+and+next+to+the+Armory+%255BYoung%2527s+Map%252C+1809%255D.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="470" data-original-width="624" height="482" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoI03WOeXHkzuJrWRAJRfM9qDFXf0Ph9sINF_nueiqeziJS1lM5cZpa6LaZ3Q8LvGgET177P_zNeAm3CARPmPzp9n-Y14jexIo-hvE33hqJ3gFh3hkrHL505F6gfLk6-KSdCxQYtaOUcA/w640-h482/Pryor%2527s+or+Haymarket+Gardens+at+the+end+of+7th+St.+on+Ross%2527s+Mill+Canal+and+next+to+the+Armory+%255BYoung%2527s+Map%252C+1809%255D.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div style="text-align: center;">Pryor's or Haymarket Gardens at the end of 7th St. on Ross's Mill Canal and next to the </div><div style="text-align: center;">Armory [Young's Map, 1809]</div><p></p><p class="Body"><span style="font-size: large;">Richmond<span lang="FR">’</span>s best known early
nineteenth-century pleasure garden was probably
Haymarket or Prior<span lang="FR">’</span>s Garden, located
next to the Armory, where the Richmond and Petersburg Railroad Depot stood in
the 1850s, near the south end of Eighth Street. It occupied “quite
a capacious inclosure, with a graduated lawn in front of the large mansion,
which, with its extended wings and pinions, divided the lawn from the garden in
the rear. A succession of grassy or flowery slopes and terrace extended down to
the river, or rather to Ross<span lang="FR">’</span>s canal (now
Haxall<span lang="FR">’</span>s,) and the upper portion of the garden
commanded a fine view of the river, the islands, and of the country beyond.
Like the pleasure gardens of London, Haymarket Garden provided fireworks,
equestrians, rope-dancers for spectacle, ice cream and cake for refreshment,
washed down by lemonade and “<span lang="NL">porteree.</span>”<span face=""Arial Unicode MS",sans-serif" style="mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;"> </span>The
Haymarket Gardens were operated by Maj. John Pryor, who provided the broad
walks with serpentine alleys,”<span face=""Arial Unicode MS",sans-serif" style="mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;"> </span>from which the view of the falls was
excellent.</span></p><p class="Body"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXmlD5KinneDQBpVup-84E1QGm7PsEL2KLKkjRZlJcTX13Kz1EJ7jCYI_1NMrdJ7OlQvSlLs2PcLsQPLgFOyOdjyQEQBYKRdZSDUyMvPG9zVmT1ZeKbN962D6YxwbJnp7QrFi4RM5gmHE/s624/Latrobe.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="403" data-original-width="624" height="414" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXmlD5KinneDQBpVup-84E1QGm7PsEL2KLKkjRZlJcTX13Kz1EJ7jCYI_1NMrdJ7OlQvSlLs2PcLsQPLgFOyOdjyQEQBYKRdZSDUyMvPG9zVmT1ZeKbN962D6YxwbJnp7QrFi4RM5gmHE/w640-h414/Latrobe.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p class="Body" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"></span></span></p><blockquote><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">Benjamin H. Latrobe. Sketch of the lower end of the Falls of James River, Virginia, 1796 [Maryland Historical Society 1796. </span></span><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;">Jeffrey Ruggles has perceptively identified </span></span><span style="font-family: times; letter-spacing: -0.8pt;">the structure at center right as the main building at the Haymarket Garden and the half-concealed building to its right as Ross's Mill. </span></blockquote><p></p><p class="Body"><span style="font-size: large;">The large grounds had room for a number of attractions. Among the
amusements were a “Riding Machine or Flying Gigs, wherein
eight persons can be conveyed at a rate of two to five hundred yards in a
minute. . . . Its effects are delightful to the riders and peculiarly
efficacious to those of weak nervous habits.”<span face=""Arial Unicode MS",sans-serif" style="mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;"> </span>According to newspaper announcements,
One thousand persons could be accommodated in the structures surrounding the
musical gallery, and “the lower part of the dancing House is
also open for entertainment when Balls, Ice Creams, Coffee Cake, and all kinds
of Fruit and the best of Liquors will be constantly provided. Activities
included masquerade balls, not to mention card parties, said by one
correspondent to be the most dangerous, because “they afford many
more opportunities for a display of those fopperies of love and habits of
dissipation so fatal to the happiness of society.”<span face=""Arial Unicode MS",sans-serif" style="mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">
</span>The garden also catered to gaming activities, such “the
Sports of the Pit,”<span face=""Arial Unicode MS",sans-serif" style="mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;"> </span>cock-fighting and bear-bating, as well
as quoits, bowling, and shuffleboard [Dabney (1976) 84-85]. </span></p><p class="Body"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrd1LGmKaGDxWJyJvNEm4rBVhO66BbOU_6p_-qJZztNTIqSECftIt2DIMGsSfDPiGsij4yPY_keSVODwuNglt-kFlLa21Sj5lpin3i44oUWpUgq2C_WsEuCVbbFuR18WBrDd_oMwMqjyQ/s624/Vauxhall+Garden.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="504" data-original-width="624" height="516" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrd1LGmKaGDxWJyJvNEm4rBVhO66BbOU_6p_-qJZztNTIqSECftIt2DIMGsSfDPiGsij4yPY_keSVODwuNglt-kFlLa21Sj5lpin3i44oUWpUgq2C_WsEuCVbbFuR18WBrDd_oMwMqjyQ/w640-h516/Vauxhall+Garden.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">Vauxhall Garden was shown on a plan for river
improvements in 1829 [Survey of James </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">River between the dock and the islands,
Virginia Board of Public Works].</span><span style="color: #323232; text-align: left;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><p class="Body"><o:p><span style="font-size: large;"><span>Another popular Richmond retreat, Vauxhall Garden, was in existence as early as 1802. Like its prototype in London, it was located in close relation to the river, although, i</span><span>n the provincial setting of Richmond, Vauxhall Garden offered refreshment and entertainment on a much smaller scale. </span><span>It was placed on a small artificial island in the river shallows reached by a footbridge from Mayo<span lang="FR">’</span>s Bridge. The garden was equipped with a small house for refreshments or other purpose </span><span>[</span><span style="background-color: #fefefe; box-sizing: inherit; color: #0a0a0a; line-height: inherit;"><span style="font-family: times;">Jonathan Conlin, </span></span><span><i>Pleasure Garden from Vauxhall Garden to Coney Island</i>, 2013]. </span><span>Later, in the 1860s, a larger, natural island in the river to the west of Mayos Island, was named Vauxhall Island. It was used for military encampments, barbecues, and political meetings. </span><span> </span></span></o:p></p><p class="Body"><span style="font-size: large;"><span>Another, but somewhat less popular pleasure garden, at least in Samuel Mordecai</span><span lang="FR">’</span><span>s memory, was the French Garden, which occupied a site on nineteen acres along the ravines on the north edge of the city, purchased in 1792. These were operated for a decade by a refugee from Santo Domingo. Another garden was located at Mitchell</span><span lang="FR">’</span><span>s Spring, northeast of Academy Hill. At one point, Jackson’s Pleasure Garden stood at the corner of Second and Leigh streets was “illuminated with 2,000 variegated lights”</span><span face=""Arial Unicode MS", sans-serif"> </span><span>[Dabney (1976) 85].</span></span></p><p class="Body"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><span>The Rev. John Buchanan’s set aside a shady tract containing a clear, copious spring on his large holdings west of the city for </span><span>use as a private </span><span>park and water source. </span><span>The spring tract was a </span><span>popular recreational ground favored by Justice John </span><span>Marshall and the celebratory games and barbecues held by the </span><span>Richmond Quoits Club.</span></span></p><p class="Body"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiS66zhY9nIZy7NoFvZulCE1TU-lW5OmWvSFY5AJKhvCoOQv_0z6kMmghEruLYHd6baAMqB7-0F2Uc9ckwr7433hsTB4EfMSyc0qtzzYCWbqIPFQx0Uc-iiU3HLi3di_hhfAyYtNfQQkBE/s1022/Peter-Stumpf-1-1022x683.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="683" data-original-width="1022" height="428" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiS66zhY9nIZy7NoFvZulCE1TU-lW5OmWvSFY5AJKhvCoOQv_0z6kMmghEruLYHd6baAMqB7-0F2Uc9ckwr7433hsTB4EfMSyc0qtzzYCWbqIPFQx0Uc-iiU3HLi3di_hhfAyYtNfQQkBE/w640-h428/Peter-Stumpf-1-1022x683.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div style="text-align: center;">Illustration of Peter Stumpf's Brewery, 1890s, showing a circular spring house at the center of </div><div style="text-align: center;">the historic Buchanan's Spring property, not far from the current Science Museum of Virginia.</div><p></p><p class="Body"><span style="font-size: large;"><span>Buchanan's Spring tract became known as Spring Park and a circular pavilion was added that </span><span>helped to keep patrons cool.</span><span> This tract, much reduced in size was redeveloped in 1868 as a beer garden and brewery known as the Spring Park Brewery. Owner</span><span> E. J. Euker </span><span>advertised a 4th of July Picnic in 1868 at the “coolest place </span><span>around Richmond” and entertained by a “grand </span><span>QUADRILLE BAND." He later took on Henry </span><span>Bowler as a partner and the business was renamed </span><span>“Eagle Brewery” in 1879. </span><span>The historic Buchanan Spring was</span><span> redeveloped by brewer and hotelier Peter Stumpf in 1893 as a beer garden and </span><span>brewery with a new four-story brick building. It was known </span><span>later as the Home Brewing Company. The building still stands at the corner of Clay and Harrison streets in the historic Carver neighborhood.</span></span></p><p class="Body"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRwfz9SBz3BDS6yNCSZCOVmu8-6Geua2fPLE-3x1ualhvcupYCmacJt8nlQGW60zMmV-IYghtNEvZYluizOIn5k4zfwtt9mwmXKSGHPjkzrVnDfFffLoAr-0ouZR4xw1gDxSU80vplnps/s683/James+River+Steam+Brewery+.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="533" data-original-width="683" height="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRwfz9SBz3BDS6yNCSZCOVmu8-6Geua2fPLE-3x1ualhvcupYCmacJt8nlQGW60zMmV-IYghtNEvZYluizOIn5k4zfwtt9mwmXKSGHPjkzrVnDfFffLoAr-0ouZR4xw1gDxSU80vplnps/w640-h500/James+River+Steam+Brewery+.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times;">Similarly the James River Steam Brewery was opened in the 1870s by </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #4a4a4a; font-family: times;">D.G Yuengling Jr. It </span></div></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #4a4a4a; font-family: times;">included landscaped grounds that served as a beer garden, but closed in 1879.</span></div><p></p><p class="Body"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #4a4a4a;">Beginning in the 1850s, as the population increased, the city provided a series of public parks in addition to Capitol Square, which provided more accessible options of recreation. The need for private gardens decreased and they disappeared by the turn of the nineteenth century. One exception was Sauer's Gardens, that took the model of a privately owned and maintained public amenity at the center of a new residential subdivision. It was d</span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;">eveloped in the 1920s by Conrad Frederick Sauer, owner of the Sauer's Spice Company. The Japanese-inspired garden included a pagoda, fountain, lake and a range of "artificial mountains". </span></span></p><p class="Body"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;"></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj95_v093y8vonO4AeDs7D-3Y6RKsG1p5kCb37ahjw-8k6pYChRLVy4dLn8UbECQXx79IPWpy_7eLoKGuoerL-xtXmG2oOyYs6BcfCzVbf4yndF3MtjoHg8tpJ6a7tOijiEG89J2C0Rsbg/s640/Sauers+Garden.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="360" data-original-width="640" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj95_v093y8vonO4AeDs7D-3Y6RKsG1p5kCb37ahjw-8k6pYChRLVy4dLn8UbECQXx79IPWpy_7eLoKGuoerL-xtXmG2oOyYs6BcfCzVbf4yndF3MtjoHg8tpJ6a7tOijiEG89J2C0Rsbg/w400-h225/Sauers+Garden.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Contemporary photograph of Sauer's Gardens </td></tr></tbody></table><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;"><br /><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span><p></p><br /><p></p></div>Gibson Worshamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17914252671575229780noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-284912172590016102.post-16987718959674326132020-03-28T23:37:00.005-04:002020-12-30T11:15:15.772-05:00Exploring the Classical Garden at Richmond's Maymont Estate<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"><em><span style="font-size: large;">The principal meaning of the gardens at Maymont, as understood by classically educated people like<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>James Dooley, was that mankind was placed in the world to manage and organize otherwise chaotic natural forces like water and vegetative growth in order to promote the civic good. Gardens, both decorative and practical, were like books that reinforced the lessons of order that were inherent in all cultures and periods, even as they provided the leisure for contemplation of this comprehensible vision of the natural world.</span></em><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1cil5SfxbHb2GGEvg3hTw2Tf0brf7lkq3_2S1ATugLvpeYUQGGosU5pSL9NTFDPBHrpkBUgIjOiIjqjoBrMtigvcHlxZEVdP-EF9My26OMrbb0HRxvW_k-FuOAowJrynbcnIFBRhCHuE/s1600/Aerial_Resized-for-Blog_767px.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="700" data-original-width="767" height="584" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1cil5SfxbHb2GGEvg3hTw2Tf0brf7lkq3_2S1ATugLvpeYUQGGosU5pSL9NTFDPBHrpkBUgIjOiIjqjoBrMtigvcHlxZEVdP-EF9My26OMrbb0HRxvW_k-FuOAowJrynbcnIFBRhCHuE/s640/Aerial_Resized-for-Blog_767px.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Aerial photo of Maymont, 1920, Maymont Foundation. The Italian Garden can be seen to the upper left.</span> </div>
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><strong><span style="font-size: large;">Introduction</span></strong><br /><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><br /><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"></span></span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"> </span><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Maymont, Richmond's great public garden, was built as the landscaped suburban estate of </span><span style="font-family: arial;">James H. Dooley (1841-1922), a lawyer</span><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif">, philanthropist, and financier, and his wife, Sallie May Dooley (c1845-1925), a social and cultural leader. </span>The 100-acre farm on the edge of Richmond was purchased in 1886 by the Dooleys when Sallie fell in love with the spectacular views of the James River to be had from the central ridge and with the large oaks that studded the grounds. <span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif">James F. Dooley had studied Roman literature as part of a classical education at Georgetown College, from which he graduated first in his class. Sarah (Sallie) Dooley loved gardening, flowers, and travel. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: large;">The Dooleys' travels opened them to<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"> a wide variety of garden settings, including the gentle and informal English landscapes, the elaborate terraces and fountains of French and Italian gardens, and the gardens of Japan.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif">The classical past inspired temples and, very likely, the garden's central waterfall, while a love for the Renaissance and Baroque villas on the outskirts of Rome led them to build an American version of an Italian garden that, with its cliff-top terraces and bubbling fountains, would astound friends and visitors.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span><span style="font-size: large;"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif">No matter that there was no water supply at the top of the hill; with gasoline pumps, anything was possible. They worked from 1907 to 1911 with Richmond architects Noland and Baskervill to base their Italian Cascade on the similar feature at the Villa Torlonia outside Rome, but they added a massive naturalistic waterfall like that at the Villa Gregoriana at Tivoli. At the bottom of the hill, with the waterfall as a backdrop linking it to the Italian Garden, they soon after added one of the nation<span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;">’</span></span><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif">s finest and oldest extant Japanese-style gardens. For that purpose, James and Sallie Dooley are thought to have employed Y. Muto, a Japanese landscape designer, to arrange the rocks and water courses in 1911-12. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">The Dooleys began with modest Victorian landscape features. As their</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> wealth increased, they expanded the scope of their gardening efforts and embraced the growing movement known as the American Renaissance, which took its inspiration from continental European sources. As Dale Wheary has observed, </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">“</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">as country places proliferated across the country, so too did the number of fashionable garden styles- Italian, French, </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">“</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Colonial</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">”</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">, Japanese, and other thematic styles. Eclectic landscapes included several different types of gardens, much like outdoor </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">‘</span><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">rooms,</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">’</span></span><span face=""arial unicode ms", sans-serif" lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;"> </span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">connected by naturalistic areas, such as park-like, English-style lawns.</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">” [1]</span></span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><!--[endif]--></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-size: large; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><strong>The Sublime, the Beautiful, and the Industrial</strong></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 1in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica light", serif; font-size: large; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;"><em>On closing this general view of beauty, it naturally occurs, that we should compare it with the sublime; and in this comparison there appears a remarkable contrast. For sublime objects are vast in their dimensions, beautiful ones comparatively small: beauty should be smooth and polished; the great, rugged and negligent. . .</em></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica light", serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Helvetica Light";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 1in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica light", serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Helvetica Light";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "helvetica light", serif; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">Edmund Burke, 1756</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica light", serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Helvetica Light";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Starting in the seventeenth century, British philosophers explored the relationship between </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">“</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Beauty</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">”</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">- a controlled experience of light and movement- and </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">“</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">the Sublime</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">”</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">- an experience of awe associated with a boundless and even threatening natural world. As Richmond expanded in the late eighteenth century, wealthy landowners, merchants, and industrialists built villas on the hills around the city.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Starting with Belvedere, William Byrd III</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">’</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">s 1758 house west of the city, the elite built their houses on the low bluffs overlooking the broken and dramatic landscape at the fall line. The view of the roaring river, passing over the many layers of granite falls for a distance of six miles, was an object of contemplation and awe, suggesting the limitless power of nature. The setting of the city was highly praised by visitors who enjoyed the dramatic views of the river and the sound of the thunder of the falls. Its noisy, rockstrewn landscape provided an appropriately American setting for Jefferson</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">’</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">s Capitol temple set high on Shockoe Hill.</span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;">
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiC1MqNBa2Kt7aap1l4eafiDeOVB8-jrDJl_Xd-osk7lHL55h8vEv_-ou2QIjimoUSBl8sJWlu-mISaAJVZTTzK_COV8DivHnOgFk2Qt2JrBzbaAss11sz49zN5l39rBuV-HFPawd0Cdg/s1600/quarry.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="632" data-original-width="856" height="472" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiC1MqNBa2Kt7aap1l4eafiDeOVB8-jrDJl_Xd-osk7lHL55h8vEv_-ou2QIjimoUSBl8sJWlu-mISaAJVZTTzK_COV8DivHnOgFk2Qt2JrBzbaAss11sz49zN5l39rBuV-HFPawd0Cdg/s640/quarry.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Quarry at Maymont: an industrial feature that was adapted as part of the finished landscape.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Cities have always required places, often on their edges, where order breaks down- games can be played, military companies drilled, leisure time spent in strolling, and where citizens gather to pull their supper directly from the rapidly passing wilderness.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On the edges of rivers, natural forces can be collected and used to fuel noisy, smelly, and often unsightly mills and factories. In Richmond, the land along the river was used for recreational, transportation, and industrial activities.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Quarries exploited the granite outcroppings, mills took advantage of the rapid change in water level at the falls of the James, and canal locks moved boats through the change in elevation.</span></span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">The altered landscape visible at Maymont at the end of the nineteenth century proved to be an ideal setting for picturesque garden effects. When James and Sallie Dooley reused the former farm overlooking the river and the abandoned quarry operation to create the gardens at Maymont, they were following in the footsteps of generations of wealthy Richmonders. As they and their employees sculpted a garden, everyone involved in the project, from house servants, coachmen, and gardeners to the Dooley</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">’</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">s peers in the city, were touched by the ambitious scale of its idea. In a way, the estate as it exists today recapitulates the entire natural, social, and economic history of the region, from wilderness to a farm and from a private ornamental estate to an extraordinarily valuable public asset. Today, everyone is able to participate in the grand vision of the Dooleys and the other philanthropists who have enlarged it. </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">The Dooley</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">’</span></strong><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><strong>s Vision</strong> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">According to Major Dooley, his wife </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">“</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">fell in love with the place</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">”</span></span><span face=""arial unicode ms", sans-serif" style="mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;"> </span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">and </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">“</span><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">begged</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">”</span></span><span face=""arial unicode ms", sans-serif" style="mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;"> </span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">him to buy it. She brought to the project a passion for gardening and considerable knowledge about horticulture. He was involved in the creation of the gardens and probably brought to bear his classical education in the planning of some of the architectural forms and literary references to be found in the garden</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">’</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">s design, but Sallie May Dooley is given credit by her husband for much of the energy that went into its realization.[2]</span></span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> Much of the garden derives from its spectacular location overlooking the falls, now concealed by vegetation. Vision, in the sense of gazing out at the natural world, is built into the design of Maymont. The gazebos placed around the garden were stations from which the Dooleys could admire views over the landscape, both wild and cultivated.</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Sallie May Dooley experimented with landscape effects and planting patterns in the grounds around the mansion in the 1890s. She and her husband planted an outdoor museum of rare trees among the large oaks that had first attracted her attention. Mrs. Dooley </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">“</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">would daily walk the grounds with Mr. Taliaferro, the estate manager, to supervise the planning, planting, and care of Maymont</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">’</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">s landscape and gardens</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">” [3] </span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Major Dooley, however, is given credit for the idea of the Italian Garden in an article written in 1908.[4]</span></span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--></span></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhab0GR3ru4gBmx69CuI14ERbpRDQmcUT3KLwtMzYk6hIcwTue3wteGB2plpGFTzjwCIjdUwPmMCQlC3GwmrQnEyZuWbvEHulR2AIr-ir5GJZ7ABI9qwM47H_hHXlapGWjC6evj3BzDTIQ/s1600/Map.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1181" data-original-width="1178" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhab0GR3ru4gBmx69CuI14ERbpRDQmcUT3KLwtMzYk6hIcwTue3wteGB2plpGFTzjwCIjdUwPmMCQlC3GwmrQnEyZuWbvEHulR2AIr-ir5GJZ7ABI9qwM47H_hHXlapGWjC6evj3BzDTIQ/s640/Map.jpg" width="638" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Maymont today. The Italian Garden and Grotto are shown at the lower right.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="font-family: arial;">The Dooley's intentions at Maymont are difficult to track, due to lack of documentation, </span>but the larger Maymont landscape seems to inhabit two distinct modes of design. The first is the Victorian, during which the Dooley</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">’</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">s began their adventure in country living. The picturesque Ornamental Lawn near the Victorian mansion at Maymont and the surrounding English Park-style landscape and </span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Arboretum</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> reflected the gardening styles popularized in mid-nineteenth-century American publications. The second mode is known as the American Renaissance, which prompted the Dooley</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">’</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">s emulation of the great gardens of Renaissance and Baroque Italy. Publications in the 1890s and early 1900s, as well as the success of Chicago</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">’</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">s Columbian Exposition in 1893, encouraged a return to classical forms and planning principles. Likewise, the Japanese Garden, which is neatly dovetailed with the Italian Garden, grew from examples at late nineteenth-century world</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">’</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">s fairs. It also showed the Dooley</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">’</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">s interest in expanding their horizons beyond the simplicity of the American gardening tradition. </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-size: large;"> <span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><strong>American Renaissance</strong></span><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 1in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><em><span style="font-family: "helvetica light", serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica;">“</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica light", serif; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">The great country house as it is now understood is a new type of dwelling, a sumptuous house, built at large expense, often palatial in its dimensions, furnished in the richest manner and placed on an estate, perhaps large enough to admit of independent farming operations, and in most cases with a garden which is an integral part of the architectural scheme.</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica light", serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica;">”</span></em><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica light", serif; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica light", serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Helvetica Light";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 1in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica light", serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Helvetica Light";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 7;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica light", serif; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">Barr Ferree, <i style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">American Estates and Gardens,</span></i>1904 [5]</span></span></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><span style="font-size: large;"></span><br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">The stylistic focus of the Dooleys shifted in the new century along with the tastes of writers like Edith Wharton, who encouraged the adoption of consistent programs of garden design and interior decoration based on classical European prototypes. This movement that spanned across the arts is know as the American Renaissance and it affected painting, sculpture, and architecture, as well as garden design. The Dooleys redecorated their parlors at the </span><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Dooley Mansion</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> in eighteenth-century French style and, in 1912, after Grand Tour-style trips to Europe, built and furnished Swanannoa, a palatial summer home in the mountains west of Richmond modeled after Rome</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">’</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">s Villa Medici. The gardens and house at Swannanoa are closely integrated, as was advocated by proponents of the American Renaissance and the allied American Country House movement. In contrast with Swanannoa, the marked disconnect between Maymont</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">’</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">s very Victorian mansion and the Italian- and Japanese-inspired gardens completed nearly twenty years later points out the change in the Dooleys</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">’</span></span><span face=""arial unicode ms", sans-serif" lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;"> </span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">perspective.</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="font-size: large;">As their project at Maymont progressed, the childless couple seem to have decided to expand their private suburban estate, transforming it into a treasure house intended for the cultural education and recreation of Richmonders long after they were gone. They wished for it to serve as a presentation of the fine arts, found alike in the elaborate gardens and the mansion, which they equipped with curios, paintings, tapestry, sculpture, and musical instruments representing the best of the nation's European inheritance. It would appear that as their wealth increased, their program became more ambitious. James and Sallie May Dooley began their relationship with the fashionable architectural firm of Nolan and Baskervill in 1904, when they commissioned a up-to-date new Carriage House.</span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisHyFmMxmKmiIcptzDlO9aI5ALhIYl28x1sPloF-f1da5KPdCnod7jDKSJ2HjxnjXbeBanpklkKXTaqpQ6POTMoTf78xTS6dnHdKW8sS66tud_osk6VdL-uYj3qWEIJPEI5-GelHBM0nE/s1600/birdseye.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="972" data-original-width="1349" height="460" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisHyFmMxmKmiIcptzDlO9aI5ALhIYl28x1sPloF-f1da5KPdCnod7jDKSJ2HjxnjXbeBanpklkKXTaqpQ6POTMoTf78xTS6dnHdKW8sS66tud_osk6VdL-uYj3qWEIJPEI5-GelHBM0nE/s640/birdseye.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Aerial view today. Maymont Mansion is located to the upper left, the cascade at the center below the Italian Garden, and <br />
Japanese Garden at the lower center. </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Maymont</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">’</span><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">s hanging </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Italian Garden and Cascade</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> (1907-1910) and the extensive Japanese Garden (1911-1912) were on a very different scale from the Dooley</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">’</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">s previous efforts. </span></span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">These, by their escalation in scale, order, and dramatic effect and by their literary and historical associations, were unprecedented in Virginia. They were capable of engendering strong emotional effects by a cumulative series of spectacles, including waterfalls, complex views of distant objectives, and contrast between a foreground of delicate flowers backed by massed foliage and picturesque structures. The unavoidable impression was of the contrast of ordered civilization in the garden with the sublime, romantic chaos of wilderness, represented by the noisy James River beyond.</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;">
<br />
<span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-size: large;">There does not appear to have been a fully realized master plan for the landscape. In fact there are few documents that record the intentions of the designers and virtually no accounts of the garden's effect on viewers in the early accounts that have surfaced. Any connections between iconography, the owners' intentions, and perceived meanings is speculative. At the largest scale, a visitor's progress through the gardens, after leaving the house, moved from very formal to picturesque. It began in the rectilinear parterres and tightly organized cascades of the Italian Garden, progressed by means of the Grotto to the studied naturalism of the Japanese Landscape, and ended in a (no longer accessible) rock garden, called the Rocky Overlook, on a granite outcrop at the far east end of the property.</span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"></span><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"></span><span style="font-size: small;"></span><span style="font-size: medium;"></span><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: large;">The garden was expanded over a period of four years, but the sequence of construction shows unexpected relationships between sections of the garden. For instance, architectural drawings show that the water supply system was designed from the beginning to serve the Upper Terrace and Cascade as completed in 1908-1909, perhaps, but not necessarily, before the concept of the Japanese Garden was conceived.[6] </span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: medium;"><span><span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"></span><span></span><br /></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"> <span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span><span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">T</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">he full design for the upper terrace was presented to Major Dooley in early 1908 in a rendered sketch plan and elevation showing elaborate planting beds, Italian cypresses, and other decorative accessories.</span><span style="font-family: helvetica; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">”</span><span style="font-family: helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">[7] </span><span style="font-family: helvetica;">The Dooleys expanded the Italian Garden over the next </span></span><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: x-large;">three years with two terraces below and in front of the original one, all completed by 1911.</span></div><div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: large; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><strong><br /></strong></span></span></span></div><div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: large; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><strong>The Via Florum</strong></span><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: large;"></span></span><br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: large;"></span></span><br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 1in 0pt 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica light", serif; font-size: large; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;"><em><br /></em></span></span> <span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica light", serif; font-size: large; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;"><em>A minute's walk will transport the visitor from the small, uneasy, lava stones of the Roman pavement into broad, gravelled carriage-drives, whence a little farther stroll brings him to the soft turf of a beautiful seclusion. A seclusion, but seldom a solitude; for priest, noble, and populace, stranger and native, all who breathe Roman air, find free admission, and come hither to taste the languid enjoyment of the day-dream that they call life.</em></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica light", serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Helvetica Light";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: large;"></span></span><br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 1in 0pt 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica light", serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Helvetica Light";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> The gardens of the Villa Borghese, described by </span></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica light", serif; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">Hawthorne, in <u>The Marble Faun</u></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica light", serif; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;"><u><br /></u></span></span></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: large;"></span></span><br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">The Italian Garden is separated from the mansion both visually and physically and is reached by means of a path made of roughly finished stones. The route to and through garden (the Via Florum) can be seen to actually begin as the guest exits the Mansion through the </span><i><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">porte cochere</span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">, where a copy of Canova's statue of <i>Three Graces</i> is placed as an object of contemplation above a small reflecting pool.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sculpture in the nineteenth century, was often selected as a part of a </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">“</span><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">decorative program</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">”</span><span face=""arial unicode ms", sans-serif" style="mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">in which the subjects of work of art corresponded to the theme or use of the building or landscape. This marble sculpture, a copy of a nineteenth-century original by Canova, begins the progress of the gardens</span><span face=""arial unicode ms", sans-serif" style="mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;"> </span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="font-size: large;">with a reference to the goddesses of beauty, amusement, and festivity appropriate to gardens.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"></span></span><br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj76hGxHOO1ASOvUxMa1yhJtAlFml5Bv5KCoS9HvvCtB_gufjFYO8V9mKE6IzQ3itQjUBQ5H_Z3BPwG6BrnQg-x3EGtI6kwO2QGBNIGVgBfnnWCO6s08lz3LXM3gs3oU_8ZvJ3Cgw8qTTY/s1600/Italian-garden.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="533" data-original-width="800" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj76hGxHOO1ASOvUxMa1yhJtAlFml5Bv5KCoS9HvvCtB_gufjFYO8V9mKE6IzQ3itQjUBQ5H_Z3BPwG6BrnQg-x3EGtI6kwO2QGBNIGVgBfnnWCO6s08lz3LXM3gs3oU_8ZvJ3Cgw8qTTY/s640/Italian-garden.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Entrance to the Via Florum and the Italian Garden from the west </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="font-size: large;"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif">The garden enclosure is entered through a rough stone gateway, above which is inscribed <em>Via Florum</em> (the Way of Flowers). The term, which reminds us of James Dooley's education in classical literature in the Latin language, appears to be a play by him on the name of the principal road through the Roman Forum, the <em>Via Sacra</em>, or Sacred Way. This miniature triumphal arch provides access to a long rose-covered colonnade or pergola that runs along the upper terrace of the garden. </span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="font-size: large;"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span> <span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="font-size: large;"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif">The Via Florum is similar to the cool, sheltered, longitudinal avenues typical of Renaissance gardens. The three levels of the terrace are reached by wide granite stairs. The parterres on the upper level are Italian in inspiration</span> but originally made use of plants appropriate to the place and season of use. Since the Dooleys escaped the heated summer season at Swanannoa, the gardens at Maymont focused on spring flowers.</span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiex8YurE96j6Tn9_lmYbL0OWZhagzDt0NvLDS5dRuJcFGSJ63eqgXFsvzrAyt1Hq3RKKWqZe1lSKo61QMd1RNdkW7I5mOGvLbOUwVT476Y1_R0Bi0G5H5unEiSvgOqQB2qHCXPGmI95xs/s1600/Italian+Garden+postcard.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="1247" height="410" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiex8YurE96j6Tn9_lmYbL0OWZhagzDt0NvLDS5dRuJcFGSJ63eqgXFsvzrAyt1Hq3RKKWqZe1lSKo61QMd1RNdkW7I5mOGvLbOUwVT476Y1_R0Bi0G5H5unEiSvgOqQB2qHCXPGmI95xs/s640/Italian+Garden+postcard.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Postcard showing the Via Florum pergola and the large circular temple in the Italian Garden with its original tile roof. </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">The Italian Garden has its roots in the ancient world. The Roman writer Cicero enjoyed a luxurious villa in Tusculum, southeast of Rome. Pliny the Elder had two villas, one in the Tuscan hills and the other by the sea. His descriptions, along with the ruins at Tivoli, were sources for later garden designers wishing to emulate the settings of classical villas. As we have seen, James Dooley, had been exposed at Georgetown College to classical and Renaissance literature and was intellectually equipped to imagine such a classically inspired garden [8].</span></span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"></span></span><br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZx9zbgcV2oY6c4_nVWzR2U7XZWNVtSe0a0MSiCd7t-D2jgxyYcNHjPFui0sVwB_RqMjrrGmzEKY-0Ya9CdXmCFS009fgPGJLjEbXJsNZG8WdiR8D4rziBFZcB-TxluMGk_jQJmoWficE/s1600/Maxfield+Parrish+Torlonia.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="306" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZx9zbgcV2oY6c4_nVWzR2U7XZWNVtSe0a0MSiCd7t-D2jgxyYcNHjPFui0sVwB_RqMjrrGmzEKY-0Ya9CdXmCFS009fgPGJLjEbXJsNZG8WdiR8D4rziBFZcB-TxluMGk_jQJmoWficE/s640/Maxfield+Parrish+Torlonia.jpg" width="390" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> <span style="font-family: helvetica;">Detail from Maxfield Parrish, <i><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL;">The Cascade, Villa Torlonia, Frascati</span></i>, from<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Edith Wharton, <i>Italian Villas and their Gardens</i>, 1904.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"></span><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><o:p></o:p><span style="font-size: large; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><strong>The Cascade</strong></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"></span></span><br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 1in 0pt 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-size: large;"><em><span style="font-family: "helvetica light", serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica;">“</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica light", serif; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">It was in the guidance of rushing water that the Roman garden-architects of the seventeenth century showed their poetic feeling and endless versatility.</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica light", serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica;">”</span></em><span style="mso-hansi-font-family: "Helvetica Light";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica light", serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Helvetica Light";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: large;"></span></span><br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 1in 0pt 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica light", serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Helvetica Light";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica light", serif; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">Edith Wharton, 1904</span></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica light", serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Helvetica Light";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"></span></span><br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></span> <span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-size: large;">The direct inspiration for the Cascade<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> and the Fountain Pool located above it was Carlo Maderno</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">’</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">s 1623 garden at the Villa Torlonia in Frascati, near the site of Cicero</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">’</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">s villa at Tusculum. This was an important and accessible destination in the Dooley</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">’</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">s era, but we don't have evidence that they visited it. Their experience may have derived entirely from books. An article in the local paper makes clear the careful study of sources that went into the garden's design: </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">“</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">drawings, photographs and measurements of the best specimens of this character of artistic work abroad have been used by the landscape gardeners in charge of the work. . . </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">”[9]</span></span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><br /></span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"></span></span><br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQeEbtlbxn3ExcgBpkTFXygtWgK9mrYnNb4OoKIDHtrDtyoyKdxwJwGrInKPQclZgw0dqY1MQ3xVcgOzo9n9cVXLc8mp3XvlyKMBXz3wJ5-O8iq3CW6ZV-vHfa0ID-tluoroLEY81SmGU/s1600/Shepherd+and+Jellicoe+Torlonia+1925+.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="594" data-original-width="952" height="396" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQeEbtlbxn3ExcgBpkTFXygtWgK9mrYnNb4OoKIDHtrDtyoyKdxwJwGrInKPQclZgw0dqY1MQ3xVcgOzo9n9cVXLc8mp3XvlyKMBXz3wJ5-O8iq3CW6ZV-vHfa0ID-tluoroLEY81SmGU/s640/Shepherd+and+Jellicoe+Torlonia+1925+.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Detail, Plan of the Villa Torlonia. Geoffrey Alan Jellicoe, <em>Italian Gardens of the Renaissance</em>, 1925. Note the large pool at the top and the cascade just below. At the Villa Torlonia, the grotto takes the form of a "water theater" at the bottom. </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEafAi7CCzx0fGM5n2ASVKRB64kRiLbDeShEpO_YgjuXRsuf7DTz46uxpDTq97c4B7jAjkY9Hzcjp9uJp5r2eB37fogazfDovvPw8RHNYd0eBtcxvwlZktvZ4qpmIWcmjM9W-Sn4o3QPA/s1600/VA_Richmond_Maymont_HannahBarefoot_2014_10.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="675" data-original-width="1200" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEafAi7CCzx0fGM5n2ASVKRB64kRiLbDeShEpO_YgjuXRsuf7DTz46uxpDTq97c4B7jAjkY9Hzcjp9uJp5r2eB37fogazfDovvPw8RHNYd0eBtcxvwlZktvZ4qpmIWcmjM9W-Sn4o3QPA/s400/VA_Richmond_Maymont_HannahBarefoot_2014_10.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Maymont Cascade today</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBgG1OfCQRHya-PM8tXHuvMcoivoyS3crZ936jbziDcxI22UmHJ6Uu6YtaZzUY_buChuiS9K5AwjafqJl4d8S6rrRE2FRCOMfUvhLW-TW9cL_XAq1nDp98AypKLARhGj-jHAC35fGtEyA/s1600/Jellicoe+cascade.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="273" data-original-width="246" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBgG1OfCQRHya-PM8tXHuvMcoivoyS3crZ936jbziDcxI22UmHJ6Uu6YtaZzUY_buChuiS9K5AwjafqJl4d8S6rrRE2FRCOMfUvhLW-TW9cL_XAq1nDp98AypKLARhGj-jHAC35fGtEyA/s1600/Jellicoe+cascade.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 10pt;">Upper Cascade at the Villa Torlonia at Frascati in 1903, </span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 10pt;">Charles Latham, <i>The Gardens of Italy</i>, 1905</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">As at Frascati, the cascade at Maymont is fed by an oval-shaped ornamental reservoir and ends abruptly in a spectacular feature which dramatizes the power and beauty of water. There, the water flows into an arcaded </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">“</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">theatre</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">”</span><span face=""arial unicode ms", sans-serif" style="mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">in which water is the main actor, centered on a <i>nymphaeum</i> or grotto.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> At Maymont, t</span>he picturesque waterfall, fed by the cascade, serves a similar role to that of the Baroque water theatre, but with an origin in a later, more picturesque, period of garden design. As we will see below, it is related to a famous nineteenth-century garden at Tivoli with a complex history, built around the falls of the Aniene River. The grotto found at the Villa Torlonia was not forgotten, however, but its counterpart was displaced to the east, where Maymont</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">’</span></span><span style="font-size: large;">s Grotto is built into the base of the bluff near the Old Pump House</span>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"></span></span><br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8JeWryPHBq3C0kCUP6eTxpgAc3riap8sJr8k1767YTcgaZZRiHVUdIxRHiQ0DlEzC8e9XLZoZclHF39DPtTmLJ77PzVivriM9l_rONpDt71-R6gBps80-UhPaPhsUjrWJEMkojZhSxNU/s1600/Sargent+Pool+at+Villa+Torlonia+Wikipaintings.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1117" data-original-width="872" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8JeWryPHBq3C0kCUP6eTxpgAc3riap8sJr8k1767YTcgaZZRiHVUdIxRHiQ0DlEzC8e9XLZoZclHF39DPtTmLJ77PzVivriM9l_rONpDt71-R6gBps80-UhPaPhsUjrWJEMkojZhSxNU/s640/Sargent+Pool+at+Villa+Torlonia+Wikipaintings.png" width="498" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">John Singer Sargeant, The Fountain, Villa Torlonia, Frascati, Italy, 1907.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Images and descriptions of the popular garden at Frascati were published by the early 1890s. Edith Wharton said of the Torlonia cascade in 1904, that it </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">“</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">is the most beautiful example of fountain-architecture in Frascati. . .<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The upper terrace is enclosed by ilexes and in its center is one of the most beautiful fountains in Italy-- a large basin surrounded by a richly sculptured balustrade</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">”[10] </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">According to Henry Baskervill</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">’</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">s niece, the Dooleys sent him to Italy to acquire garden ornaments and find inspiration, so it entirely possible that he visited Frascati and was impressed by the Villa Torlonia. </span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><br /></span><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: large;"></span></span> </div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>The Meaning of the Garden</strong></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-size: large; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Whatever its source, the Italian Garden, as built, seems to embody a kind of multivalent narrative structure with a classical underpinning.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Meaning is suggested by the name Via Florum as inscribed over the entry archway.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> The</span> name that could refer either to the rose-covered pergola beyond or to the entire garden as a pathway to an understanding of nature. Garden meaning is here also inherent in the kinds of forms and structures chosen by the Dooleys. Classical architecture, flower beds, fountains, waterfalls, stairs, and grottoes carry an intrinsic meaning.[11]</span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvSreNw8sH1dM74nSRpPfmDv5GirQSSEFdxZukdIe5QgKFRoK9angwnxnlkwW4b2irHIZBq698vNbUKoHKV6c2tLKydWf49YMEU0WgujU71Hmb5SWFs9UuD4_rn5L9E1HKjwP88sKvl50/s1600/dome+maymont.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="450" data-original-width="253" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvSreNw8sH1dM74nSRpPfmDv5GirQSSEFdxZukdIe5QgKFRoK9angwnxnlkwW4b2irHIZBq698vNbUKoHKV6c2tLKydWf49YMEU0WgujU71Hmb5SWFs9UuD4_rn5L9E1HKjwP88sKvl50/s640/dome+maymont.jpg" width="358" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Domed summer house at the east end of the pergola</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><strong></strong></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrmVIkmx5MAG3IlZhy3YksNuSkLj_LKCWKPO_HbxDzGE76UNz4i9pOMMtjhSZlgIyyigT4RqH9f6B9jn88j4JriW8dcA2K4eTFynK2d8ecHqPqBgCvA_fQF7SHbet4xraICK1XvzQpnF8/s1600/Grounds%252520Marble%252520Gazebo.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="502" data-original-width="662" height="302" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrmVIkmx5MAG3IlZhy3YksNuSkLj_LKCWKPO_HbxDzGE76UNz4i9pOMMtjhSZlgIyyigT4RqH9f6B9jn88j4JriW8dcA2K4eTFynK2d8ecHqPqBgCvA_fQF7SHbet4xraICK1XvzQpnF8/s400/Grounds%252520Marble%252520Gazebo.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Major Dooley's "Temple"</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><strong></strong></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-size: large; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><strong>Temples and Springs</strong></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-size: large; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><strong><br /></strong></span><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"></span></span><br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 1in 0pt 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica light", serif; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;"><em>We had quite a loss by the storm also.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Our beautiful temple, that I got in Venice, was blown down and badly broken.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I expect it will cost me some hundreds of dollars to restore it.</em></span> </span></span></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: medium;"></span></span><br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 1in 0pt 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "helvetica light", serif; mso-ansi-language: NL; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">James F. Dooley, 1913</span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"></span></span><br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"></span><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"></span><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: large;"><span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: black;">One of the few clues we have about James Dooley's vision for the garden is his name for the tiny peripteral Italian gazebo at the eastern end of the Italian Garden, which he had purchased at Venice. He called it "our beautiful temple," and may have seen it as a miniature allusion to the tempiettos placed at the ends of vistas in Baroque gardens. Another classical allusion can be found in the large circular, temple-form "summer house" at the end of the Via Florum pergola- another structure ultimately based in Roman models. Dooley may have intended for these temples to refer to more elaborate temple-form structures in European gardens that carried symbolic and </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="color: black;"><span><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span>mythological meanings.</span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"></span></span></span></span><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"></span><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"></span><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"></span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgK8evHRaIxK2B7jeXOAiWl9azjqVV_jrmqWLgXC1KvTChj5ZgRYBbrfIxeWTFOjV-R_lfC9WPho5k1Jafhyphenhyphen6SWq3srcVIWcgl8BFGyHolmqBSf0m5kTsFOsgunWOt3NFCXCUbUlCJKeUY/s1600/edward+lear.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="936" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgK8evHRaIxK2B7jeXOAiWl9azjqVV_jrmqWLgXC1KvTChj5ZgRYBbrfIxeWTFOjV-R_lfC9WPho5k1Jafhyphenhyphen6SWq3srcVIWcgl8BFGyHolmqBSf0m5kTsFOsgunWOt3NFCXCUbUlCJKeUY/s640/edward+lear.jpg" width="372" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Edward Lear, The Waterfall and Temple at Tivoli.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></span><br /></div>
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></span> <span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwn3shWAuE7kMBSHaDA3Vo_IM57PAOxkujr6Nk_d705GY4Vus0pox2gaN_dLw2ZohPF7Cq19IYA8W8s4WULVTBMEUIMD-94RD1KGB1bP02LvkmvtBSkQ2BC1KVNLCt1F5K_d1Fxhuy9Sw/s1600/turner+waterfall.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1098" data-original-width="1134" height="617" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwn3shWAuE7kMBSHaDA3Vo_IM57PAOxkujr6Nk_d705GY4Vus0pox2gaN_dLw2ZohPF7Cq19IYA8W8s4WULVTBMEUIMD-94RD1KGB1bP02LvkmvtBSkQ2BC1KVNLCt1F5K_d1Fxhuy9Sw/s640/turner+waterfall.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">J.M.W. Turner, Tivoli, 1826-27 [Tate Gallery]. <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman", serif;">The painting shows the </span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman", serif;">Temple of the Sibyl or Vesta perched high above the waterfall at Tivoli.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></span><br />
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-size: large; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><strong>The Waterfall</strong></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-size: large; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><strong><br /></strong></span><o:p></o:p></span></span></span> <br />
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"></span></span><br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 49.5pt 0pt 0.75in;">
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-size: large;"><em><span style="font-family: "helvetica light", serif; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">The past few days I have been at</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica light", serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica;"> </span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "helvetica light", serif; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">Tivoli,</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica light", serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica;"> </span></em><span style="font-family: "helvetica light", serif; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;"><em>and have seen one of the first spectacles of nature. The waterfalls there with the ruins, and the whole complexity of landscapes, are of a class of subjects, acquaintance with which is an enrichment of our whole nature to its utmost reach.</em> </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica light", serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Helvetica Light";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: large;"></span></span><br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 49.5pt 0pt 0.75in;">
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica light", serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Helvetica Light";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 7;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica light", serif; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">Goethe,1787</span></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica light", serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Helvetica Light";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">The 45-foot Waterfall<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">, the Dooley</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">’</span>s most spectacular garden feature, lies between the Italian Garden <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">terrace and the Japanese Garden. The water supply plans documented in 1908 confirm that the waterfall, readily suggested by the bare rock and jagged cliff left behind by the former quarry, was part of the garden concept from as early as 1907, and that it was seen by the Dooleys not only a backdrop for the as-yet unrealized Japanese Garden, but as a key linking element in the overall design garden design. At first the cascade appears to have been relatively small. The volume of the waterfall was increased after 1911, very likely so that it could be more effective when seen from the new Japanese Garden below. The upper part of the falls beside the cascade was at the same time </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">“</span><span lang="DA" style="mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">improved</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">”</span></span><span face=""arial unicode ms", sans-serif" style="mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;"> </span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">by the creation of a series of ledges, possibly to enhance its appearance from the cascade stairs.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: large;"></span> </div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjENgN5IDexbintf-_p1FWPgBX3Iel88e5rv1sUsDAEXfTXEhuGBehIR0VylAXXYu59hR9hsmCSOJ2a1rexrCKBTCyPWn0hpemZwICxf15T6c4pFrLa8DOfzqgB39n3S7J6zgwvZB2pnE/s1600/maymont+waterfall+today.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1440" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjENgN5IDexbintf-_p1FWPgBX3Iel88e5rv1sUsDAEXfTXEhuGBehIR0VylAXXYu59hR9hsmCSOJ2a1rexrCKBTCyPWn0hpemZwICxf15T6c4pFrLa8DOfzqgB39n3S7J6zgwvZB2pnE/s640/maymont+waterfall+today.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Maymont Waterfall with the Italian Garden seen above and the edge of the Cascade to the right.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: large;">The context of the Maymont Waterfall<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><strong>,</strong> with the circular "summer house" temple placed high above it, resemble the dramatic gorge at Tivoli, where the antique, circular Temple of Vesta is perched at the head of a famous gorge caused by the waterfall of a branch of the Tiber. The gorge in ancient times had been selected by powerful Romans as a site for a series of cool summer retreats. It was developed as a picturesque public park by Pope Gregory XVI in 1843. The park was known as the Villa Gregoriana. <span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Until about 1915, this naturalistic landscape flanking the waterfalls at Tivoli was one of the principal destinations on the Grand Tour. </span><span style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Since the nearby Villa d'Este, with its famous terraces and fountains, was closed to the public during the early years of the 20<sup>th</sup> century, the principal experience of many</span> visitors of the watery landscape of Tivoli was the Villa Gregoriana. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br />
<br />
<span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span><span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span><span style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: large;">The popular Baedeker tourist guide for 1896 said of the Villa Gregoriana: </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman", serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: large;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"><em>"Visitors. . . . reach a Terrace planted with olives, whence we obtain a charming view of the Temple of the Sybyl above us, and, below, of the new waterfall (about 330 ft. high). . . We now return to the path, which descends at first in zigzags and afterwards in steps, We descend to the lowest point to which it leads and finally mount a flight of stone steps, wet with spray, to the fantastically shaped Siren's Grotto</em>."[12]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote>
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Perhaps more than any other landscape south of the Alps, the Tivoli waterfall was identified by poets and artists with the concept of the Sublime [13]</span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The wild scene, topped by the circular temple, was depicted countless times by painters including Lorraine, Poussin, Ingres, and Turner. At the bottom of the gorge, below the ruins of ancient Roman villas, were several cave-like grottos, identified with subterranean gods and river nymphs, which caught the imagination of visitors. Th</span></span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">e cliff in the former quarry at Maymont presented the Dooley's with an opportunity to recreate, on a smaller scale, a sense of the sublime like that at Tivoli. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-size: large; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><strong>Hydraulics</strong></span></span></span></span><br />
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"></span></span><br />
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"></span></span> <br />
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 49.5pt 0pt 0.75in;">
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica light", serif; font-size: large; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;"><em>Consuls, emperors, and popes, the great men of every age, have found no better way of immortalizing their memories than by the shifting, indestructible, ever new, yet unchanging, upgush and downfall of water. They have written their names in that unstable element, and proved it a more durable record than brass or marble.</em></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica light", serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Helvetica Light";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"></span></span><br />
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 49.5pt 0pt 0.75in;">
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica light", serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Helvetica Light";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica light", serif; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">Hawthorne, <u>The Marble Faun</u> [14]</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica light", serif; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"></span></span><br />
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"></span></span><br />
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Water, both still and moving, has been an essential feature of garden design in the West since Roman times. The harnessing of the power of water for the improvement of mankind is symbolized in a garden by its channeling into jets and pools. As constructed between 1908 and 1911, the Maymont waterworks, including the picturesque Water Tower that supplied the fountains at Maymont, relied on established systems of hydraulic engineering familiar from the gardens of Italy and France.[15]</span></span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> The most famous Italian gardens, like those in the hills around Frascati, received their water from copious streams and aqueducts at higher elevations. </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-size: large;">In his <i><span lang="DA" style="mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Italian Gardens</span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> of 1894, American architect Charles Platt describes how the fountains worked: </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">“</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">one of the chief peculiarities of the villas at Frascati is the importance given to such reservoirs. Frequently the water has to be brought from a long distance, and before it is distributed through the fountains and watercourses it is concentrated in a large reservoir at the highest point of the villa, and of this a feature of unusual interest is made.</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">”[16]</span></span><span face=""arial unicode ms", sans-serif" style="mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;"></span><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br />
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"></span></span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEho3gW8LfB_xA-0vrgZuOjlfdUw69_9RZhd9v1mEiAW4XNRQ-z6xDa5aPFEyl_cOSSOE6z5WaMSfionrl9RCcoI73gyA5f4Vwlk6WQwK-A4SFPQ79knhH4H4rRMx1nUSgzeKh_d9zXJagE/s1600/Reservoir+Villa+Torlonia.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1135" data-original-width="1445" height="502" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEho3gW8LfB_xA-0vrgZuOjlfdUw69_9RZhd9v1mEiAW4XNRQ-z6xDa5aPFEyl_cOSSOE6z5WaMSfionrl9RCcoI73gyA5f4Vwlk6WQwK-A4SFPQ79knhH4H4rRMx1nUSgzeKh_d9zXJagE/s640/Reservoir+Villa+Torlonia.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: x-small;">“Reservoir at the top of the Cascade, Villa Torlonia,” </span></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="" style="mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;">Geoffrey Alan Jellicoe. </span><i>Italian Gardens of the Renaissance</i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">, 1925<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg16wH9f-iP8GpYd2sYmbQLPh_efMgR5y1BZXCCs0NBvb1PxGI9tDx0ig74j7rVslBkWLTtB3ICvppHXHIUUTu6Ui4y3q1NTsb07oUJAueBVhhJaoO0FwDiQqtYtxVZ410nU2qScF_Ti1M/s1600/VA_Richmond_Maymont_BarrettDoherty_2014_01.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="675" data-original-width="1200" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg16wH9f-iP8GpYd2sYmbQLPh_efMgR5y1BZXCCs0NBvb1PxGI9tDx0ig74j7rVslBkWLTtB3ICvppHXHIUUTu6Ui4y3q1NTsb07oUJAueBVhhJaoO0FwDiQqtYtxVZ410nU2qScF_Ti1M/s640/VA_Richmond_Maymont_BarrettDoherty_2014_01.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br />Maymont's reservoir today, a recreation of the hilltop pool at the Villa Torlonia.<br /><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Like the </span>Cascade<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">, the Fountain Pool at Maymont had its model in the reservoir at the top of the Villa Torlonia gardens<span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif">. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif">It is likely, based on a 1908 piping layout, that the waterfall was initially intended to be fed only by the outflow from the bottom of the cascade. It seems likely that the waterfall was enlarged in 1911-12 and given a new outlet under the upper terrace wall to improve its appearance from the Japanese Garden</span></span></span>. At the same time, the architects added a new garden feature, <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">“</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">the Fountain Pool,</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">”</span><span face=""arial unicode ms", sans-serif" style="mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;"> </span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">at the east end of the Carriage House. It served, not only as a beautiful oval basin served by a high central jet, but as a nine-foot-deep reservoir or tank to supply additional water to the waterfall.[17] The reservoir seems to have been needed to reduce the pressure from the water tower in order to make more volume available to the cascade and the expanded waterfall. The reservoir was later reduced in depth from nine feet to just a few feet.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"></span><br />
</span><div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span></span><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"></span><br /></span></span></span></span></span><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"> </span></span><span><span><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Unlike the terrain surrounding Rome, the plateaus around Richmond were high and dry. Drinking water was drawn from springs in the hillsides (several were exploited as part of the landscape at Maymont) and from the elaborate canal system that skirted the falls of the James River and supplied the city</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">’</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">s many mills. As was the case in the gardens of the French king at Versailles, up-to-date machines, like the gasoline pump that remains</span></span></span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> </span></span></span><span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">in place within the Old Pump House near the Grotto, were needed at Maymont to move the increasing amounts of water from low-lying streams into reservoirs or tanks elevated above the gardens.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<br />
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br />
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqbz0xwtvBFAoFPjYB5kiudBEOMz7h4m1GSgfIshqdGc5VJjVBxz1W0z4ux7Jvi_qbFDWhkW_e5YJu3pGWsbu_4539GlAZDlApXyg7WK6A2nsiX0BKggORlPdyFTvfX5lvp0pYPpmrt-0/s1600/grotto_two.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqbz0xwtvBFAoFPjYB5kiudBEOMz7h4m1GSgfIshqdGc5VJjVBxz1W0z4ux7Jvi_qbFDWhkW_e5YJu3pGWsbu_4539GlAZDlApXyg7WK6A2nsiX0BKggORlPdyFTvfX5lvp0pYPpmrt-0/s400/grotto_two.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Maymont Grotto today.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-size: large; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><strong>The Grotto</strong></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-size: large; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><strong><br /></strong></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: large;"></span></span><br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 1in 0pt 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica light", serif; font-size: large; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;"><em>And after having remained at the entry some time, two contrary emotions arose in me, fear and desire, fear of the threatening dark grotto, desire to see whether there were any marvelous things within it.</em></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica light", serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Helvetica Light";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 1in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica light", serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Helvetica Light";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 7;"> </span></span><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "helvetica light", serif; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">Leonardo da Vinci</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "helvetica light", serif; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica light", serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"></span></span></span></span></span><br /></div>
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-size: large;">Extensive use of water and shade emphasize the garden at Maymont as a cool retreat from the heat and activity of the city. As was the case at the Villa Gregoriana at Tivoli, the path extending from the lower terminus of the Cascade originally led down by a series of zigzags, not to the Japanese Garden, but towards the Grotto added in 1911-12, which is the actual termination (or beginning) of the Italian Garden. </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-size: large;">The grotto at the base of the bluff, with its dripping tufa ceiling artificially fed by pipes and its embedded stalactites, restored in 2007, provides not only an allusion to the idea of coolness found in subterranean retreats like the grottos at Tivoli and Villa Torlonia, but to the power of the earth (reinforced by the pair of flanking lion sculptures) and to messages obtained from the underworld. <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">“</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">In contrast to formal gardens and bright uplands, artificial grottos were intended as places within the country house landscape to contemplate the irregular, hidden or </span><i><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">grotesque</span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> aspects of the natural world."[18] While some grottos were lined with shells and featured figures of river gods, stalactites and stalagmites were brought from Virginia caverns to realistically line Maymont</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">’</span><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">s Grotto.</span></span></span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--></span></span></span><br />
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"></span></span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFJekm13QRb2NHyDGvIu0UUypbBWUtjQRvkR760SeyZDH4owTjzalf-Kr8w2ShwutX06WGmesHhOoKHgjRHKBldZ4yJemEm25RyuKqJ4VkNVm79iMdVwGxMrK9OT7YX0rgckex0Mw1Z_s/s1600/Aeneas.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="392" data-original-width="533" height="470" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFJekm13QRb2NHyDGvIu0UUypbBWUtjQRvkR760SeyZDH4owTjzalf-Kr8w2ShwutX06WGmesHhOoKHgjRHKBldZ4yJemEm25RyuKqJ4VkNVm79iMdVwGxMrK9OT7YX0rgckex0Mw1Z_s/s640/Aeneas.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span face="Helvetica-Oblique" style="font-size: x-small;"><span face="Helvetica-Oblique" style="font-size: x-small;">Arnold Houbraken- Aeneas and the Sibyl in the Underworld</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">The progress of mythical heros such as Aeneas from earth to the underworld and back was re-enacted in the Baroque gardens of Europe by movement between highly finished pieces of architecture and the rough forms of rustic stone formations such as grottos. The Aeneid was a key textbook of the classical education enjoyed by Major Dooley. It is possible, but by no means certain, that James Dooley may have been thinking, not only of grottoes in Italian gardens, but of the Sibyl<span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">’</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">s Grotto in Cumae, near which Virgil</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">’</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">s Aeneas descended into Hades to receive predictions of the future greatness of Rome.</span> On the other hand, the Grotto at Maymont may simply serve to underline the value of water within and without the garden as a source of life and meaning. </span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUTYRorSzcj379AGz3GS-kZ_oJYkZf_yNglCxIvew6iBPJdhE9WUozufxcELt7D_Niuq6ngxcEXNPq6cvoDOdSl1_GiJWZE8IV-pV_fRaXhTA_upGBWKw-REpCekBcuXgD1VKR8DLqkp8/s1600/japanese-garden.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="309" data-original-width="550" height="358" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUTYRorSzcj379AGz3GS-kZ_oJYkZf_yNglCxIvew6iBPJdhE9WUozufxcELt7D_Niuq6ngxcEXNPq6cvoDOdSl1_GiJWZE8IV-pV_fRaXhTA_upGBWKw-REpCekBcuXgD1VKR8DLqkp8/s640/japanese-garden.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">Japanese Garden today</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"></span></span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><strong>Japanese Garden</strong></span></span> <span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"></span><br /></span></span></span><br />
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 1in 0pt 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica light", serif; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="font-size: large;"><em>Fine natural cascades abound all over Japan, but, on the principle of following classical models, it is customary, in an elaborate garden, to represent a famous waterfall in the south of China known to the Japanese as Rozan.</em><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica light", serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Helvetica Light";"></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"></span><span style="font-size: large;"></span><br /></span></span></span><br />
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 1in 0pt 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica light", serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Helvetica Light";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica light", serif; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">Josiah Conder, 1893</span></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica light", serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Helvetica Light";"></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> <span style="font-family: "times new roman";"></span><span style="font-size: large;"></span></span></span></span><br />
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span><span style="font-size: large;"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">The Japanese Garden at Maymont, reached by descending the Italian cascade fountain, was one of the most spectacular of a number of similar private gardens built in the period before the First World War. Immediately following the creation of the Italian Garden, the Japanese Garden was created, based in a former quarry at the base of the naturalistic 45-foot waterfall made possible by the Dooley</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">’</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">s waterworks. It was built in 1911-12, probably by Japanese landscape gardener Y. Muto. He came to the U.S. in response to the increasing elite interest in Japanese arts in America. This followed the opening of Japan to commerce and displays of Japanese decorative arts and gardening traditions at international fairs like the Philadelphia Centennial Exhibition of 1876 and the World</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">’</span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif">s Columbian Exposition of 1893. The new garden brought out the natural beauty in what was, as a quarry on the edge of a canal basin, a former industrial site. Like other Japanese-style gardens in America, the Maymont example is as much a product of the interests of its patrons as it is a representation of the spiritual and aesthetic themes of Japanese gardening traditions.</span> </span><span style="font-family: times new roman;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span><br /><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: large;"></span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--></span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: large;"> </span></span><br />
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><strong>Conclusions</strong></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><strong><br /></strong></span><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: large;"></span></span><br />
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-size: large;">James Dooley<span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;">’</span>s classical studies had prepared him to appreciate Italy and the new garden he and Sallie May Dooley planned was a dramatic departure from what preceded at Maymont. It was also dramatically different from anything Richmond had ever seen. The classical past inspired temples and the big waterfall, while a love for the Renaissance and Baroque villas on the outskirts of Rome led them to build an American version of an Italian garden that, with its cliff-top terraces and bubbling fountains, would astound friends and visitors.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> <span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: large;">Maymont became a public park in 1926, Since that time it has evolved into an extensive, interconnected landscape filled with opportunities for enjoyment and learning that can be understood by a close reading of its landscape and materials. Information about the estate, such as the embedded classical references or the concealed hydraulics that bring the gardens to life, can spark additional interest in the estate and gardens.</span></span></span><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"></span></span><br /></div>
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"></span><o:p></o:p></span> </span></span> <br />
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br />
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"></span></span> <br />
<br />
<br />
<br /></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Endnotes</span><br />
<hr size="1" style="text-align: left;" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]--> <span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="font-size: x-small;">[1] Wheary, typescript, <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">“</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">The Italian Garden at Maymont,</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">”</span><span face=""arial unicode ms", sans-serif" style="mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;"> </span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">1999, 2009.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">[2] “</span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Ever since [1893], Mrs. Dooley has been devoting her time and energies and her studies to making this place beautiful.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">We do not cultivate it for profit; we tried to get it in grass, and make it as beautiful as possible, and to that end she put out six hundred rose bushes and thousands of other flowers, and purchased the most costly evergreens from all parts of the world, and all those beautiful cherry trees they have in Japan, at great cost, and set them out in this place. She has covered it with the work of her own hands and some twenty men we have there. . . .</span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="font-size: x-small;">”</span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span face=""arial unicode ms", sans-serif" style="mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;"> from </span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Dooley testimony 1906, files of Maymont Foundation.</span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">[3] Wheary, 2000, 2009.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">[4] Richmond <i>Times-Dispatch</i><span style="font-size: xx-small;">, 12 October 1908].</span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"></span></span></span></span><br />
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">[5] Barr Feree, </span><i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">American Estates and Gardens</span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">, 1904, quoted in Dale Wheary, </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">“</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Maymont, Gilded Age Estate, An interpretive Overview.</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">”</span></span><span face=""arial unicode ms", sans-serif" style="mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;"> </span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">2000, revised 2013.</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">[6] <span style="font-size: x-small;">Noland and Baskervill, <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">“</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Plan Showing Part of </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">‘</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Maymont</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">’</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">, Country Seat of Major James H. Dooley,</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">”</span><span face=""arial unicode ms", sans-serif" style="mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">March 1908.<span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">[7] <span style="font-size: x-small;">Noland and Baskervill, <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">“</span><span lang="DA" style="mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Sketch for Garden at Maymont."</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">[8] A contemporary article, dated 12 October, 1908, gives him credit for the concept of the garden, and says he began the work while his wife was away for the summer as a surprise for her. This was, probably, at least an exaggeration, since the earliest drawings date from 1907 and Sallie May Dooley would likely have shared in so important a development, but it demonstrates Major Dooley<span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">’</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="font-size: x-small;">s full imaginative involvement [Richmond <i>Times-Dispatch</i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">, 12 October 1908, cited in Wheary, 2000].</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">[9] Richmond </span><i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Times-Dispatch</span></i><span style="font-size: x-small;"> 12 October 1908.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">[10] Edith Wharton, <i>Italian Villas and Their Gardens</i>, 1904.<!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span style="font-size: small; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">[11] Certainly, the books and commentaries available at the time concentrate on garden form and ignore any deeper meaning, except in a few instances where the forms and materials themselves constitute the meaning, as in Edith Wharton<span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">’</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">s observation quoted above.</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: x-small;">[12] <em>Italy: Handbook for Travelers. Second Part, Central Italy and Rome.</em><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Leipsic and London, Karl Baedeker, 12th edition (1896) </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">[13 Kristina Taylor, <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">“</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Villa Gregoriana at Tivoli: an overlooked </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">“</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Sublime</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">”</span></span><span face=""arial unicode ms", sans-serif" style="mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;"> </span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">landscape.</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">”</span></span><span face=""arial unicode ms", sans-serif" style="mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">The Garden History Society</span></span><span style="font-family: helvetica;">.</span></span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="font-size: x-small;">[</span></span><span class="Hyperlink0"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><a href="http://archive.org/details/03675130.5346.emory.edu"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">http://archive.org/details/03675130.5346.emory.edu</span></span></a></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">].<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">[14] <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman", serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span face=""helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif">The American author Nathaniel Hawthorne published <i>The Marble Faun: or The Romance of Monte Beni</i> in 1860. The popular and influential work, part Gothic romance and part travel book, is set in the gardens and ruins of mid-nineteenth-century Rome. Its romantic plot traces the adventures of three American artists and a mysterious young Italian aristocrat. It confirmed a strong American interest in Italian art and culture.</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">[15] A March 1908 site plan shows that the original hydraulic system consisted of a five-inch pipe that ran south of the stone barn from the eastern edge of the property and ended at the head of the cascade, as yet unbuilt. At first glance, it looks like Major Dooley at first made use of the city water supply to power the rustic fountain and the hose bibs in the upper terrace, which was all that had been completed. It is also possible that the 5-inch pipe ran from the water tower along the service road to a point near the Hampton Street Gate and then returned to the garden along the south side of the Stone Barn. The new 50,000-gallon water tower next to the Coach House was designed in July 1908 and probably completed in 1909.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">[16] Charles A. Platt. <em>Italian Gardens</em>, New York: Harper and Bros, 1896. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">[17] <span style="font-family: arial;">Noland and Baskervill, Pool at Maymont, February 1911.</span></span></span><br />
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: x-small;">[18] Naomi Miller, <i>Heavenly Caves: Reflections on the Garden Grotto</i>. <span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; display: inline; float: none; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; list-style: none; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Braziller, 1982.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> <span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"></span></span></span></span></span><br /></div>
</div>
Gibson Worshamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17914252671575229780noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-284912172590016102.post-69805366738569997762019-06-28T09:02:00.001-04:002019-06-28T09:02:36.525-04:00Villas on the Hill: Richmond's Richard Adams and Adams-Taylor Houses<br />
<span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular; font-size: small;"><br />
<span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular; font-size: small;"><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><div align="left">
<div align="left" class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaACFGuZ3a0-jdglJItaTJLebLKgHg5Dkk6yqCyLifxUUXXoYuD1cEf80IgP-SrpsEmtL_lCwhohSYJi4Eod26XbetiMTey5g8tgvtdUQ9LG3K6Zdf6lLZk9evphlhE6ACpxRWQ8FVEUc/s1600/Capture.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="725" data-original-width="734" height="196" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaACFGuZ3a0-jdglJItaTJLebLKgHg5Dkk6yqCyLifxUUXXoYuD1cEf80IgP-SrpsEmtL_lCwhohSYJi4Eod26XbetiMTey5g8tgvtdUQ9LG3K6Zdf6lLZk9evphlhE6ACpxRWQ8FVEUc/s200/Capture.JPG" width="200" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular; font-size: large;"><div align="LEFT">
Richmond Hill, Richmond's ecumenical retreat center, occupies a spectacular site on the forward edge of the city's Church Hill neighborhood, overlooking the downtown to the west and the James River to the south. The complex of brick buildings is embedded in a beautifully maintained walled garden that dates back to the late eighteenth century. Richmond Hill's history mirrors that of the city. We developed this text as part of a historic structure report for the Richmond Hill community prepared at Glave and Holmes Architecture.</div>
<div align="LEFT">
</div>
<div align="LEFT">
<strong>Overview</strong></div>
<div align="LEFT">
</div>
<div align="LEFT">
The site was first developed in the 1780s by Col. Richard Adams (1726-1800), a member of the House of Burgesses, the Virginia House of Delegates and Senate and was a delegate to the Convention of 1776. In 1769, Adams purchased several squares on Richmond Hill, as well as parcels of land to the northeast, from Isaac Coles, which he called Spring Garden. Over time, members of the Adams family built several houses on the crest of Church Hill which were incorporated into the Richmond Hill complex after the properties were purchased for the Sisters of the Visitation soon after the end of the Civil War. They converted the old Adams houses for use as a convent and school, which they called Monte Maria. Eventually constructed a chapel and dormitory/convent. After years of prayerful life in the monastic tradition, the sisters moved to a new location, opening the opportunity for the ecumenical Richmond Hill community to purchase and thoroughly rehabilitate the complex and garden to serve as a training and retreat center.</div>
</span><br /></span><br /></span><br />
<br /></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheWvg4WMDDpeSh1jaPU7kugueipjYpGCJDhx_Gmq5dl3GCyN6hJw876INopWhkrWuehZ3dGNdRn3v87aaixPClkoES2toe0aEEP6fnDFliIRlUNj5HaaMC4cJlbPVfWRhvT3jvegqVlQw/s1600/Sequence+Diagram+01.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="835" data-original-width="1482" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheWvg4WMDDpeSh1jaPU7kugueipjYpGCJDhx_Gmq5dl3GCyN6hJw876INopWhkrWuehZ3dGNdRn3v87aaixPClkoES2toe0aEEP6fnDFliIRlUNj5HaaMC4cJlbPVfWRhvT3jvegqVlQw/s640/Sequence+Diagram+01.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The two "squares" or blocks occupied by the Richard Adams and Adams-Taylor Houses as they were probably<br />
arranged in 1820. The lower half each square forms the bluff and drops sharply to the lower part of town. The view <br />
to the James River is to the south.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQ8VuEZphiNxfGWnpUfssu5hV_FIIyHqhRHkDzoOYkabmq_jeJfqjq2H35nX1Dr61XX8EpoJLAVCsJ_ofEew6T4bJ3WIV3CMS3oHsXQOTajiBqud3W_KPlGDPKzybxvLrpdw-_6naA51s/s1600/2006+Site+Sequence+.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="383" data-original-width="702" height="348" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQ8VuEZphiNxfGWnpUfssu5hV_FIIyHqhRHkDzoOYkabmq_jeJfqjq2H35nX1Dr61XX8EpoJLAVCsJ_ofEew6T4bJ3WIV3CMS3oHsXQOTajiBqud3W_KPlGDPKzybxvLrpdw-_6naA51s/s640/2006+Site+Sequence+.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The same site today, showing the buildings added by the Sisters of the Visitation and the Richmond Hill <br />
Ecumenical Center from 1866 to the present.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><strong><span style="font-size: large;">Site History</span></strong><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">The northeast corner of the 28-block grid of the town of Richmond, laid out for William Byrd II in 1737, was difficult of access and remained undeveloped for many years. Byrd convinced the vestry of Henrico Parish to place their proposed new upper church at Richmond on two prominently placed, but marginal, lots at the highest point on what was then known as Indian Town Hill, overlooking and dominating the lower town. The grid along the south side of the hill was so arranged that Franklin Street ran along the bottom of the hill and Grace Street at enough distance back from the top that there was room for houses and gardens.<br /><br />The land around the church was not developed for many years. The original owner of much of the land on the hill was John Coles, (d. 1747) a prominent merchant and planter who emigrated from Ireland in the early to mid-1730s. He owned lots on the hill and two of Byrd's suburban “villa tracts,” totaling nearly 28 acres, located to the north of the town. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">In 1769, Coles’ son Isaac Coles (1747-1813) sold his holdings, including 10 half-acre lots, to Col. Richard Adams (1726-1802), a mill-owner and land speculator in Richmond. Adams, born in New Kent County, was said to have been “one of the most enterprising, public-spirited, wealthy, and influential citizens of Richmond” [Coleman, C.W. Genealogy of the Adams Family of New Kent and Henrico Counties, VA, William and Mary Quarterly 5:3 (Jan. 1897) 161-62]. He hoped to persuade Thomas Jefferson to locate the new capitol on his land on Church Hill and on the tract to the north, which he called Spring Garden, which he had laid out in lots. Legend has it that he was resentful that Jefferson chose Shockoe Hill to the west instead.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular; font-size: small;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqJtKbR-XCmXIZX-Mkj3nOxBBb02d6Itwe20z1soUfuIi4SUcvN8oWTIGfypeeC_lsqYmXdLhl1FUwysRTpupuJxAcvJam7jldi7XWGiS0w6ABGvzvBYuweehBtvg7Rdb2f-3GTsbD-6k/s1600/Adams+House.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="352" data-original-width="438" height="514" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqJtKbR-XCmXIZX-Mkj3nOxBBb02d6Itwe20z1soUfuIi4SUcvN8oWTIGfypeeC_lsqYmXdLhl1FUwysRTpupuJxAcvJam7jldi7XWGiS0w6ABGvzvBYuweehBtvg7Rdb2f-3GTsbD-6k/s640/Adams+House.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Richard Adams House [Scott 1941].</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></span><br />
<div align="LEFT">
<span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular; font-size: small;"> </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular; font-size: small;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="LEFT">
<span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular; font-size: small;"><strong><span style="font-size: large;">RICHARD ADAMS HOUSE (c1790)</span></strong></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular; font-size: small;">
</span></span><div align="LEFT">
<span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular; font-size: small;">
<div align="LEFT">
<span style="font-size: large;">Col. Richard Adams built a large, one-story frame house on the square south of Grace Street between 22nd and 23rd Streets about 1790. Its exact date of construction is not certain. According to Mary Wingfield Scott, “the seat of a Mr. Adams was mentioned in a travel book published in 1784 [<em>Smyth’s Tour in the United States</em>] probably refers to an earlier house on the north side of Grace, possibly built for John Coles [Scott 1941]. Land tax books as late as 1788 show the lots as unimproved. A Virginia Mutual Assurance Society policy dated 1796 is for a house “all wood. . . two stories. . . .55 feet by 34 feet. . . . kitchen 28 feet by 18 feet northwest of house” [Scott 1950].</span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<div align="LEFT">
<span style="font-size: large;">The original house appears to have been a one-story, frame, U-shaped center-passage-plan dwelling with a half upper story served by dormers, but the house was enlarged over time to the north. A central porch stood at the south entry. Massive two-story exterior chimneys with tiled shoulders stood at each end (the western chimney was removed when as addition was made to the west). The roof appears to have projected to form matching ells that extended to each side of the north entry, each with an exterior chimney on the north end. At some point around 1800, the space between the ells was infilled with a two-story three-bay north addition with the appearance of a respectable small Federal town house. This addition effectively updated the appearance of the house from the street. The roof of the two-story section fit neatly on top of the eighteen-century portion to give it the appearance of a hip-on-hip roof from the south. The north addition was entered through a delicate, central, three-bay entry porch [photos at the Valentine].</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3nVhhCzLjHA5zVhiHg0mOprOWqWEJycXbJJIfgPgPbE3NuWkEQ2T40Hb2yG_ulY5em22qNWi5t5eVIv6kKR_wsKupcMsoAmROmTB4AuqUy8KbBn6YVKaAlzUSruYf8Vb_EUuSdScGubw/s1600/IMG_4038.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1200" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3nVhhCzLjHA5zVhiHg0mOprOWqWEJycXbJJIfgPgPbE3NuWkEQ2T40Hb2yG_ulY5em22qNWi5t5eVIv6kKR_wsKupcMsoAmROmTB4AuqUy8KbBn6YVKaAlzUSruYf8Vb_EUuSdScGubw/s640/IMG_4038.JPG" width="480" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Middle terrace of the historic garden along the south front, looking east.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<br />
<span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular;"><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular;"><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular; font-size: large;">A terraced garden, of the type known as at the time as "falling gardens," appears to have extended along the south and possibly the east sides of the house. Three shallow terraces aligned with the river that survive in the existing garden very likely date from the eighteenth-century Adams garden. The fine quality of Richard Adams’ garden was a memory passed down by the later owners [Goodpasture, 1999]. A sense of the terraces can be seen in the 1889 view of the house (Figure 12). The family grew some foodstuffs on a lot nearby. The will left by his son, Richard Adams, Jr., mentions four enclosed lots that he used as a garden, probably close by the house.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular; font-size: small;">
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHzNiVKO4TbxvS3ZtjNe0pT3iCoCEX7eh4dAPgxXJgpFaHtEhxH9QfZYiqKzgcR9X2vn7-EhYyvjLVD2sjYAhhG8czz-Pgbu1UZyfT4PujSQmsef9RfHVzSt1kK5xzHrGZOF7sGrgKV0g/s1600/Baist+Map+1889.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="366" data-original-width="754" height="310" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHzNiVKO4TbxvS3ZtjNe0pT3iCoCEX7eh4dAPgxXJgpFaHtEhxH9QfZYiqKzgcR9X2vn7-EhYyvjLVD2sjYAhhG8czz-Pgbu1UZyfT4PujSQmsef9RfHVzSt1kK5xzHrGZOF7sGrgKV0g/s640/Baist+Map+1889.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Baist Map of 1889. The Richard Adams House is shown in yellow beside the number 79 <br />
and the Adams-Taylor House beside the number 78.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div align="LEFT">
<span style="font-size: large;">Outbuildings on the site include the two-story, “slave quarters” visible in early photos to the west of the house and identified by the nuns [<em>Sentinel on the Hill</em>, 24]. This is identified as a brick building on the 1889 Baist Map of the city. Other structures that appear on maps from the late 19th and early 20th centuries may or may not date from the Adams period. A</span><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular;"><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular; font-size: large;"> two-story brick outbuilding stood near the northeast corner of the lot (near the number 80). Portions of it, including a small tool shed and bricked-up window, still remain incorporated into the perimeter wall. It may have been a stable or carriage house for the Adams or, at a later date, Ellett families. </span></span><br />
<div align="LEFT">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div align="LEFT">
<span style="font-size: large;">Until the early nineteenth century, there were few dwellings other than the Richard Adams House and several houses of his children, aligned along the edges of the bluff overlooking the James River and Shockoe Creek. One son, Dr. John Adams, lived to the east. Richard Adams Jr. (1760-1817), a wealthy land speculator like his father, received the original family home. A two-story frame addition was made to the west end of the old house, probably by Richard Adams, Jr.</span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">After the death of Col. Richard Adams in 1802, the Adams family began selling off lots in the neighborhood and new buildings began to appear along Franklin, Grace, and Broad streets. When Richard Adams, Jr. died in 1817, he left the “the old mansion house, and two lots immediately attached thereto and the four lots now used and enclosed as my garden” to his nephew Richard Adams III. He sold the house and lots 79 and 80 to Loftin N. Elliett, Clerk of the Henrico County Court, in 1825.</span></div>
</span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWL5G86TjhiMEpJhSkQp-wLFSVmNbaGFcN3v4KWD4B42om8mmVp6qORZzt3FP7E0-rxK-wpzhymgEw4lZW4R-981mYkZwsLqUB6HVublANky6QewvUtsHqbhNbxZmzq1GppQAmK_8cE-g/s1600/Casimir+Bohn+view+1851.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="751" data-original-width="1055" height="454" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWL5G86TjhiMEpJhSkQp-wLFSVmNbaGFcN3v4KWD4B42om8mmVp6qORZzt3FP7E0-rxK-wpzhymgEw4lZW4R-981mYkZwsLqUB6HVublANky6QewvUtsHqbhNbxZmzq1GppQAmK_8cE-g/s640/Casimir+Bohn+view+1851.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Casimir Bohn. Richmond from the church hill, 1851 [Library of Congress]. The Adams-Taylor House is shown in the foreground. The view is from the east.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Bold; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Bold; font-size: large;"><div align="LEFT">
<strong>ADAMS-TAYLOR HOUSE (1812, 1859)</strong></div>
</span></span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular; font-size: large;">This remarkable, but much-altered house is usually said to have been built by Richard Adams, Jr., who had been mayor of the city in the 1780s. It appears, instead, to have been built for speculator James Smith in 1812. Until 1808, lot 78, which later contained the house, was listed as unimproved and assessed against Richard Adams at $100. In 1810, the value increased to $500. In the following year Adams’ four lots on the square were valued at the relatively modest sum of $2,000. By 1813, lot 78 was accessed for the large sum of $6,500 against James Smith, who was recorded as the tenant. This undoubtedly represents the value of a grand new “mansion house.” Smith built the house with the backing of Richard Adams, Jr. and his brother John Adams. They had joined Smith in 1814 to insure the expensive new brick dwelling in 1814 for $6,000 [Virginia Mutual policy]. Smith received the title to the property in March of 1814 [Deed Book 10, p. 478].</span><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular; font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgH6_eVxT2Wosv2zlWlMxhL8ZOaSsXeSB0WVmPpzUCMuS5PcMcG7eZFhcLvWqjLDtIYYC8BCLbgJRhrWT8y2lL7rx9zrUzyN0xRd2dmxdd0xL6rBUXApiyvddEoLTQiVmmFTCwNHe05D6c/s1600/Conjectural+first+fl+A-T+1900.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1237" data-original-width="1600" height="494" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgH6_eVxT2Wosv2zlWlMxhL8ZOaSsXeSB0WVmPpzUCMuS5PcMcG7eZFhcLvWqjLDtIYYC8BCLbgJRhrWT8y2lL7rx9zrUzyN0xRd2dmxdd0xL6rBUXApiyvddEoLTQiVmmFTCwNHe05D6c/s640/Conjectural+first+fl+A-T+1900.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div align="center">
Conjectural floor plan showing the main floor of the building c 1900, when it was used as the Monte Maria Academy. The original room layout survives along the south front (at top). A passage originally spanned at the center from east to west. </div>
<div align="center">
The entry tower at the east side and the stairs in the SW corner were added and the open plan along the north front created </div>
<div align="center">
by removing earlier partitions. Since that time, Richmond Hill has subdivided that area once again.</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></span><div align="LEFT">
<span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular;"><span style="font-size: large;">It was acquired for $13,000 by Jacob Galt Ege after Smith’s death in 1817. The severe depression of 1819 brought to an end a period of rampant speculation and price inflation in Richmond real estate. Ege was forced to transfer the property to his mother-in-law, Diana Morgan. Diana Morgan returned the house to Jacob and Jane Ege with the understanding that it would be sold for the benefit of their heirs at their deaths [DB 15, p. 443]. Jacob Ege insured it for $5,000 in 1822 and 1829. The house was sold by court order to William W. Palmer (1801-1870), a native of Maryland, in 1833 [DB 32, p. 95]. It was reevaluated at $3,500 for insurance in 1836 and 1851. It decreased in value in 1858, when once again re-valued. <span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular;"><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular;">Palmer was a dealer in agricultural implements, seeds and farm supplies, insurance, and banking. He was a director and vice President of the Richmond and Danville Railroad Co. His wife was Elizabeth <span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular;"><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular;">Walker Enders, daughter of John Enders, a prominent tobacco dealer [Montgomery [Virginia] News-Messenger, 1 July 1976 and gravestone, Hollywood Cemetery].</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular; font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><br />
<div align="LEFT">
<span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular;"><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular;"><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular; font-size: large;">A wide entry at the center of the north front, now altered, can be seen obliquely in the drawing of 1851. The house may have been intended to face Grace Street, in which case visitors were supposed to be received in a central hall on the first floor at the center of the north front. The north entry was not, however, accessible by stair in 1851. A formal secondary entrance on the east side, facing the older Adams family home, opened into a transverse passage that ran from east to west. The east entry was provided with an elegant Federal frontispiece and accessed by an elegant stone stair with an iron railing (Figure 7). The west end of the house was likely the service end of the dwelling.</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular; font-size: small;"> </span></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular; font-size: small;"><br />
<span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular; font-size: small;"><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgDmKLL8Xrs9Wz3JjesqQXCupKaoK5qFUc4xvPn6H6ZaFMJV7l7cUewZWFtVAyKNw0ObE1i_u12N5kXF3tSgQSo_4o47YbeAwTzpDFGm613Zm0cxcd074WLFOgXzNUUbBdh6PM_k7XECY/s1600/Adams-Taylor.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="482" data-original-width="717" height="430" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgDmKLL8Xrs9Wz3JjesqQXCupKaoK5qFUc4xvPn6H6ZaFMJV7l7cUewZWFtVAyKNw0ObE1i_u12N5kXF3tSgQSo_4o47YbeAwTzpDFGm613Zm0cxcd074WLFOgXzNUUbBdh6PM_k7XECY/s640/Adams-Taylor.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;"></span></span><br />
<div align="center">
<span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;">Historic photo of the Adams-Taylor House, early 20th c. Note how the center three bays on the second floor are grouped together, probably reflecting the</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="center">
<span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;"> existing of a large central room on each floor. This may have been a stair hall. A pair of doors has been added to reach the two rooms that occupied that space.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;">
</span></span><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;"> The porch at the west end may have provided service access. The chimneys that served the northern row of rooms had been removed by this point. Note the </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;">
<div align="center">
paneled end of the chimney that remains. The two-story former slave quarters between the two Adams houses was still in place.</div>
</span></span><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div align="LEFT">
<span style="font-size: large;">In 1859, Palmer sold the house to William Taylor [DB 74B, p. 124]. William Taylor, one of the city’s most successful wholesale merchants, purchased the house and greatly enlarged it about 1859. He dramatically increased its value by adding a second story with a central cupola and porticoes on both the north and south. The exterior was covered with stucco. The south portico extended across both floors on massive square columns, a feature that was popular among Richmond's wealthy land-owners, permitting them take the most advantage of shade and air in the summer and of the dramatic views possible on the hills of the city. The exterior openings were much altered in 1859. Only a small amount of original trim remains in the house.</span> </div>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVHixYAFYQzde6Cy_zi9JTk4zuT5WZINVw-gaUrO_8fxEk3LmARsOH4-rfJ-etrwGz39mbVKybC6tK33rKKGQXTvEZQFTWVRSRFihkMNnlrEBKoVw-THdg2OAZL4j8VEBoJZk3Z_4lzfU/s1600/North+Front+drawing.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="564" data-original-width="844" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVHixYAFYQzde6Cy_zi9JTk4zuT5WZINVw-gaUrO_8fxEk3LmARsOH4-rfJ-etrwGz39mbVKybC6tK33rKKGQXTvEZQFTWVRSRFihkMNnlrEBKoVw-THdg2OAZL4j8VEBoJZk3Z_4lzfU/s640/North+Front+drawing.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">North front of the Adams-Taylor House, 2001 [Frazier Associates]. The added stair/bell tower is to the left. The central cupola was removed but has since been restored.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrniM7WXgU9P7FNv7p2DS2R1VFg3LUuK0upnyIeT4aCbaQ9luviyqltFJ4QJuPzeBqjdYaKqqNw-tX0YMd4H9iazOqebNWxrM_aESyUsZoLWkb0ALplqayuM5tr3R9TeS9trKYcIY6H-s/s1600/North+Front.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="301" data-original-width="341" height="564" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrniM7WXgU9P7FNv7p2DS2R1VFg3LUuK0upnyIeT4aCbaQ9luviyqltFJ4QJuPzeBqjdYaKqqNw-tX0YMd4H9iazOqebNWxrM_aESyUsZoLWkb0ALplqayuM5tr3R9TeS9trKYcIY6H-s/s640/North+Front.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">North Front of the Adams-Taylor House</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYFJOJzMGkWByYpfHyaYW6N1Kbwhm49jl5Wp_CPUu1wAksNWvWS-oydR0DGTS4oKVktwoibiEnXpxRXWjnWdgmgxgYngzCOoITY0ea_-asjrIv0ReRsf7CwqEY3m49XGRzU-PrmINSiCc/s1600/South+front.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="409" height="468" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYFJOJzMGkWByYpfHyaYW6N1Kbwhm49jl5Wp_CPUu1wAksNWvWS-oydR0DGTS4oKVktwoibiEnXpxRXWjnWdgmgxgYngzCOoITY0ea_-asjrIv0ReRsf7CwqEY3m49XGRzU-PrmINSiCc/s640/South+front.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">South front of the Adams-Taylor House </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div align="LEFT">
</div>
</span> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQVWjrSpSYxO3Jpo-7Y7B-xEW7jPumshoui47QExIDK6U14591Zm4DrMIYYMEg8_yP_MYwpqQiPOx-3hHZNypj5b4IkZwqR9hDDHZKOyc4R-qG4VpBLj6jocHCpQ0hgLNXo-znwgya73c/s1600/1865+viewl.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="447" data-original-width="702" height="406" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQVWjrSpSYxO3Jpo-7Y7B-xEW7jPumshoui47QExIDK6U14591Zm4DrMIYYMEg8_yP_MYwpqQiPOx-3hHZNypj5b4IkZwqR9hDDHZKOyc4R-qG4VpBLj6jocHCpQ0hgLNXo-znwgya73c/s640/1865+viewl.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;"></span></span><br />
<div align="LEFT">
<span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;">Pontoon Bridges across the James River, Detail, 1865, Library of Congress. The Richard Adams House is at the right and the Adams-</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="LEFT">
<span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;">Taylor House is near the center. A long two-story frame outbuilding stands to the west end of the Richard Adams House. Separate boundaries</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular; font-size: xx-small;">
of wood fencing can be seen surrounding both the Richard Dams and the Adams-Taylor houses.</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular;"><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular; font-size: large;">In 1860, William Taylor sold the house to Richard A. Wilkins, a Virginian returning from Louisiana to educate his children in Richmond [DB 76A, p. 1]. A plain one-story porch protected service entries on the west side of the house on the basement and first-floor levels. Two one-story outbuildings were located nearby to the west of the house.</span></span><div align="LEFT">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular; font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRumzwerkTsBZ7TkWawMu59YnRjWvnGysEQOm3YfeI8TTeDNZ5SjFWu0IaeYDB-tg18vao426CNqM8PeCm_cJ5neKb6lmOEF7piwJRVHbmZa6VrpLyFvYkoR5cAH0X7mk_H6N8t8yUO2s/s1600/first+floor+door+frame.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="359" data-original-width="477" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRumzwerkTsBZ7TkWawMu59YnRjWvnGysEQOm3YfeI8TTeDNZ5SjFWu0IaeYDB-tg18vao426CNqM8PeCm_cJ5neKb6lmOEF7piwJRVHbmZa6VrpLyFvYkoR5cAH0X7mk_H6N8t8yUO2s/s400/first+floor+door+frame.jpg" width="400" /></a><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular; font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkhyphenhypheny5TgFiA9NWfNXVDhERZD0FMn3L2sNQJIaegekAOg4YYzrZ0KS15jcC_dcdBuOHzMfdNzG7Ac0yglJLagtd2_G-RarRhuHYvWHUTNRp7hygrr7uLDE6wB4CX2zN_Kq_MrzIciUdH8I/s1600/stair+rail.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="424" data-original-width="338" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkhyphenhypheny5TgFiA9NWfNXVDhERZD0FMn3L2sNQJIaegekAOg4YYzrZ0KS15jcC_dcdBuOHzMfdNzG7Ac0yglJLagtd2_G-RarRhuHYvWHUTNRp7hygrr7uLDE6wB4CX2zN_Kq_MrzIciUdH8I/s400/stair+rail.jpg" width="318" /></a></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular; font-size: small;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular; font-size: x-small;">Adams-Taylor House. Original first-floor door trim between south-central room and southeast room (left) and original stair and rail on east front, now inside entry tower (right).</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular; font-size: small;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular;"><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular;"><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular;"><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular;"><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular;"><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular;"><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular;"><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular;"><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular;"><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular;"><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular;"><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular;"><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular;"><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular;"><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular;"><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular;"><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular;"><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular; font-size: large;">On the interior, some of the Federal-style woodwork appears to have been retained by Taylor. A single door survives from the original house on the first floor. More was probably present until the late-19th-century alterations which made the house into a school. Very little material from this period survives on the first floor. The mantels on the first floor in the south central and southwest rooms were replaced with plain Greek Revival period wood elements dating from this period. On the second floor, the windows and window trim dates from 1858. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular;"><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular;"><div align="LEFT">
<strong><span style="font-size: large;">CONVERSION TO SCHOOL USE</span></strong></div>
<div align="LEFT">
<span style="font-size: large;"></span> </div>
<div align="LEFT">
<span style="font-size: large;">Loftin N. Ellett, owner of the Richard Adams House, also acquired portions of the adjacent lots 65 and 66 in 1861. After his death in 1862, in 1866, his executor sold the Richard Adams property to Bishop John McGill, Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Richmond. Bishop McGill had requested that a convent be established in Richmond by the Sisters of the Visitation of Holy Mary to provide the diocese with an important missing element- a cloistered monastery. The Visitation Monastery in Baltimore sent six nuns for that purpose.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"></span> </div>
</span><span style="font-size: large;"></span> </span><span style="font-size: large;">In the same year the diocese purchased the Adams-Taylor House from Richard Wilkins [DB 83B, p. 232]. The bishop's intent was to establish a school for girls to be operated by the convent as a means for supporting their vocation. The interesting story of the Monte Maria Academy will be told in a later post.</span> </span></span><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular; font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular;"></span><br />
<div align="LEFT">
<div align="LEFT">
<span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular;"><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular; font-size: small;"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular; font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<br /></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular;">
</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />Gibson Worshamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17914252671575229780noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-284912172590016102.post-46048533802693911002019-02-15T15:22:00.000-05:002019-02-15T15:22:03.016-05:00Emancipation Monument: A Proposal<div align="LEFT">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">As is well known, Richmond has been the scene of an extended conversation- sometimes extreme in its terms- about the city's monuments, particularly those placed along Monument Avenue, the city's renowned boulevard traditionally dedicated to Confederate generals. We reviewed the larger monumental tradition in Richmond some time ago, before the topic took center stage. The mayor has been alternately in favor of some sort of retention and removal of the Confederate monuments. The governor has recently come out in favor of removal of the monuments from the street to a museum. </span></div>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Richmond's local History Museum, the Valentine, has sponsored a </span><a href="https://thevalentine.org/exhibition/gdgd/"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">competition</span></a><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> and exhibit around proposed solutions to the controversy. One of the members of my firm, Stephen Hershey, entered a classical proposal in the competition. He proposed leaving some or all of the existing monuments in place and answering them with an imposing new classical structure incorporating monumental sculpture. As might be expected, it was not selected to be shown in the exhibit. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Here is his description and a proposed set of guidelines, which outline a significant formal representation, in keeping with classical principles, of the sacrifices and achievements of the many individuals who acted in favor of emancipation. It places on the avenue a counter-statement that rises to and perhaps surpasses the old monuments, transforming the meaning of the street for the benefit of the entire city, not just the fraction of its citizens who idolized the Confederate heroes.</span><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
_________________________________________________________________<span style="color: #76787a; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #76787a; font-size: large;"></span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY">
<span style="color: #76787a; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #76787a; font-size: large;"></span></span> </div>
<div align="JUSTIFY">
<span style="color: #76787a; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #76787a; font-size: large;">Monument to Emancipation</span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY">
<span style="color: #76787a; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #76787a; font-size: large;"></span></span> </div>
<div align="JUSTIFY">
<span style="color: #76787a; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #76787a; font-size: large;">The Monument to Emancipation is dedicated to native Virginians who opposed slavery before and during the Civil War. Abolitionists in Virginia, like Mary Bowser and Elizabeth Van Lew, played a pivotal role as spies during the War, gathering and relaying Confederate secrets to the Union. African Americans from Virginia like William Harvey Carney, the first African American Medal of Honor recipient, played an important role on the battlefront. Often unheralded, the Monument to Emancipation gives these individuals a prominent position on Monument Avenue, filling a gap between the Jefferson Davis and Robert E. Lee statues. This proposal is intended to help establish criteria for future monuments. The goal is to establish and maintain critical design guidelines that will preserve the beauty of Monument Avenue. </span></span></div>
<span style="color: #76787a; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #76787a; font-size: large;"></span></span><span style="color: #76787a; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #76787a; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #76787a; font-family: "adobe garamond pro" , "adobe garamond pro"; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #76787a; font-family: "adobe garamond pro" , "adobe garamond pro"; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #76787a; font-family: "adobe garamond pro" , "adobe garamond pro"; font-size: large;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #76787a; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #76787a; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #76787a; font-family: "adobe garamond pro" , "adobe garamond pro"; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #76787a; font-family: "adobe garamond pro" , "adobe garamond pro"; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #76787a; font-family: "adobe garamond pro" , "adobe garamond pro"; font-size: large;"> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<div align="CENTER">
<span style="color: #76787a; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #76787a; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #76787a; font-family: "adobe garamond pro" , "adobe garamond pro"; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #76787a; font-family: "adobe garamond pro" , "adobe garamond pro"; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #76787a; font-family: "adobe garamond pro" , "adobe garamond pro"; font-size: large;"><em>Design Criteria for Future Monuments </em></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #76787a; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #76787a; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #76787a; font-family: "adobe garamond pro" , "adobe garamond pro"; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #76787a; font-family: "adobe garamond pro" , "adobe garamond pro"; font-size: large;"> </span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #76787a; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #76787a; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #76787a; font-family: "adobe garamond pro" , "adobe garamond pro"; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #76787a; font-family: "adobe garamond pro" , "adobe garamond pro"; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #76787a; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #76787a; font-size: large;"><em>1. Monuments should represent individuals over a broad spectrum of historical significance. </em><em>
</em><br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span><div align="JUSTIFY">
<span style="color: #76787a; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #76787a; font-family: "adobe garamond pro" , "adobe garamond pro"; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #76787a; font-family: "adobe garamond pro" , "adobe garamond pro"; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #76787a; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #76787a; font-size: large;"><em>2. Preference should be given to native Virginians or individuals who made significant contributions to Virginia history. </em></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #76787a; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #76787a; font-family: "adobe garamond pro" , "adobe garamond pro"; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #76787a; font-family: "adobe garamond pro" , "adobe garamond pro"; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #76787a; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #76787a; font-size: large;">
<em>
</em><br />
<div align="JUSTIFY">
<em>3. Controversial figures (e.g. Jefferson Davis, Robert E. Lee, Nat Turner, Gabriel Prosser) should be represented on Monument Avenue based on their historical significance. </em></div>
<em>
</em><br />
<div align="JUSTIFY">
<em>4. Monuments should reinforce the civic order, style, and organization of the street. </em></div>
<em>
</em><br />
<div align="JUSTIFY">
<em>5. Monuments should be of similar size and scale to existing monuments. Variety is permitted but in good taste. The Monument to Emancipation is an example of a monument that solidifies its presence adjacent to the polarizing Davis and Lee statues. </em></div>
<em>
</em><br />
<div align="JUSTIFY">
<em>6. Monuments should look like they belong to Monument Avenue. The original designers of the boulevard envisioned the future erection of additional monuments. </em></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY">
</div>
<div align="JUSTIFY">
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhASr25eQBUsPoEi4qP-zM7tU6tInrn1XldMSPt8BDCqW0kwDpy0fOeG3wFW5G0sWlNVDOpIR05WCS_GSCAyfsfbH2lQ_bb5AZHdsqI2L8L60B9H37Yi_ap3y9Wkd_xHtrfGuxhC-c1_pQ/s1600/Monument+to+Emancipation_.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1067" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhASr25eQBUsPoEi4qP-zM7tU6tInrn1XldMSPt8BDCqW0kwDpy0fOeG3wFW5G0sWlNVDOpIR05WCS_GSCAyfsfbH2lQ_bb5AZHdsqI2L8L60B9H37Yi_ap3y9Wkd_xHtrfGuxhC-c1_pQ/s1600/Monument+to+Emancipation_.jpg" /></a></div>
</div>
<br />
</span><br />
<br />
</span></span></span><br />
</span><br />
<br />Gibson Worshamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17914252671575229780noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-284912172590016102.post-44597063285563419822019-01-03T18:14:00.000-05:002019-03-11T13:44:27.106-04:00Two Public Places Renewed<div style="text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbV8s7iDxWXqXfq4CsyOCAlF_U7vNpH6oqGG6dQ5d-Wlk1AJxa0kwhVRt75V_NgOeiGVh5CJ6gXiv6Fcxxy-hbcRq6tWarJMl2Dim1VSF0KCekSnSdq8Z4Um1mlRH31_w2b-1aMJqT6Q0/s1600/Monroe_Park%252C_Richmond%252C_Va__%252816811226436%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="512" data-original-width="800" height="203" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbV8s7iDxWXqXfq4CsyOCAlF_U7vNpH6oqGG6dQ5d-Wlk1AJxa0kwhVRt75V_NgOeiGVh5CJ6gXiv6Fcxxy-hbcRq6tWarJMl2Dim1VSF0KCekSnSdq8Z4Um1mlRH31_w2b-1aMJqT6Q0/s320/Monroe_Park%252C_Richmond%252C_Va__%252816811226436%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: large;">We here at Urbanismo have been fortunate to work on the designs for two of Richmond's most venerable public places, Monroe Park and the square that was historically occupied by the Richmond City (later Seventeenth Street) Market. The senior of us was employed at 3North, the architecture and planning firm that executed the master plan for </span><a href="https://www.monroepark.com/about/"><span style="font-size: large;">Monroe Park</span></a><span style="font-size: large;"> in 2008. Several years later, both of us were employed at StudioAmmons and produced a design project in response to a request for proposals from the City government for the Seventeenth Street Market Square. Although our design </span><a href="http://urbanscalerichmondvirginia.blogspot.com/2013/12/studioammons-proposal-for.html"><span style="font-size: large;">solution</span></a><span style="font-size: large;"> was not selected for the Seventeenth Street Market, we were hopeful that the final product would be as a sensitive to the underlying context carried by the site as the Monroe Park project turned out the be. Neither of us were involved in the implementation of either park.</span></span> </span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span><span style="font-size: large;"></span><br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicI-olhKvwt7gVt8v1f7tjxkKMZgtJJ1A0UqYsqMRT3NIETwXcy215rqJ12U_JPinSeAoNXiVUGikgyrqFrcQIdq7ecAYim3jS_THA7xFs9UfAVxtS9lKoJSmwpiCwvopNSpmSfzdFR7U/s1600/IMG_0656.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicI-olhKvwt7gVt8v1f7tjxkKMZgtJJ1A0UqYsqMRT3NIETwXcy215rqJ12U_JPinSeAoNXiVUGikgyrqFrcQIdq7ecAYim3jS_THA7xFs9UfAVxtS9lKoJSmwpiCwvopNSpmSfzdFR7U/s640/IMG_0656.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Monroe Park, restored fountain looking north</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">We remain convinced that the best responses to urban interventions involve "excavating" the design solution from the site, carefully examining and weighing the value of the preexisting patterns at the site and making use of those patterns to give continuity and to avoid gratuitously and inharmoniously disrupting healthy urban and architectural patterns for generations to come. By this standard, the Monroe Park project receives high honors and the Seventeenth Street Market project fails miserably.</span> </span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span><br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibs5CvFj09hnkB-OFQ6cBWeJIJtGOAGwq7RepZLdj9f2fBb2WFe5A1To8MkHZbKwX29yjxSv85zjTy3Udl6IpJR4eiN4YaYAOTT2bGzR32FWPptWM7kRY_bRRPWMVMZ21WaRf1gHCisTo/s1600/monroe-park-rendering_courtesy-3north.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="649" data-original-width="640" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibs5CvFj09hnkB-OFQ6cBWeJIJtGOAGwq7RepZLdj9f2fBb2WFe5A1To8MkHZbKwX29yjxSv85zjTy3Udl6IpJR4eiN4YaYAOTT2bGzR32FWPptWM7kRY_bRRPWMVMZ21WaRf1gHCisTo/s640/monroe-park-rendering_courtesy-3north.jpg" width="630" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The 2009 3North Design for Monroe was largely executed as shown in 2017-18, with the exception of the rill running from the fountain to the lower center. </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h4 class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Monroe Park</span></h4>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">The Monroe Park Restoration has been nearly a decade in gestation, but finally opened late last year after nearly two years of being fenced off from the public.</span> </span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipX-UGlnmS-daL7jKRivqompmdGymEWW8t5OJJ93vpNstbQ2B0cAwclncoWeUVibrxhW7AGbo915o1TlrzO63F0ogICyvv7b7cLnqq4JdgIYBwFldLAO2hnPDPXtl0Eqf5vg5enREVggc/s1600/IMG_0653.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipX-UGlnmS-daL7jKRivqompmdGymEWW8t5OJJ93vpNstbQ2B0cAwclncoWeUVibrxhW7AGbo915o1TlrzO63F0ogICyvv7b7cLnqq4JdgIYBwFldLAO2hnPDPXtl0Eqf5vg5enREVggc/s640/IMG_0653.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Monroe Park soon after opening in October 2018. The restored Checkers House, occupied by a police station and coffee <br />
shop. New lighting, walking surface, and terrace around the Checkers House.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhShKVfYp9dxeewKgspEiMnscdDrSV1PBkdaEHvS7LfbsvlGr3aVzpOr7pZrUKjQw0sYid6_-_HwFmO5Bx5DpLpFeLJgdYT-H4dBLnAVOEkp00lKO0sIMhQpTk1IWgi_6WAn6vSJ2JcWSQ/s1600/IMG_0658.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhShKVfYp9dxeewKgspEiMnscdDrSV1PBkdaEHvS7LfbsvlGr3aVzpOr7pZrUKjQw0sYid6_-_HwFmO5Bx5DpLpFeLJgdYT-H4dBLnAVOEkp00lKO0sIMhQpTk1IWgi_6WAn6vSJ2JcWSQ/s640/IMG_0658.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Restored Checkers House from the north, Oct. 2018.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The result is worthy of celebration. The reopened park is truly a restoration of all that is best of a great urban amenity. Major paths are lined once again by allees or rows of matching trees. The concrete and asphalt paving of the park's paths, arranged in the complex radiating plan implemented in 1877 by city engineer Wilfred Cutshaw, has been replaced by firmly packed yet soft-to-the-foot fine gravel. The brick Checkers Building of 1939 has been restored, and a completely new, classical pavilion of openwork bronze has been erected at the SW corner of the park across from the Altria Theatre (the Mosque Theatre of 1927).</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span><br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirgVMXHooUlDPf59gg-FZhZQPvDwKtVzs6AwYXW_cRVvWICV5Bcy2W0vrFP0YbFMC3BBsLcI9CL8jQ81TxUn-qSIp96RHGVJl31qMInAkYvonpI-1LuT4tQI523CxhswraOJcZBcQB8c0/s1600/monroe+park+1896.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="311" data-original-width="400" height="496" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirgVMXHooUlDPf59gg-FZhZQPvDwKtVzs6AwYXW_cRVvWICV5Bcy2W0vrFP0YbFMC3BBsLcI9CL8jQ81TxUn-qSIp96RHGVJl31qMInAkYvonpI-1LuT4tQI523CxhswraOJcZBcQB8c0/s640/monroe+park+1896.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Monroe Park as it appeared at its peak in 1896. Seen from the east.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The park, founded in 1851, was one of a series of three “breathing places in the midst of the City or convenient to it,” acquired as essential civic amenities by the common council. Modeled on similar squares in Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and New York, Richmond's ten-acre "Western Square" was designed to provide an open, green place for the health and comfort of the citizens. It took many years for it to be landscaped and improved. </span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span><br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">It was not until after the end of the Civil War and after use as a fair grounds and military camp that it began to be used as a fair-weather promenade and visual amenity in direct competition with the city's original urban park at Capitol <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Square. <span style="font-family: "garamond";">The </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">adjutant general of the US Army obtained funding to make modest improvements to the square in the early 1870s. In 1872, he donated a rock fountain at the center of the square. Charles Dimmock, the city engineer, prepared a plan of improvements for Monroe Square in 1871. and its gradual improvement commenced under his direction.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span><br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0Ce3vdjooNu__5fRVxw07FPvrPuui7zNiQl8V_qhPmhvWeW1H5Cjlw9gwQ_2lsOVRMFk0ihGEc71Cm1dBzHLDhT0ryvI2vveAHFMzAH1X1-LvraxceJQ_nZkiGvKXjt3nXjPlmZxxhd0/s1600/elms+VCU.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="385" data-original-width="375" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0Ce3vdjooNu__5fRVxw07FPvrPuui7zNiQl8V_qhPmhvWeW1H5Cjlw9gwQ_2lsOVRMFk0ihGEc71Cm1dBzHLDhT0ryvI2vveAHFMzAH1X1-LvraxceJQ_nZkiGvKXjt3nXjPlmZxxhd0/s640/elms+VCU.JPG" width="619" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Elm trees and privet hedge along the Franklin Street side of Monroe Park [VCU Library]</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "garamond";"><span style="font-family: "garamond";"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">It is surrounded (at least on two sides), as it likely was for many years, by American elms. According to the </span><a href="http://www.richmondgov.com/PlanningAndDevelopmentReview/documents/PlansOther/MonroeParkMasterPlan-February2008.pdf"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">2008 Master Plan</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> researched by Tyler Potterfield, the planting plan begins an attempt to duplicate the wide range of textures and colors of trees and shrubs within the park. As planted between 1889 and 1904 by the city nurseryman, the park including maples, lindens, poplars, and elms. Some 62 trees representing 26 different tree species that were enumerated in an inventory of 1904 had, by 2008, been replaced by a total of 68 trees representing only eight species. The central "tazza" (tiered) fountain, made of cast iron and installed c 1906, and the statues of Confederate General Williams Carter Wickham (1891) and newspaper publisher Joseph Bryan (1911), as well as a brick World War II monument (1951), continue to face toward the park's periphery.</span> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span><br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwVo26O6nTms_DKVz12sP-lVnZMzK5oV7tHmFv0-iel7L7zPDu9jr_frn49VXiP6sKDiBjwmJpC_Av_KTvpDcAggn7koRc1xU78tPRSyEgGFTQ_f5leSNDOmYpKToDTBn9Q0NczVNQ-oI/s1600/2004+view.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="376" data-original-width="1192" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwVo26O6nTms_DKVz12sP-lVnZMzK5oV7tHmFv0-iel7L7zPDu9jr_frn49VXiP6sKDiBjwmJpC_Av_KTvpDcAggn7koRc1xU78tPRSyEgGFTQ_f5leSNDOmYpKToDTBn9Q0NczVNQ-oI/s640/2004+view.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">2004 VCU Master Plan- thankfully unexecuted design for a intensive intrusion into the grounds of Monroe Park<br />
from the west. Landscape designers and planners often seem unable to resist the desire to 'do something" like adding<br />
unnecessary plazas and "water features" that wok against the "parti" or design concept embedded in the park<br />
itself, eroding the clarity of its form </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">By invisibly updating the park the city has demonstrated the greatest restraint at a time when subtlety in landscape design is in recession. The park support groups and the late Tyler Potterfield, senior planner, deserve great credit for the general preservation approach for the park. The project treated this great public amenity with the respect owed to the foresight of the designers preceded us. There was no need here for contemporary design features, intrusive public art, and superfluous elements like splash pads that pander to a supposed need to educate or entertain the public in order to convince them to make the fullest use of the park.</span> </span></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span><br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVn11FJqrfgAf4fSQE1sOeYQTsIhDKeZ62DfrV7FYwM-tMe61bW_bFzbhmGb8vHx52L_aQ4UDz6Be0lRxWuA0_adMw2cuiZTaqQE1jO5A4c2InjuDLhnqmV9M0J1PY-Fqy2BYihMbE0NA/s1600/Bryant+Park.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="731" data-original-width="1139" height="408" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVn11FJqrfgAf4fSQE1sOeYQTsIhDKeZ62DfrV7FYwM-tMe61bW_bFzbhmGb8vHx52L_aQ4UDz6Be0lRxWuA0_adMw2cuiZTaqQE1jO5A4c2InjuDLhnqmV9M0J1PY-Fqy2BYihMbE0NA/s640/Bryant+Park.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHflFyP6r00PWimiP93PjSux29ombOp8I_M7c9gF3d7tPlW2V_tG5M_aJsdy1dowtG0YpAlCLz3N3mjoozcNiDsbbR0f7FxMAYXvpyGwXS_3Nr9A6lJXEctstvnFmmPK_o7Is7J49AUDM/s1600/BryantPark_preview-590x332.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="332" data-original-width="590" height="356" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHflFyP6r00PWimiP93PjSux29ombOp8I_M7c9gF3d7tPlW2V_tG5M_aJsdy1dowtG0YpAlCLz3N3mjoozcNiDsbbR0f7FxMAYXvpyGwXS_3Nr9A6lJXEctstvnFmmPK_o7Is7J49AUDM/s640/BryantPark_preview-590x332.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br />
Bryant Park, New York City, plan [above] and photo looking east [below]</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">The initial design by 3north, headed up by architect and landscape architect Jay Hugo, was to replicate the success of other urban plazas like Bryant Park in New York City, which reopened in 1992 as "programmed" park with provisions for eating, playing, and relaxing, including food, New York Public Library kiosks, boule courts with instructors, loose seating, and a wide range of seasonal activities.</span> </span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span><br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYtkyf51ROZfUe1rRsFDULWabmQFumqUMJtIrp8alwu1VaxvZEgwTZDMukNjaK9C0Vw4HSwwpe5Xx6kQ3olOIdKPdDd980qDDjdzx09WuheJw3tS_jgC4mnuL579y62IwQkjDQyd64_fk/s1600/Untitled.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="532" data-original-width="870" height="387" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYtkyf51ROZfUe1rRsFDULWabmQFumqUMJtIrp8alwu1VaxvZEgwTZDMukNjaK9C0Vw4HSwwpe5Xx6kQ3olOIdKPdDd980qDDjdzx09WuheJw3tS_jgC4mnuL579y62IwQkjDQyd64_fk/s640/Untitled.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">3north- watercolor rendering of rill, 2009. </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Some of the features of the initial design were "value engineered" away, including the "rill," a fountain which ran down the center of the main cross path toward the James River from the central pool- reproducing the Mountain, Piedmont, and Tidewater- the three regions traversed by the river and ending in a pool for sailing toy boats. Also, a series of decorative pylons forming gateways at each park entrance and a low wall to accentuate a sense of enclosure originally provided by a circumferential fence and- a later replacement- privet hedge.</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span><span style="font-size: large;"></span><br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwKDBOELrVkCTS_XQaXYFkGTmzBCupYkRkOfP4EzSvzVA-6f3xwMAC9GKQL22CE3mfwP6kgceZCqniaE_AQ4-cA4gXKvADFW5rXhejKQ6TeHglVuwdASrsCS0snErd9Z16wSZ4lQW_akI/s1600/Checkers+House.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="446" data-original-width="1200" height="235" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwKDBOELrVkCTS_XQaXYFkGTmzBCupYkRkOfP4EzSvzVA-6f3xwMAC9GKQL22CE3mfwP6kgceZCqniaE_AQ4-cA4gXKvADFW5rXhejKQ6TeHglVuwdASrsCS0snErd9Z16wSZ4lQW_akI/s640/Checkers+House.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">3north- watercolor rendering of the restored Checkers <br />
House and the new café- very close to the project as executed, 2009.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">The author was involved in the design of the rill, and also in the restoration of the Checkers House (the original park keeper's station) as a café and police station, and in the selection, with the City's architectural historian, Tyler Potterfield, of the varieties and layout of the recreated allees which line the major paths, based on the original tree layout. The logic of the plantings had been lost over the more than one hundred years since its planting and the park was characterized by a motley collection of trees some of which were unhealthy and, and in the case of the many hollies and magnolias, inappropriate for the use.</span> </span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span><span style="font-size: large;"></span><br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwL39mYjovv8VON7bSBot1Zg7AJ5wQ3ab-8Y56TtZ_f5lx65SVP8CSmXRqB3RkCAXjGMopDJL_ixjfTb0tXo6KhZGCfCvyqECtzsGxHrRiX2YD4z3Ad52281UB0ZbKA0m-jkMOAeI95WA/s1600/IMG_0660.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwL39mYjovv8VON7bSBot1Zg7AJ5wQ3ab-8Y56TtZ_f5lx65SVP8CSmXRqB3RkCAXjGMopDJL_ixjfTb0tXo6KhZGCfCvyqECtzsGxHrRiX2YD4z3Ad52281UB0ZbKA0m-jkMOAeI95WA/s640/IMG_0660.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">View east through the park. October, 2018</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Our connection with the project ended with the design phase and we have observed the slow progress of its realization from afar, hopefully. When we visited one beautiful week day, the park was occupied almost entirely by students from the nearby university, playing Frisbee, reading, or sampling the coffee. The concession operator explained that part of her duties were providing equipment for games, including bocce, chess, and table tennis. We vote this one of the nation's best and most understated park restorations. </span></div>
<h4>
<span style="font-size: large;">
<span style="font-size: small;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Seventeenth Street Market </span></span></span></h4>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><em>"As well as the encroachment of commercial material in traditional urban spaces the understanding of urban values is also under threat from the type of commercial space common to the cities of the leading developed economies. . . . In this context the elements of public space are often appropriated as a component of the developer's armoury in creating a successful segment of the city, yet they are exclusive environments without the diversity which authentic urban situations contain as a matter of course." </em>Eamonn Canniffe, The Politics of the Piazza: The History and Meaning of the Italian Square, Ashgate, 2008.</span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">The “Market of the City of Richmond” was founded by city ordinance in 1782. We explored its history </span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=284912172590016102#editor/target=post;postID=2318340757086145300;onPublishedMenu=allposts;onClosedMenu=allposts;postNum=71;src=postname"><span style="font-size: large;">here</span></a><span style="font-size: large;"> and the threats to it </span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=284912172590016102#editor/target=post;postID=8264752910010684733;onPublishedMenu=allposts;onClosedMenu=allposts;postNum=39;src=link"><span style="font-size: large;">here</span></a><span style="font-size: large;">.</span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">As we have explored in detail in </span><a href="http://urbanscalerichmondvirginia.blogspot.com/2010/01/city-market.html"><span style="color: #5588aa; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">this post</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">,</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: large;"> the proposed Seventeenth Street Market Square represents the sixth intervention at the site of Richmond’s historic city market. From its earliest days on the bank of Shockoe Creek, the City Market has been an accretionary, transformative place, changing its character with the changing shape of the city. The Market Square was originally placed on the edge of the settlement. One contemporary remembered the “green pasture” of the town's Common, which extended from the Market House down to Shockoe Creek. Eventually the area around the market was lined with shops and it took on a more enclosed form. </span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCYBT_vc8SCcT_58UZP6yQe_rbOLh6Hzk1a-3cuVRFntUm4UMyoiSH6ocBby4RXzD9C6JqzKbCNheexCdPr3gFmGDqY1cwmCv5rBwpTpkLXu2CzC9KRDK3qMJHOXxPzC5ry500T9HgiQI/s1600/Market+House.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="370" data-original-width="837" height="281" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCYBT_vc8SCcT_58UZP6yQe_rbOLh6Hzk1a-3cuVRFntUm4UMyoiSH6ocBby4RXzD9C6JqzKbCNheexCdPr3gFmGDqY1cwmCv5rBwpTpkLXu2CzC9KRDK3qMJHOXxPzC5ry500T9HgiQI/s640/Market+House.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Richmond City Market in 1814. Detail of Market House of 1794 from<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
Virginia Mutual Assurance Society policy. The three arches to the right were an addition.</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="margin: 0px;">
</div>
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Like its predecessors in Europe, Richmond's First Market Square embeds centuries of change and growth, although over time it assumed the form of a conventional enclosed square. In fact, American public places like First Market Square have traditionally embodied the kinds of urbane social and economic values that we usually associate with European plazas.</span> </span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqRWYh63ZYskMps4l_0bWLVbUkPnx0uNWGTPx9TBse8jhZ06UY-5peX6v-JKRFzr5UYLQcEcIOtcUOs2QHVdA94Yml2d6LGoTRyUy9qV0FzvmLC9mtEjGfwHdvk1rmcR982VaUipnd258/s1600/1854+market+with+second+floor.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="513" data-original-width="783" height="418" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqRWYh63ZYskMps4l_0bWLVbUkPnx0uNWGTPx9TBse8jhZ06UY-5peX6v-JKRFzr5UYLQcEcIOtcUOs2QHVdA94Yml2d6LGoTRyUy9qV0FzvmLC9mtEjGfwHdvk1rmcR982VaUipnd258/s640/1854+market+with+second+floor.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">1854 Market Hall</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3z9tFhzu6YbC76fQzkbXtPdATnNax472OE7eDXfBwJ_8mG5mM6JAPaQ6mxVl7UMGivp2RNt3FdXfcoDZrOJSEGL8pZr0ulIExOPDW4zpIvUTgHA40_YsWyZbOXe9uc2imM5Kt5PBBrzY/s1600/1913+Market%252C+Hale+1975+cropped.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="578" data-original-width="808" height="456" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3z9tFhzu6YbC76fQzkbXtPdATnNax472OE7eDXfBwJ_8mG5mM6JAPaQ6mxVl7UMGivp2RNt3FdXfcoDZrOJSEGL8pZr0ulIExOPDW4zpIvUTgHA40_YsWyZbOXe9uc2imM5Kt5PBBrzY/s640/1913+Market%252C+Hale+1975+cropped.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">1913 Market Hall</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The market, which began in the half-block between Main Street and Arch (Walnut) Alley, was extended over time as far as Grace Street, two blocks to the north. The Market Square was eventually surrounded by brick buildings housing grocers and butchers' shops.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">By 1853, the market building was judged by a city committee to be inadequate. The main section of the market was replaced an Italianate-style two-story building was likely designed by the City Engineer, W. McGill. This replaced, in turn, by three other structures in succession. The last market building was demolished in 2017 in order to create, for the first time, an open square on the same site.</span> </span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: xx-small;"> </span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "times";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><span style="font-size: large;"></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span><br /></div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiun0yWjCFN6XNUGIxBYNxXHl09rnSlgNw_cQxRbAGR1d524oRsHVc6LLiahiDUuEXwtJFqT7juoTiw8EW_WjTBIqy8USSEPjZdpJuEV1FW_9NzTpUnNtqLAV_N8ZuGKt5ehOQGW434x58/s1600/Evelyn%252520_Lucille_%252520Allen%2525202013.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1195" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiun0yWjCFN6XNUGIxBYNxXHl09rnSlgNw_cQxRbAGR1d524oRsHVc6LLiahiDUuEXwtJFqT7juoTiw8EW_WjTBIqy8USSEPjZdpJuEV1FW_9NzTpUnNtqLAV_N8ZuGKt5ehOQGW434x58/s640/Evelyn%252520_Lucille_%252520Allen%2525202013.jpg" width="478" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">Shopping in 2013 for a Christmas wreath with Lucille Allen (seen at right above) and her son. </span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">With her sister, Rosa Fleming, she sold home-grown vegetables and <br />hand-made Christmas decorations on the market for more than fifty years. </span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">As part of the rich, bottom-up, market-driven development that has characterized the area along Shockoe Creek since the late seventeenth century, the area around the Seventeenth Street or First Market is an increasingly vital neighborhood in its own right. Given the loss of the historic market halls, most of what was significant about the market area was embedded in its street layout, its pavement, and its shape. The curbing, street pavement, and sidewalks carried its history as strongly as the buildings that surround it. </span></span></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: large;">Preservation of these urban textures and forms was <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">essential to provide continuity and context. <span style="font-family: "times";">There are subtle formal and historical distinctions that must be made in order to take full advantage of the gifts this valuable civic resource offers to the city. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "times";"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">
</span><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "times";"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">This place has been at the heart of commerce in </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Richmond for over two hundred years. Shockoe Valley,</span><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> with its growing young population, should retain a vital market function, preferably with a number of traditional permanent stalls, not just temporary shelters.</span> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In</span> contrast</span>, the project's planners treated the square as a "festival marketplace"- a wide concourse leading from Main to Franklin and beyond. This kind of planning led them to treat the square as if it was just a link in a grand scheme seen from a privileged, bird’s eye perspective. </span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<div style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: medium;"></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span><br /></div>
<div style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The square did not evolve as an open piazza. While the edges of the square are formed by building facades on the south, <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">east, and west, there is no closure at the north. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">It is long and narrow and “leaky” at the corners. </span>The</span> square was meant to be filled with architecture. This does not mean that it couldn't be adapted for use as a piazza designed to serve the civic good. </span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-family: "helvetica"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">
</div>
<div style="font-family: "helvetica"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">
</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9s0UzH2zVIxyuluPHdVm_lfFUSUFP2Q34irY7JjXh4x8xliDE_vuIzVOD2Gm9KxXMpBXF0KL2hy8RdGHhHPvYbGzj_XJu-Npgfsm2ydH7gtNsUcaALrjXC5w2Bk4cEq62hZs1SjVdF8A/s1600/Good+17th+St+MARKET.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="268" data-original-width="673" height="254" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9s0UzH2zVIxyuluPHdVm_lfFUSUFP2Q34irY7JjXh4x8xliDE_vuIzVOD2Gm9KxXMpBXF0KL2hy8RdGHhHPvYbGzj_XJu-Npgfsm2ydH7gtNsUcaALrjXC5w2Bk4cEq62hZs1SjVdF8A/s640/Good+17th+St+MARKET.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Third Building at Richmond’s First Market site plan from Sanborn Map of 1889. Photo of first state <br />
(built 1854) below on left and with second-floor hall removed on the right. Note the arch in the tower at the center. <br />
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"></span><br /></div>
</div>
</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The Market Square consists of two historic sections. The earliest part of the present square is the southern half. Its legal boundaries laid out in 1792. It contained the two-story building that served as the market house, municipal building, assembly hall, records office, and seat of justice. This building was later rebuilt and expanded to the north as far as Franklin Street. </span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-family: "helvetica"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">
</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheAZLebp8SZXQbRNTLtP98JnZ7-6Ohyphenhyphent6lUDpC7s-lwCNmSYuf9hsdReWjRO8Ql_tQE9pITBnuff46TlRDDlcF7yXZsaOWn2xfocPREcSGchAeFJYjGL4M4pgOdIxbAX1mnZFRQBTaviM/s1600/1865+panorama.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="518" data-original-width="792" height="418" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheAZLebp8SZXQbRNTLtP98JnZ7-6Ohyphenhyphent6lUDpC7s-lwCNmSYuf9hsdReWjRO8Ql_tQE9pITBnuff46TlRDDlcF7yXZsaOWn2xfocPREcSGchAeFJYjGL4M4pgOdIxbAX1mnZFRQBTaviM/s640/1865+panorama.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Detail from the 1865 panorama of the city of Richmond looking west from Church Hill [Library of Congress]. The cupola of Mason's Hall is center left. The market and its bell tower aligned with Arch Alley is seen behind it.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Most importantly, its two main sections were linked by a central archway in the form of a tower that spanned “Arch Alley” midway along the market, permitting movement from east to west across the square. The elongated form of the now-vanished market buildings is defined by the cobbled streets and the granite curbing, each of which dates to the heyday of the market in the nineteenth century. The market gradually extended all the way to Grace Street in a series of shed-like buildings that diminished as they moved north.</span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-family: "helvetica"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">
</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEcXb0fAAfSlw4CnhfB8avPkl7kELZTKqR-RLug00TR9cZpib-TeDxrV5P7x8Mek3rrVRv_OuJNFyAh065xghsvkSg3KFzAZw4BUqvoTPrBFoJAdhyphenhyphen7JoawgGS6eeVcrxiDIvWFSxumgc/s1600/Arch+Alley+photo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="270" data-original-width="360" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEcXb0fAAfSlw4CnhfB8avPkl7kELZTKqR-RLug00TR9cZpib-TeDxrV5P7x8Mek3rrVRv_OuJNFyAh065xghsvkSg3KFzAZw4BUqvoTPrBFoJAdhyphenhyphen7JoawgGS6eeVcrxiDIvWFSxumgc/s640/Arch+Alley+photo.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Arch Alley looking east before replacement of paving in the market square.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="font-family: "helvetica"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">
</div>
<div style="font-family: "helvetica"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">
</div>
<div style="font-family: "helvetica"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqK0l8NMXPcO1m2gRgFWGYSEJCTW6HpaHgEsxrgiwZ1jA1BVe956F-3RZvJhNSdVQsQSudmLLoi221gu96DQq9Iyhb9k2tcuh3V5rehIgwfwycalOBhWEWcoyeLayg0nfMvxszMCkRTWo/s1600/Bird%2527seye+ball+field+detail.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="231" data-original-width="433" height="340" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqK0l8NMXPcO1m2gRgFWGYSEJCTW6HpaHgEsxrgiwZ1jA1BVe956F-3RZvJhNSdVQsQSudmLLoi221gu96DQq9Iyhb9k2tcuh3V5rehIgwfwycalOBhWEWcoyeLayg0nfMvxszMCkRTWo/s640/Bird%2527seye+ball+field+detail.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Early conceptual version of the market square design, relating to its proposed role as entrance concourse to the failed ball park scheme. </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div style="font-family: "helvetica"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgibvSoh6igwfO0ayo_WwvK-_TpeQQ8HB0s_s1TKHbT0UH3QNALP6VZwecySvp_10XPDK38dsqI4vlCU2jWKmJkb-_8RMQOKQrleZgDt1Nas4t8dSbHKIXvHM2JB8arGMJGETzeXaZ27yA/s1600/market+axial+rendering.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="574" data-original-width="960" height="382" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgibvSoh6igwfO0ayo_WwvK-_TpeQQ8HB0s_s1TKHbT0UH3QNALP6VZwecySvp_10XPDK38dsqI4vlCU2jWKmJkb-_8RMQOKQrleZgDt1Nas4t8dSbHKIXvHM2JB8arGMJGETzeXaZ27yA/s640/market+axial+rendering.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Design Rendering</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">As it nears completion in mid-winter 2018, the renovated Seventeenth Street Market Square presents a slickly commercial appeal. Although it is a considerable improvement over the early renderings from 2013, meaningless gestures like the wiggly "water feature" in that design continue to affirm the Modernist bona fides of the designer. Shifting checkerboard squares, each with grass and a tree, punctuate the concrete paving. The old market bell is placed at ground level in a sculptural circular frame. Conventional electric streetlights are overpowered by tall area lights.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<br />
<div style="font-family: "helvetica"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbkoapH00ioEK8XJjhDV22qnRTlqoBE0bNrqYJlIXSwlnVqGHFlG2Z4TFoxPMITeALPU_ZoVGrHb5Nbs4LTs0daKtc5xfZcHFvxpXO6Ib6wl9KTWfDxf3BmemPFnvrshXlVkcqXoiFHK8/s1600/IMG_0648.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbkoapH00ioEK8XJjhDV22qnRTlqoBE0bNrqYJlIXSwlnVqGHFlG2Z4TFoxPMITeALPU_ZoVGrHb5Nbs4LTs0daKtc5xfZcHFvxpXO6Ib6wl9KTWfDxf3BmemPFnvrshXlVkcqXoiFHK8/s640/IMG_0648.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Seventeenth Street Market in November 2018 nearing opening day.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></span></span></span></span><br />
<div style="font-family: "helvetica"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"></span><br />
<div style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Banning cars and trucks from travel along the existing streets through the square</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> was a mistake. As the recent Richmond Downtown Master Plan indicates, areas without traffic do not feel safe, seem empty, and suffer commercially. "P</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">edestrianization” sounds humane, but, except in certain high density areas, it can be deadly to commerce. Cars underline the activity in the area and parked cars even make visitors feel safer on the sidewalks.</span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: large;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: large;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: large;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: large;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: large;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: large;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span><br />
<div style="font-family: "helvetica"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: large;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlZoWJmkCLSQMrwaUK8lrt54hRMphQz7jefXqOVtr8mw_BRM7fw7JK2-Qq-Qq7iX8RB6cvMBBeXv0OHT3GKHFUeyQ08CW7ep8k-Zb2ddBqKGv8K08lX_UVDVQEjJBm9SlyOlFydssn_0A/s1600/IMG_0647.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlZoWJmkCLSQMrwaUK8lrt54hRMphQz7jefXqOVtr8mw_BRM7fw7JK2-Qq-Qq7iX8RB6cvMBBeXv0OHT3GKHFUeyQ08CW7ep8k-Zb2ddBqKGv8K08lX_UVDVQEjJBm9SlyOlFydssn_0A/s640/IMG_0647.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Seventeenth Street Market Square nearing completion</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<div style="font-family: "helvetica"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: medium;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<div style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: medium;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The pavement in the square has been completely replaced in the name of handicapped access, but it has flattened out the sense of historical associations. As a historic district, existing pavement could have been maintained to the greatest degree possible, not only in the square , but along the adjacent streets where, in some cases, it is the principal reminder of the historic context.</span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: medium;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The organizing elements of the landscape could have been used to reinforce underlying historic patterns. For instance, a central walkway from nort</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">h to south could represent the central aisle that defined each of the three previous market halls on the site.</span></span></span></span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In contrast paving with one flat plane from one side reminds this visitor mostly of the city's outdoor suburban malls.</span> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><div style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: medium;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">As we said in 2013, </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">by treating the project with the care it deserved, the Market Square could have become, once again, as flexible, serviceable, and exciting as any American public square or Italian piazza of today.</span> </span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: medium;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span"><div style="font-family: "helvetica"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"></span></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span><span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div style="font-family: "helvetica"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">
</div>
<div style="font-family: "helvetica"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">
<div style="font-family: "helvetica"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">
</div>
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br /></div>
</div>
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></div>
</div>
<br />
<div style="font-family: "helvetica"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">
</div>
<div style="font-family: "helvetica"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">
</div>
<div style="font-family: "helvetica"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">
</div>
<br />
<div style="font-family: "helvetica"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">
</div>
<div style="font-family: "helvetica"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">
</div>
<div style="font-family: "helvetica"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">
</div>
<span style="font-size: x-large;"></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-large;"></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span">
</span>Gibson Worshamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17914252671575229780noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-284912172590016102.post-75134296785999017782018-11-20T16:04:00.001-05:002018-11-26T08:08:35.439-05:00Richmond's Civic Markers III: Fountains as a symbol of the Civic Good<span id="goog_1982403179"></span><span id="goog_1982403180"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><em>"Consuls, emperors, and popes, the great men of every age, have found no better way of immortalizing their memories than by the shifting, indestructible, ever new, yet unchanging, upgush and downfall of water. They have written their names in that unstable element, and proved it a more durable record than brass or marble."</em></span></span></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><em><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Hawthorne, </em></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">The Marble Faun<em>, 1860</em></span></span></span></div>
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"></span></span></span></span></blockquote>
<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em> [Fountains] are sited throughout [Pompeii], all very similar to one another and none very elaborate. While clearly more utilitarian than decorative in form, their siting is a different matter, for as we have seen, they so clearly contribute to the general urban structure that we must conclude that their placement took more into consideration than the utilitarian demands of the hydraulic engineers.</em></span> </span></span></span></span></blockquote>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">C.W. Westfall, <a href="http://pompeii.virginia.edu/cti/cww/1997/report2.html">Learning From Pompeii</a>, 1998.</span></span></span></span></div>
<br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"></span></span><br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="957" data-original-width="1188" height="256" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoxZrgdqqpmq7va5AkjhN1q-OF_vTYhAQKVVWh8pTp07AN12vm9-VC19pRjLqUnI8fvCgLk5I8h5eOn0ZLPVMt3J0hCnVf_FX_qowe21YVfVQYgw26zb6pztiIQdFygC27jDp2PfuTnGE/s320/Screen+shot+2013-12-05+at+9.31.03+PM.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="320" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Richard Worsham, Proposed fountain for 17th St Market</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Springs and fountains can be placed in a distinct category of civic amenity, but one that merges with the subset of monuments. Like monuments, fountains have been used to mark nodes along significant urban routes. </span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"></span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">From a purely functional perspective, Richmonders, from the earliest date, relied on springs and public wells for water. As the nineteenth century passed, Richmond joined other traditional cities in the intentional use of water to mark out the public realm and to reinforce the city’s relationship with a tamed and ordered nature, while at the same time providing access to element required for life by both people and animals. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: large;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #2d2829; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black;">The city's access to water began at a very basic level. Public wells at street corners and a spring located south of Main Street sufficed for the town’s water supply in the eighteenth century. By 1808, however, the city, following national trends, used ingenuity to improve the purity and volume of the supply. Water was now conveyed in wooden pipes to the market at Seventeenth Street from a spring near Libby Hill.</span> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">The resulting terminal fountain at the City Market must have been a familiar and significant destination for farmers, patrons, stall-holders, and their thirsty draft animals, not to mention the residents of all sorts that relied on that and similar public sources of water placed <span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">throughout the town. </span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: large;"></span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyVk0VCqPI4K_NfrJk41r_dx2MNa_GV9t1-xf5BMvfcrRQAKgpfqhpCuN2fe1sgYN1JR8UVnLCBzgoFzFMkA98_PhaM29orPW1MiSuSAF-V7uLFfZkVzG7CvzweXBp1w-G3q5Hj7Avw74/s1600/City+Hall+from+map+1850s+copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="637" data-original-width="975" height="418" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyVk0VCqPI4K_NfrJk41r_dx2MNa_GV9t1-xf5BMvfcrRQAKgpfqhpCuN2fe1sgYN1JR8UVnLCBzgoFzFMkA98_PhaM29orPW1MiSuSAF-V7uLFfZkVzG7CvzweXBp1w-G3q5Hj7Avw74/s640/City+Hall+from+map+1850s+copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Richmond's City Hall, site of a public well in the early nineteenth century.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: large;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: large;">The city was constantly expanding and improving its rudimentary water system. As technologies became accessible, the city applied them to the acquisition of addition supplies of water for drinking and fire prevention. In 1816, the common hall (city council) agreed to sink a well in Broad Street near the new Courthouse, which was located at the site of the current Old City Hall [Common Hall, 27 May 1816]. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: large;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: large;">By 1830, Richmond’s water supply "consisted of public wells at the street corners and several public hydrants with water conveyed in wooden pipes from a spring near Chimborazo Hill and from one in the Capitol Square” [Christian, 1912, 115]. In 1827, the Common Hall had issued an order forbidding tampering with the city’s public water supply, including wells and pumps along H Street (Broad Street) installed at the city’s expense and the wooden pipes, placed by “sundry liberal and deserving inhabitants. . . [who] have at their own expense, placed wooden pipes through which water is conveyed from the Basin of the Canal, through the Main Street of the said City as far as Shockoe Creek, and have erected fountains or jets in different parts of the said pipes, whereby many Citizens are supplied with water, and in case of Fire in that part of the city, great advantages may be experienced from the water supplied at the said Fountains or Pumps. . . .” [Ordinance for keeping in repair the Fountains in the Main Street of the city of Richmond, 16 Nov. 1827]. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: large;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: large;">In 1829, the City</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> proposed an expanded "watering" of D and E streets (Cary and Main) from the Basin at 11th Street to Shockoe Creek, using iron pipes, at a cost of $5,631.64 [Common Hall, 28 May 1829]. </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> A pump on Fourteenth Street was also proposed for use by fire companies. In the same year, </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Nicholas Mills ceded to the City a twenty-five foot-wide street through his lot from 7th to 8th street, giving access to a tract containing Gibson’s Spring, guaranteeing "open access to the said Spring . . . reserved for public purposes” [Common Hall, 8 June 1829].</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large; letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">A new system was opened in 1832, supplied by a water-powered pump with a capacity of 400,000 gallons of poorly filtered canal water per day. This system served to fill a 4,000,000 gallon reservoir. Water was distributed through twelve miles of pipe to both public and private locations. The first private hydrant was in the yard of Corbin Warwick on Grace Street between Fifth and Sixth Streets [Christian 1912, 115]. </span></span><br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigYjW2PTu6TS_hsjnoPk2tlQzLpGInIJsYLA7j5j83TvJQeilJChk8kAPWqqQrnBa-ycMp-jvrn6gbXX-qqkkpsXLzO1-AvAyDigODfJ0vIRTM78Coy9-K7zk1lN0KlRSSVsnpA0isNJg/s1600/1865+detail+LOC+view+of+Castle+Thunder.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="697" data-original-width="739" height="602" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigYjW2PTu6TS_hsjnoPk2tlQzLpGInIJsYLA7j5j83TvJQeilJChk8kAPWqqQrnBa-ycMp-jvrn6gbXX-qqkkpsXLzO1-AvAyDigODfJ0vIRTM78Coy9-K7zk1lN0KlRSSVsnpA0isNJg/s640/1865+detail+LOC+view+of+Castle+Thunder.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">Detail from 1865 view of Castle Thunder showing an iron hydrant on the NE corner of </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">18th and Cary Streets. The hydrant was detailed like a fluted Doric column.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">In ancient times, the provision of water in cities had been delivered at</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"> </span>regularly<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"> placed urban nodes</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">. From Pompeii to Paris, water outlets minimally required for the civic good have been harnessed to the larger urban project, </span>underlining,<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"> by </span>their sensory contributions, <span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">the significance of selected urban intersections and plazas. In Richmond, as </span>elsewhere<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"> in the region, fountains or basins were provided at major entry points to the city for the watering of draft animals and herds. Hydrants were found at certain</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"> street corners for use in filling pitchers, tubs, and fighting fires. </span></span><br />
<br />
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The value and provision of water to city populations was one of the many topics that exercised the minds of early-<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">nineteenth-century planners. </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">In thinking about public water supplies, educated persons as a matter of course compared their plans to improve hygiene with the public fountains and </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">baths of ancient Rome. They also tried to effect the most scientific and economical provision of water for the public</span>.</span> </span></span></span></span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjljDFNqNacCVhBCvYgBAnTQenuNqHeZSIJ8UhAb-UPiNeMuBEuZPokkIWKWNrcgJ0U4UqtHRQXtaDt6tNRJyPO4lXNtvxAoEGgX9zEtmJsSI6deYpzoEBfSoSZu9_ReOikquFB1pMs-Do/s1600/Latrobe%2527s+Center+Square+Pumphouse.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1000" data-original-width="1355" height="472" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjljDFNqNacCVhBCvYgBAnTQenuNqHeZSIJ8UhAb-UPiNeMuBEuZPokkIWKWNrcgJ0U4UqtHRQXtaDt6tNRJyPO4lXNtvxAoEGgX9zEtmJsSI6deYpzoEBfSoSZu9_ReOikquFB1pMs-Do/s640/Latrobe%2527s+Center+Square+Pumphouse.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Latrobe's Center Square Pump House, Philadelphia (1799-1801)</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Benjamin Henry Latrobe, an English architect who began his American career in Richmond, was an advocate of public waterworks in Philadelphia, where outbreaks of disease had decimated the city. Such epidemics were sometimes associated with impurities in the water supply. Latrobe completed Philadelphia's public water system in 1801. In postscripts to his proposal for the waterworks, dealing with fountains and public baths, Latrobe displayed his characteristic interest in the effects of and correction of local climatic conditions and his studied opinion that the value of water justified the imitation by Americans of the indulgent practices of despotic European countries (by which he meant imperial Rome). </span></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;"></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">According to one study, Latrobe asserted that </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">"th</span>e fountains, which would supply the poor of the city with
free water, would</span> also provide the 'only means of cooling the air.'<span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">
</span>Air cooled by the agitation of water was, Latrobe asserted, <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">“</span>of
the purest kind.' While it is most likely that
Latrobe was referring to physical purity (here significant because miasmatic
theory charged impure air as a source of disease), the word recalls a
classical climactic tradition, which emphasized air as the medium which
communicated the specificities of the environment to the human body" </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">[Jennifer Y. Chuong </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">"<a href="https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/72621/805951233-MIT.pdf?sequence=2">Art is a Hardy Plant": Benjamin Henry Latrobe </a></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><a href="https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/72621/805951233-MIT.pdf?sequence=2">and the Cultivation of a Transitional Aesthetics</a></span><span style="font-family: AGaramondPro-Regular;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">, Thesis, Cornell University) 2007].</span></span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4vaBH7M9tIQ9-1R_d_AqhQKD-_dBzcLrZMFIY2Q_w2-Eh0kTrgARbL9F8E76DuY8oz5Fvq0lsBa6R1CQEvtc52vyrXTFH1-hOY2dx1kWdzyn5hpOSF025uGHW6atKGHa1X8erBI6MfaQ/s1600/Micajah_Bates_1835.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="561" data-original-width="672" height="534" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4vaBH7M9tIQ9-1R_d_AqhQKD-_dBzcLrZMFIY2Q_w2-Eh0kTrgARbL9F8E76DuY8oz5Fvq0lsBa6R1CQEvtc52vyrXTFH1-hOY2dx1kWdzyn5hpOSF025uGHW6atKGHa1X8erBI6MfaQ/s640/Micajah_Bates_1835.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Godefroys' landscape st the Capitol Square included cascades that occuied the gullies <br />
to each side of the Capitol [Mijacah Bates, Map of Richmond, 1832].</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">One of the most significant ornamental uses of water were the cascades provided in the early </span>nineteenth<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"> century by <span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Maximilian </span>Godefroy in the place of the former spring-fed ravines that flanked the Capitol. These aided in the transformation of a disordered landscape into the city’s first ornamental park, a suitable setting for its earliest monumental public sculpture. Later in the nineteenth century and the early twentieth century the language of fountains became more elaborate and the functional fountain was joined by the purely ornamenta</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">l. When John Notman redesigned the square in 1850, he added tiered fountains at the bottom of each of the two dells that took the place of the former ravines. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: large;"></span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjn9mDkTtkxfdPIcLgLwDqV3vEjWjhmduzfMdwEU91LiNwRHpSFLU6Iwgvj3MMJwCecdyqru0qOLcThf7ty9H_ySDO_tZhfTVzQ-e73lYAROoZgv3e336iZlf33u8vG21vbiHuOpVPDy7M/s1600/1960+capitol+fountain.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="568" data-original-width="864" height="420" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjn9mDkTtkxfdPIcLgLwDqV3vEjWjhmduzfMdwEU91LiNwRHpSFLU6Iwgvj3MMJwCecdyqru0qOLcThf7ty9H_ySDO_tZhfTVzQ-e73lYAROoZgv3e336iZlf33u8vG21vbiHuOpVPDy7M/s640/1960+capitol+fountain.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">1850 Capitol Square Fountain seen in 1960 [RTD, Valentine].</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">The city developed as part of its amenities a series of artesian springs in parks and green belts on the city’s periphery for public use. These also had a significant ornamental role, using water as a powerful symbol of the public good, organized and given form by the city. The water works at Byrd Park were developed in the 1880s, and the </span>significance<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"> of the huge reservoir was later dramatized by a miniature cascade placed at the southern end of the great urban cross-axis of the Boulevard. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: large;"></span><br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUdBzfW-Xi_6ELLlPUWKUApk2UN_15Pt-25STY973WjlSILq44pWPhS1XLKUpVp4mllNXtwOph9b359Yvec3ukY-alaJNjzLtIytgs2KPcq8Oetb6a_Vna0ODKDv7wAlFjsF7-JvtNrSA/s1600/Columbus+Fountain.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="536" data-original-width="800" height="428" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUdBzfW-Xi_6ELLlPUWKUApk2UN_15Pt-25STY973WjlSILq44pWPhS1XLKUpVp4mllNXtwOph9b359Yvec3ukY-alaJNjzLtIytgs2KPcq8Oetb6a_Vna0ODKDv7wAlFjsF7-JvtNrSA/s640/Columbus+Fountain.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Cascade at the Southern end of the Boulevard axis. The fountain represents the <br />
public water supply housed in the large reservoir just behind. </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"></span></span></span></span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQqiO51548fY5HkXZfZZa6Em7T4_jz5IOA49L2SgDAOjTqngA1e0sHFXgBy3YDsoG_85GEg7NQ0en1DVwmdGqWN4TZL0iwfOqisvBsBNmRVSLCM11wrBYCS1qRIWUKB2Gr1gro6LVW61g/s1600/Monroe+Park+o.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="438" data-original-width="586" height="476" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQqiO51548fY5HkXZfZZa6Em7T4_jz5IOA49L2SgDAOjTqngA1e0sHFXgBy3YDsoG_85GEg7NQ0en1DVwmdGqWN4TZL0iwfOqisvBsBNmRVSLCM11wrBYCS1qRIWUKB2Gr1gro6LVW61g/s640/Monroe+Park+o.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Monroe Park Fountain, Post Card, c 1905 <br />
[VCU Special Collections]</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">When Monroe Park was first landscaped in 1872, its center was marked by a naturalistic fountain made in the form of a pyramid of rocks, the city’s first ornamental fountain outside Capitol Square. It was later replaced by the current iron <em>tazzo</em> or tiered fountain. This fountain was used for a wading pool during periods of intense summer heat. The Monroe Park fountain is still fed directly from the city’s public water supply. Like most of Rome’s fountains, the fountain in Monroe Park contains clean, living, water. Current plans for the revitalization of Monroe Park call for it to be replumbed with a recirculating fountain, as if the supply of water in the James River, used to water all the lawns of Richmond, including the automatic sprinklers in the park, was too precious to trickle from the fountain’s graduated bowls. </span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: large;"></span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeHNXglr8wm9Ym0qUqpAE2SkLpLcb39K1v8P0UG4RujF8bBzmF9Q7zXTsQ4Me5voSHBuvL5Ny5uz5KIeobbeZ6SMxD_qdSI3UaaVWfm1hHhBP_4rxaIGJPtDE4mftSy3RCQnY6ko5pEkw/s1600/Temperance+Fountain.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="300" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeHNXglr8wm9Ym0qUqpAE2SkLpLcb39K1v8P0UG4RujF8bBzmF9Q7zXTsQ4Me5voSHBuvL5Ny5uz5KIeobbeZ6SMxD_qdSI3UaaVWfm1hHhBP_4rxaIGJPtDE4mftSy3RCQnY6ko5pEkw/s640/Temperance+Fountain.jpg" width="480" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fountain erected in Byrd Park by the Women's Christian <br />
Temperance Union as a memorial to the work of the WCTU and a<br />
successful crusade in Ohio in 1873, the beginning of the <br />
movement that led to the 18th Amendment banning of the sale <br />
of alcohol in 1919.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: large;">Drinking fountains were a favorite civic gesture of temperance societies in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Richmond's temperance fountain, located near the reservoir, provided drinking water to visitors in Byrd Park and was supplied with a mounting block for children. It takes the form of an elegant Roman wall fountain. The upright tablet is supported by carved granite volutes. The basin is edged by an ornamental molding resembling a wreath of bound reeds suggesting the resolution and unity of the uncompromising band of donors. The inscription reads: "This fountain is erected by the Women's Christian Temperence Union of Richmond and Henrico County and their friends in Memory of the Crusaders of Hillsborough who went out December 19th 1873 with the weapons of prayer and faith in God to overthrow the liquor traffic."</span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhE0Xk9kD9w3ydZGfhhWNCkNfIU7al0WKOTDh4ucRobhyphenhyphenWosUORxPWuMHHz6llfIa9q5efzn8Jwhb7Bz0YxeoygXa9bNxdIzhqumVDtuiBlOjoE65jA-JOLFgnl4McG-5Q9lBEzgoVgHMI/s1600/Brook+Turnpike+Fountain.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1248" data-original-width="1600" height="498" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhE0Xk9kD9w3ydZGfhhWNCkNfIU7al0WKOTDh4ucRobhyphenhyphenWosUORxPWuMHHz6llfIa9q5efzn8Jwhb7Bz0YxeoygXa9bNxdIzhqumVDtuiBlOjoE65jA-JOLFgnl4McG-5Q9lBEzgoVgHMI/s640/Brook+Turnpike+Fountain.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fountain at the Intersection of Brook Turnpike with West Broad Street [Shorpy]. The fountain has <br />
dog water basins at the bottom. It still serves the police horses at a <br />
location behind the Bill "Bojangles" Robinson statue on Brook Turnpike. </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2JiREH6Yxss5KdejIp_EIAh-cytOVDNN5umqbwDlv5WCotRhf-l0HBahZhhW4OXVNIvwiGdJl6oz5ZVZTH2jWONAihwUJq0YYd-jckzo8IphmhktaBhtTioTJ5UPCh1900D5mL9gKCL0/s1600/ShOckoe+SLIP.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2JiREH6Yxss5KdejIp_EIAh-cytOVDNN5umqbwDlv5WCotRhf-l0HBahZhhW4OXVNIvwiGdJl6oz5ZVZTH2jWONAihwUJq0YYd-jckzo8IphmhktaBhtTioTJ5UPCh1900D5mL9gKCL0/s640/ShOckoe+SLIP.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Capt. Charles S. Morgan gave this marble fountain to serve draft horses at the<br />
center of the city's tobacco warehouse district. It is inscribed <br />
"In Memory of One Who Loved Animals." </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">The fountains that provided water to animals entering the city included an ornate cast iron one, now gone, in Manchester and the plain </span>stone structure that distributed water to both large and small animals at the point where Brook Turnpike entered Broad Street. It was later re-located to a site now behind the Bojangles Robinson statue where it serves police horses with fresh water. A third fountain for horses and oxen, made of marble, still stands at the center of the Shockoe Slip in 1905, where tobacco was deposited in one of the city's huge warehouses. Its setting has been marred in recent years by unnecessary foundation planting.</span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: large;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: large;">The Monroe Park fountain was followed by similar structures in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, including a one depicting a heron in front of the Governor’s Mansion (unfortunately replaced with a very conventional iron one during the Robb administration). </span><br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHKVZnH00d0CmJQe9EYAsO_BGeaxGxDYBhUNKxlR7ci9znIRlUGakvjfEeGRxwmC78KYmVYqLKdHZUXwTup_4bSdno6NhgJNNKfabvZillPU74TvuQmas_zG556Yg2m0PagDrGQD7mZsM/s1600/Wayside+Spring.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="960" data-original-width="720" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHKVZnH00d0CmJQe9EYAsO_BGeaxGxDYBhUNKxlR7ci9znIRlUGakvjfEeGRxwmC78KYmVYqLKdHZUXwTup_4bSdno6NhgJNNKfabvZillPU74TvuQmas_zG556Yg2m0PagDrGQD7mZsM/s640/Wayside+Spring.jpg" width="480" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Wayside Spring, Forest Hills Park <br />
[https://foursquare.com/v/wayside-spring/4c73a7667121a1cda29a65d1]</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Richmond residents who preferred spring water to the municipal water supply or didn't have water piped to their houses could get water that welled from the ground in artesian springs that were opened and maintained in parks around the city. These included Byrd Park, Wayside Spring in Forest Hills Park, Fonticello Park (now Carter Jones Park), where the spring has been modernized and still flows. A spring also flowed into a concrete trough along the side of Richmond Henrico Turnpike in Barton Heights. The spring water, which once poured through three lion's heads, is no longer running. </span></span></span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFB8rm_kvUcYRHxlH_pa0h0_UhutdRQ9JmMMvvl71rLYhxhYiYPgTKY_dgT0ndLTUMZZPmv5LTFAk1dq9kU_5Aq4bOadSAelOwhYhdyRHJHCGLksfdYNhGlYD7WQrOwM5Rn6aU96VK7Ms/s1600/Kanawha+Plaza+fountain.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="269" data-original-width="600" height="286" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFB8rm_kvUcYRHxlH_pa0h0_UhutdRQ9JmMMvvl71rLYhxhYiYPgTKY_dgT0ndLTUMZZPmv5LTFAk1dq9kU_5Aq4bOadSAelOwhYhdyRHJHCGLksfdYNhGlYD7WQrOwM5Rn6aU96VK7Ms/s640/Kanawha+Plaza+fountain.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Kanawha Plaza Fountain, located as part of a plaza designed by Robert <br />
Zion of Zion & Breen, completed in 1980</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">More recent fountains, such as those at the Kanawha Plaza at the James Center, installed during urban improvement projects in the mid-twentieth century, replace the conventional allegory of nature projected by earlier fountains with a literalism that fails to convince the viewer of either its natural origins or its cleanliness. </span></span><br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkivEsJkPLbTAsDmzaWTjrceop_YDhL0wEA2MqDegQ-rCvWh3r8AYS-ckJM9xokxLIZeAwfY3u1HRDEZ9MNKcPP2r4lQvM9raAeTtj_SI4qA_k24XiTTWzMPkin7Lbdo4zc0SuekvlHpI/s1600/Libby+Hill+Fountain.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkivEsJkPLbTAsDmzaWTjrceop_YDhL0wEA2MqDegQ-rCvWh3r8AYS-ckJM9xokxLIZeAwfY3u1HRDEZ9MNKcPP2r4lQvM9raAeTtj_SI4qA_k24XiTTWzMPkin7Lbdo4zc0SuekvlHpI/s640/Libby+Hill+Fountain.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Libby Hill Fountain, 1990s.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">In contrast, the conventional iron tazzo (tiered) fountains added in recent years on Libby Hill have a much less focused connection with water as a carrier of civic meaning. They serve merely as park design amenities. These amenities (examples of the widespread rethinking of traditional fountains as superfluous “water features”) which, while they signal renewed pride in the park’s grounds and an improved level of upkeep, largely fail as markers of the public good. Their placement and form, like their recirculating contents, are inadequately related to the nature and history of the site. </span></span><br />
<div>
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"></span> </div>
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span>Gibson Worshamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17914252671575229780noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-284912172590016102.post-1009590331027282912018-05-08T16:17:00.003-04:002018-05-08T16:37:22.499-04:00HOTELS OF RICHMOND<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><span style="font-size: large;">
</span><span style="font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbx3uIahlEbUqvtIYs-1OscVyF94yvUdT6Rna0NZcXULqYUaEYIKhklRJ4RVk-1rOvuN8kcjfK8-qjOQsCn8HEBbm5WdImrt8x1bK3202p3eBQx6HZsKDaDNCxjK6dV6FA15Rwa0vQjyY/s1600/Union+Hotel+VHS.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="594" data-original-width="596" height="197" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbx3uIahlEbUqvtIYs-1OscVyF94yvUdT6Rna0NZcXULqYUaEYIKhklRJ4RVk-1rOvuN8kcjfK8-qjOQsCn8HEBbm5WdImrt8x1bK3202p3eBQx6HZsKDaDNCxjK6dV6FA15Rwa0vQjyY/s200/Union+Hotel+VHS.jpg" width="200" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">The Union Hotel, Main at
Nineteenth </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">streets, built in 1817 to the </span><br />
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">designs of Otis Manson.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: large;"><em>This is the second part of a series on the Taverns and Hotels of Richmond. The first part is found <a href="https://urbanscalerichmondvirginia.blogspot.com/2018/04/taverns-of-richmond.html">here</a>. The demand on the part of travelers and visitors for food and overnight lodging has usually been met by the provision of rooms (or beds) rented by the night in buildings provided by private enterprise, unless capital for that purpose exceeded local resources. In that case, institutions or individual landowners would provide guest lodging.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Over time, the building types that served travelers changed in response to changing levels of prosperity and demand.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The American luxury hotel, typified by Richmond<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s Jefferson Hotel of 1895, had its origins in the early nineteenth-century taverns and hotels financed by merchants and developers to ease travel, promote business interests, and answer civic and social needs.</em></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">This new building type appeared in Richmond in 1817.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The <b>Union Hotel</b>, located at Main and Nineteenth streets, was built for Dr. John Adams and designed by architect Otis Manson, who was associated on at least one project with architect Robert Mills (he and Mills prepared plans for a new Richmond City Jail that wasn<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>t built at about the same time [Records of the Common Hall, 17 March 1817]). It represented a more architecturally sophisticated response to the demand for overnight accommodations, the first to rise <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">“</span>above the primitive level of inns and taverns<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">”</span><span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";"> </span>[Scott].</span> <br />
<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyC8BDUCv3inGzToRXUl4WykArh6rbMfhPiLoYq2Tegw7-k2ienLSo1qEQa6da7z_NkHkPpXtJEjCAkaOwZFXD9fXgV-yrs58OQ7NSVewB9b2PDhlEJEZ9Xzq2mBkNmmzJEUohNpPcoDA/s1600/Union+Hotel+from+Corey%252C+Hist+Rich+Theolog+Sem..png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="782" data-original-width="867" height="576" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyC8BDUCv3inGzToRXUl4WykArh6rbMfhPiLoYq2Tegw7-k2ienLSo1qEQa6da7z_NkHkPpXtJEjCAkaOwZFXD9fXgV-yrs58OQ7NSVewB9b2PDhlEJEZ9Xzq2mBkNmmzJEUohNpPcoDA/s640/Union+Hotel+from+Corey%252C+Hist+Rich+Theolog+Sem..png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">The Union Hotel from Charles H. Corey, <i>A History of
Richmond Theological Seminary.</i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Richmond VA: Union University, 1895.
Probably originally part of hotel promotional literature. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Its architectural form responded to the development of the <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">“</span>first-class<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">”</span><span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";"> </span>hotel as a civic amenity in major American cities. The most notable example of the new hotel was the Exchange Coffee House in Boston, a remarkable seven-story structure, designed by architect Asher Benjamin, that provided 300 rooms, banquet halls, and other public amenities. <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">“</span>Its destruction by fire [in 1818] was a civic calamity<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">”</span><span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";"> </span>[Daniel Boorstin, <i>The Americans,</i> 1966, 136].</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2C6QoTZlE0H-XYdbP_ptA2rnhRHha-OYFynjZzMZ2POIUGd0aghlc1xqjJkd7TIXof1-jLBuL_I7HJewNK9u5qUr2_fNR9tyei79yYGDhRO_V2tLGkffjAnE54GtN7dSdodAonfBhXxg/s1600/Boston+Exchange+Coffee+House+Wikipedia.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="328" data-original-width="544" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2C6QoTZlE0H-XYdbP_ptA2rnhRHha-OYFynjZzMZ2POIUGd0aghlc1xqjJkd7TIXof1-jLBuL_I7HJewNK9u5qUr2_fNR9tyei79yYGDhRO_V2tLGkffjAnE54GtN7dSdodAonfBhXxg/s400/Boston+Exchange+Coffee+House+Wikipedia.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">The Exchange Coffee House in Boston [Wikipedia].<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Like the Boston building, the Union Hotel featured an
applied exterior architectural treatment and unprecedented height. Dr. John
Adams must have intended that the new Richmond hotel serve a similar role in
the city. The row of tall windows on the main floor suggests two entertaining
rooms on the interior.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Manson provided
the four-story hotel with a tall piano nobile with arch-headed floor-length
windows that was topped by a two-story row of applied Doric half columns
fronting the bedroom floors. The walls, stuccoed to resemble stone, were terminated in a pattern book Doric
entablature featuring carved paterae between the triglyphs. The building was sheltered under a shallow hipped roof with a
balustraded deck. A three-story wing stood to the rear. The cupola in the
advertising lithograph shown above was probably added by the artist to improve
the view, which was intended to show how large the building was.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9xvknOgEWsOVwWX_HAUwJGFpBlinEe1CUwws_4o7MU7yjeY7tD_-GRLGNWLdj3_2oY08PB2mw68qmtWLzOqVZaoea8Q-LSYOyiBuIWiA3ZFh0w9T-lygfa8cpiwD3E5HAdRvpWHXnfrA/s1600/Cornice+Details+Main+Street+Union+Hotel+1865+http-%25EF%2580%25A2%25EF%2580%25A2lcweb2.loc.gov%25EF%2580%25A2master%25EF%2580%25A2pnp%25EF%2580%25A2cwpb%25EF%2580%25A200400%25EF%2580%25A200451a.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1118" data-original-width="764" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9xvknOgEWsOVwWX_HAUwJGFpBlinEe1CUwws_4o7MU7yjeY7tD_-GRLGNWLdj3_2oY08PB2mw68qmtWLzOqVZaoea8Q-LSYOyiBuIWiA3ZFh0w9T-lygfa8cpiwD3E5HAdRvpWHXnfrA/s640/Cornice+Details+Main+Street+Union+Hotel+1865+http-%25EF%2580%25A2%25EF%2580%25A2lcweb2.loc.gov%25EF%2580%25A2master%25EF%2580%25A2pnp%25EF%2580%25A2cwpb%25EF%2580%25A200400%25EF%2580%25A200451a.png" width="436" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Detail of the Union Hotel's cornice, 1865.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<o:p></o:p> </div>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7sIHBsJ1Y1CarIPw75eXebio7siObn4fopwyxvageWpttE3U0FWAiCD0NOFz4Hgp9V78rPYZwRNIns_WrsupPbgtStqX7VQsJqKnaVoL7bE4rUniUTynD-aPh5wIbersHFZFjM3FiOvw/s1600/Union+Hotel+Photo+VCU+archives.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="354" data-original-width="500" height="452" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7sIHBsJ1Y1CarIPw75eXebio7siObn4fopwyxvageWpttE3U0FWAiCD0NOFz4Hgp9V78rPYZwRNIns_WrsupPbgtStqX7VQsJqKnaVoL7bE4rUniUTynD-aPh5wIbersHFZFjM3FiOvw/s640/Union+Hotel+Photo+VCU+archives.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">The Union Hotel in the period immediately after the Civil
War [VCU archive]. Like many earlier taverns, it featured a wide portico
across the front. </span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;">As Bryan Clark Green has observed, Richmond hotels,
beginning with the Union<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75"
coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe"
filled="f" stroked="f">
<v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/>
<v:formulas>
<v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/>
<v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/>
</v:formulas>
<v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/>
<o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/>
</v:shapetype><v:shape id="officeArt_x0020_object" o:spid="_x0000_s1026"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='position:absolute;margin-left:1in;margin-top:41.2pt;
width:143.5pt;height:210pt;z-index:251660288;visibility:visible;
mso-wrap-style:square;mso-wrap-distance-left:12pt;mso-wrap-distance-top:12pt;
mso-wrap-distance-right:12pt;mso-wrap-distance-bottom:12pt;
mso-position-horizontal:absolute;mso-position-horizontal-relative:page;
mso-position-vertical:absolute;mso-position-vertical-relative:page'
wrapcoords="0 0 0 21595 21599 21595 21599 0 0 0" strokeweight="1pt">
<v:stroke miterlimit="4"/>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\gworsham\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.png"
o:title=""/>
<w:wrap type="through" anchorx="page" anchory="page"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]-->
Hotel, had about a twenty-year life-span before they appeared outmoded [NR
form, Ninth Street Office Building]. By the early 1840s, when the <b>Exchange
Hotel</b> was built, equipped with toilets, central heat, and running water,
the Union Hotel was no longer fashionable. Although it was returned to use as a
hotel, it was rented as the site of the predecessor of the Medical College of
Virginia when the school was opened in 1838. It was used as barracks in 1847
during the Mexican-American War, but was back in operation in 1850, when it was
visited by President Zachary Taylor [Christian]. It was purchased in 1870 by
the trustees of the Richmond Institute, forerunner of Virginia Union
University, as the college<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s main academic building. In much
the same way, the Exchange was replaced in favor by the <b>Spottswood Hotel</b>,
new in 1859-60 and the favorite of Confederate politicians and officers. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;">In spite of the ostensible twenty-year rule, the ancient <b>Eagle
Tavern</b> maintained its superlative reputation for decades, even in
competition with newer hostelries. In 1825, Lafayette<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s dinner at the
Eagle Tavern was matched by one at the newer <b>Union Hotel</b>. John Tyler was
entertained at the Union Hotel in 1827 (and again in 1836), but John Randolph
was feted at the Eagle in 1827 and the Washington birthday ball was held there
in 1832. The Eagle, by this time known as a hotel, burned in 1839 [Christian].
No image survives of this popular place of entertainment. According to one
source, a popular song in Richmond during the antebellum period included the
lines <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">“</span>I dined at the Union, got drunk at the Bell, and lost all my
money at the Eagle Hotel<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">”</span><span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";"> </span>[John K. Trammell. Travelers to
War-time Richmond, <i>America</i><i><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s Civil War</i>, Sept 1996, </span><a href="http://www.historynet.com/travelers-to-wartime-richmond-sept-96-americas-civil-war-feature.htm%5D"><span class="Hyperlink0"><span style="color: #011ea9; font-size: large;">http://www.historynet.com/travelers-to-wartime-richmond-sept-96-americas-civil-war-feature.htm]</span></span></a><span style="font-size: large;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg06pUi1zs_r8RgUn9exvQWA8M-u-0FqOUXz2p43MAiznwRCAa8IzNK7V4vFKjgD9rjfOnONYcbnO-9GrsfDnyPdczBEhM1Lif_pZlsuG3f-GQ85z4CFi-MSlwwM1dLfQG2Oe2FhhcdXN0/s1600/Exchange+Hotel.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="333" height="576" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg06pUi1zs_r8RgUn9exvQWA8M-u-0FqOUXz2p43MAiznwRCAa8IzNK7V4vFKjgD9rjfOnONYcbnO-9GrsfDnyPdczBEhM1Lif_pZlsuG3f-GQ85z4CFi-MSlwwM1dLfQG2Oe2FhhcdXN0/s640/Exchange+Hotel.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Exchange Hotel with the second bridge to the Ballard House.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2wQpdfMF9NrZzoe5tozoocNFFEddgWFymwHcOgG1IzFj3gu9VefFN9QtMA8BflhquX6cgwgi2DV5ltVcvPjRwTkLzJlmYpNsRPtCu0ACTpmv3OHjEi7v4WM9uCV4EjUvOtp1uU7Xl7as/s1600/Exchange+Hotel+from+Virginia+Mutual+policy.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="911" data-original-width="1600" height="227" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2wQpdfMF9NrZzoe5tozoocNFFEddgWFymwHcOgG1IzFj3gu9VefFN9QtMA8BflhquX6cgwgi2DV5ltVcvPjRwTkLzJlmYpNsRPtCu0ACTpmv3OHjEi7v4WM9uCV4EjUvOtp1uU7Xl7as/s400/Exchange+Hotel+from+Virginia+Mutual+policy.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeS6XxawvZhYCx9ARWbYnKCtrb2OXTLKP10IAWTc2IsMAoTkyc4nhGG6MolV4S977J7FjI1cM6T3vBRwIV2KYqluqBypxRKVVCM-V7u-_b5t8xrXRXqPj58805WpBFcXqlMnIe9IN6ZUc/s1600/16124+Exhange+Hotel+plan+Virginia+Mutual+policy+1851.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1218" data-original-width="1600" height="303" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeS6XxawvZhYCx9ARWbYnKCtrb2OXTLKP10IAWTc2IsMAoTkyc4nhGG6MolV4S977J7FjI1cM6T3vBRwIV2KYqluqBypxRKVVCM-V7u-_b5t8xrXRXqPj58805WpBFcXqlMnIe9IN6ZUc/s400/16124+Exhange+Hotel+plan+Virginia+Mutual+policy+1851.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">The elevation of the Exchange
Hotel can be seen in this 1845 Virginia Mutual policy at the top and the
central courtyard can be seen in the 1851 Virginia Mutual policy below.</span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7vE7B0vjE6Oc-F1l6rJa8N38_dxglBvlMtn3zmye_x6Mcu90FurVqt_YUWLxeexUBG5GQhdqXk41FcOAVYWt9tORZXze4LCCFyZgkQuSo02ukrBWq-v4kix_ab2IP3SNP0wJz6Pc4Y1o/s1600/Exchange+Hotel+seen+from+the+west+1865+General+view%252C+with+ruins%252C+from+Gambles+Hill+LOC.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="606" data-original-width="810" height="478" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7vE7B0vjE6Oc-F1l6rJa8N38_dxglBvlMtn3zmye_x6Mcu90FurVqt_YUWLxeexUBG5GQhdqXk41FcOAVYWt9tORZXze4LCCFyZgkQuSo02ukrBWq-v4kix_ab2IP3SNP0wJz6Pc4Y1o/s640/Exchange+Hotel+seen+from+the+west+1865+General+view%252C+with+ruins%252C+from+Gambles+Hill+LOC.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">The cupola of the Ex</span><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype
id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t"
path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f">
<v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/>
<v:formulas>
<v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/>
<v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/>
</v:formulas>
<v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/>
<o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/>
</v:shapetype><v:shape id="officeArt_x0020_object" o:spid="_x0000_s1026"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='position:absolute;margin-left:1in;margin-top:420.85pt;
width:324.95pt;height:243.1pt;z-index:251659264;visibility:visible;
mso-wrap-style:square;mso-wrap-distance-left:12pt;mso-wrap-distance-top:12pt;
mso-wrap-distance-right:12pt;mso-wrap-distance-bottom:12pt;
mso-position-horizontal:absolute;mso-position-horizontal-relative:page;
mso-position-vertical:absolute;mso-position-vertical-relative:page'
wrapcoords="0 0 0 21596 21597 21596 21597 0 0 0" strokeweight="1pt">
<v:stroke miterlimit="4"/>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\gworsham\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.png"
o:title=""/>
<w:wrap type="through" anchorx="page" anchory="page"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt;">change Hotel can be seen seen here from the west in a
detail from an 1865 panorama [center right, Library of Congress].<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;">The Exchange Bank opened in June 1841 and the new <b>Exchange
Hotel</b> the next month. The name Exchange is a clue to the building<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s
proposed use by merchants and dealers to further their business. It was built
near the tobacco warehouses at the foot of Shockoe Hill for a stock company of
Richmond businessmen. Their intention was to encourage commerce by providing
visitors to the city with a luxurious and even palatial hotel. After that date,
most entertainments were held at the Exchange, including one for Charles
Dickens in the following year [Christian]. The front was ornamented with four
colossal, engaged, Ionic columns supporting a massive entabla<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype
id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t"
path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f">
<v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/>
<v:formulas>
<v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/>
<v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/>
</v:formulas>
<v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/>
<o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/>
</v:shapetype><v:shape id="officeArt_x0020_object" o:spid="_x0000_s1027"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='position:absolute;margin-left:1in;margin-top:200.35pt;
width:304.05pt;height:168.3pt;z-index:251661312;visibility:visible;
mso-wrap-style:square;mso-wrap-distance-left:12pt;mso-wrap-distance-top:12pt;
mso-wrap-distance-right:12pt;mso-wrap-distance-bottom:12pt;
mso-position-horizontal:absolute;mso-position-horizontal-relative:page;
mso-position-vertical:absolute;mso-position-vertical-relative:page'
wrapcoords="0 0 0 21600 21600 21600 21600 0 0 0" strokeweight="1pt">
<v:stroke miterlimit="4"/>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\gworsham\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.png"
o:title=""/>
<w:wrap type="through" anchorx="page" anchory="page"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_s1026" type="#_x0000_t75" style='position:absolute;margin-left:1in;
margin-top:432.65pt;width:197.6pt;height:228.3pt;z-index:251662336;
visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square;mso-wrap-distance-left:12pt;
mso-wrap-distance-top:12pt;mso-wrap-distance-right:12pt;
mso-wrap-distance-bottom:12pt;mso-position-horizontal:absolute;
mso-position-horizontal-relative:page;mso-position-vertical:absolute;
mso-position-vertical-relative:page' wrapcoords="0 0 0 21600 21600 21600 21600 0 0 0"
strokeweight="1pt">
<v:stroke miterlimit="4"/>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\gworsham\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.png"
o:title=""/>
<w:wrap type="through" anchorx="page" anchory="page"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]-->ture and
flaked by tall narrow, bow-fronted bays. The building was topped by a cupola
resembling a circular Roman temple. The interior featured marble floors, a
large vestibule ornamented with statuary, a <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">“</span>great hall,<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">”</span><span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">
</span>a ladies<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span><span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";"> </span>dining room, a gentlemen<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s
drawing rooms, a dining room accommodating 300, reading rooms, and a ballroom,
all surrounding a landscaped central courtyard [Bryan Clark Green et al, Lost
Virginia: Vanished Architecture of the Old Dominion, 2001: 175].</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1VTFeNgRUjD-RgyU-dTCqlp-GlliTiihyyddrxBahxi1IiaOC0MmEY4l_uAFjEbogvf4_aXJzadl10ocn-xETXDxLVsNQz0SjnG3TBVxhtW239c1C19u_rgPS4DAbzLYL5BFLI8CoWqc/s1600/1865+panorama.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="331" data-original-width="598" height="354" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1VTFeNgRUjD-RgyU-dTCqlp-GlliTiihyyddrxBahxi1IiaOC0MmEY4l_uAFjEbogvf4_aXJzadl10ocn-xETXDxLVsNQz0SjnG3TBVxhtW239c1C19u_rgPS4DAbzLYL5BFLI8CoWqc/s640/1865+panorama.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">The St. Charles Hotel can be
seen to the far left and the Exchange Hotel to the right in this 1860s panorama
of the city looking west from Church Hill.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdlL1QMpd9kiMK853mqP7x-1ShSb62z9zPLYPEpdzVpz2ko5RvzW_5EwbdZf-nlpo5W9lFNZXWYUPmhJvqJ9ZDcl29aWZLSdsZvEtfiguLPF8i_c2377UxQk7S7ajaMFFVNtyMk3hWdW8/s1600/Byrd%2527s+Warehouse+on+site+of+Exchange+H.+1835.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="491" data-original-width="425" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdlL1QMpd9kiMK853mqP7x-1ShSb62z9zPLYPEpdzVpz2ko5RvzW_5EwbdZf-nlpo5W9lFNZXWYUPmhJvqJ9ZDcl29aWZLSdsZvEtfiguLPF8i_c2377UxQk7S7ajaMFFVNtyMk3hWdW8/s640/Byrd%2527s+Warehouse+on+site+of+Exchange+H.+1835.png" width="552" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Byrd</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">s Warehouse, site of the Exchange Hotel, in 1835. The
trapezoidal site became available after the warehouse burned. Like the
warehouse, the hotel was well placed at the foot of the hill between the lower
commercial city and the upper capitol.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg39Ci4fKsuBPXopW9VNc-fb3IzHuP5qQZoMPZLvlY8g52hx4mGTPkZBoy97EHajT8vE4hYgE-Itl4dgNG93aLeakl8wbSjJ_7xHKDNbWSqnWrgHKF5vFR7Pzm6RaEDN15EULyRF7IEGnM/s1600/Exchange+Hotel+from+Beers+map.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1316" data-original-width="1162" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg39Ci4fKsuBPXopW9VNc-fb3IzHuP5qQZoMPZLvlY8g52hx4mGTPkZBoy97EHajT8vE4hYgE-Itl4dgNG93aLeakl8wbSjJ_7xHKDNbWSqnWrgHKF5vFR7Pzm6RaEDN15EULyRF7IEGnM/s640/Exchange+Hotel+from+Beers+map.png" width="564" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">The Exchange Hotel and
Ballard House seen on the 1876 Beers Map. The central courtyard of the Exchange
was improved with paths and a central element such as a fountain. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">The <b>Exchange Hotel</b> represented a new version of the <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">‘</span>first-class<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">”</span><span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">
</span>hotel taking shape in most of the nation<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s major cities.
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Beginning with Isaiah Rogers</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">’</span><span style="mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Tremont
House of 1827-30 in Boston, American hotels borrowed from the monumental forms
of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>public buildings.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>The Tremont House gave <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">“</span>an
unmistakable impression of elegance and public purpose, for which the
Greek-revival orders, stylish in that day, were, of course, admirably suited. .
. [and] confirmed a feeling as different as possible from that of the 18<sup>th</sup>-centry
inn<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">”</span><span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";"> </span>[Daniel Boorstin, <i>The
Americans: The National Experience</i>, 1966] <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Rogers</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">’</span><span style="mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Astor
House in New York (1832-36), Jacques Bussi</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">è</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">re de Pouilly</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">’</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">s
St. Louis Hotel in New Orleans (1838), and C.H. Reichardt</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">’</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">s
Charleston Hotel (1839) had extensive reception rooms, fully expressed orders,
and central rotundas [Pevsner, <i>Building Types</i>, 175-76]. </span>These
were comfortable, even palatial, buildings that employed the architectural
orders on both the interior and exterior to create a sense of grandeur and
importance for the commercial and social transactions that took place within.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;">When Alexander Macay, an English lawyer, visited New Orleans
in 1846-47, he remarked that <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">“</span>with us hotels are regarded as
purely private property, and it is seldom that, in their appearance, the stand
out from the mass of private houses around them. In America they are looked
upon much more in the light of public concerns, and generally assume in their
exterior the character of public buildings.<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">”</span><span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">
</span>Daniel Boorstin observed that <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">“</span>lacking a royal palace as a center
of <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">“</span>Society,<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">”</span><span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";"> </span>Americans created their
counterpart in the community hotel. The People<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s Palace was a
building constructed with the extravagant optimism expressly to serve all who
could pay the price. . . . From the early days of the 19<sup>th</sup> century,
hotels were social centers. . . . The hotel lobby, like the outer rooms of a
royal palace, became a loitering place, a headquarters of gossip, a vantage
point for a glimpse of the great, the rich, and the powerful<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">”</span><span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">
</span>[Boorstin, 1966, 135].</span> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhM6Mnl8PoFaGYZU_H7xsCBchoYi522t5fdn28d5mLzxRQYgNmJBEZBfSGyrhqjGL2atGjG8j76avN9ij-9eV6mvMlOx2Nr4FxIJDj1xV04yh_9460N1lFGXaW_zetNS2y1w69GE9ob304/s1600/Ballard+House+LOC.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="323" data-original-width="381" height="542" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhM6Mnl8PoFaGYZU_H7xsCBchoYi522t5fdn28d5mLzxRQYgNmJBEZBfSGyrhqjGL2atGjG8j76avN9ij-9eV6mvMlOx2Nr4FxIJDj1xV04yh_9460N1lFGXaW_zetNS2y1w69GE9ob304/s640/Ballard+House+LOC.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">The Ballard House was built across the street from the
Exchange Hotel in 1855-56 [1865, LOC].<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<o:p></o:p><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;">The five-story <b>Ballard House</b> was built by hotelier
John P. Ballard in 1855-56 as a more modern hotel across the street from the <b>Exchange
Hotel</b>, which Ballard had purchased in 1851. As can be seen in the
photograph from just after the end of the Civil War, the Ballard was a plain
tripartite building which relied on the shapes and details of the fenestration
to enliven the facade.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ballard connected
the two buildings by a bridge at the second floor level allowing them to share
facilities. The first floor of the Exchange was leased out to stores and the
cellars were rented for storage. The hotels survived the evacuation fire and
were refitted, but were unable to compete with the new <b>Jefferson Hotel</b>
after 1895, the Exchange was demolished in 1900 and the Ballard House in 1920
[Virginia Historical Society, A Guide to the Exchange Hotel and Ballard House
Records, 1865-1889].</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1S8p90k41yxxCm8eLIXPomCtLxWsd1iD03OjowO_VLkyis9Pk5Sf8YX9G3aS_6Ewu-ACTmosnapxWHW4EzGF837HCFhpbEYBqPzh6N0Zc8LI1mf5bk53yiAlmJbnbPGyNIDhUMTiHMCk/s1600/Powhatan+House.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="430" data-original-width="592" height="464" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1S8p90k41yxxCm8eLIXPomCtLxWsd1iD03OjowO_VLkyis9Pk5Sf8YX9G3aS_6Ewu-ACTmosnapxWHW4EzGF837HCFhpbEYBqPzh6N0Zc8LI1mf5bk53yiAlmJbnbPGyNIDhUMTiHMCk/s640/Powhatan+House.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">The main section of the
Powhatan House (later Ford</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">s Hotel) on Broad Street in the post-Civil War period
[Shadows in Silver].</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjs7TxblRv5QvhjE2biNsEsrn8Z9L0_uwxitD3RSwaVkrmz4L8jy5PJ2Lj7RlcslDJf_6J_HebI_dW3lxhLZBO61xIRVHb9TK6rZV8aLY24etRQtNFbgnW_CIZ41EtB-XRHpl2qx04lGmM/s1600/Powhatan+Hotel.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="471" data-original-width="669" height="448" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjs7TxblRv5QvhjE2biNsEsrn8Z9L0_uwxitD3RSwaVkrmz4L8jy5PJ2Lj7RlcslDJf_6J_HebI_dW3lxhLZBO61xIRVHb9TK6rZV8aLY24etRQtNFbgnW_CIZ41EtB-XRHpl2qx04lGmM/s640/Powhatan+Hotel.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">The Powhatan House (later
Ford</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">s Hotel) seen in a post-Civl War post card, at
Eleventh and Broad Streets.http://[mississippiconfederates.wordpress.com/2012/02/03/lines-on-the-back-of-a-confederate-note/]
</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: large;">The <b>Powhatan Boarding House</b>, a four-story brick
hotel, fronted on Broad Street north of the Capitol.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It began as a row of commercial structures
facing Broad Street and known as Southgate<span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s Buildings, which housed shops on
the first floor and a boarding house above. In 1831, James McKildoe enlarged
Southgate<span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s Buildings to make the Powhatan House, which Mary
Wingfield Scott says it was the most popular hostelry in the city before the
construction of the Exchange Hotel. It was popular with politicians like Daniel
Webster and Henry Clay. It was much enlarged over time. When President Millard
Filmore visited in 1851, he was put up at what was by then known as the
Powhatan Hotel, from which he visited the Constitutional Convention then in
session [Christian 173]. In its expanded form, it was later known as <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Ford</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">s Hotel from the 1870s
until the early twentieth century [Scott, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Old
Richmond Neighborhoods</i>, 97]</span>. Like the other taverns and hotels, it
featured a wide portico on which guests could watch the activities in the
street. The hotel featured a luxurious lobby, dining room, and the usual
barroom and barbershop. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Ford<span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s Hotel struggled to compete with
more modern hotels as time passed. It was closed temporarily for renovations in
1903: <span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times Roman";">“</span>from to-day forth the hotel will be known as The
Powhatan, a return to its antebellum name. The rates of the renovated and
rehabilitated house will be fixed at from 12 to 13 per day, according to
accommodations desired. It will be conducted on the American plan. Baths will
be put in, everything brightened and renewed and its cuisine and service will
be made a feature hereafter<span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times Roman";">”</span> [<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Times Dispatch</i>, 1 October 1903]. The structure was demolished in
1911-12 to be the site of a new city courthouse that was never built [NR form,
Ninth Street Office Building and John K. Trammell, "Travelers to wartime
Richmond had a wide choice of luxurious hotels, inns and taverns,<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">”</span>
<i>Civil War Times</i> Sept 1996. </span><a href="http://www.historynet.com/travelers-to-wartime-richmond-sept-96-americas-civil-war-feature.htm%5D"><span class="Link"><span style="color: #000099; font-size: large;">http://www.historynet.com/travelers-to-wartime-richmond-sept-96-americas-civil-war-feature.htm]</span></span></a><span style="font-size: large;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_5g6qAbqcm3WlUGAw0UkuMBlY9jns-aTAK0xsvetxeSySe79vpus-TeTDlQNMFReCfyJuK5YJidBiiACx9USzdIs5C0lQ6OS0hR-WodMTYFqNmv8otaBBGAhvYEq6mpuVjgfjSUAFPSc/s1600/Ferslews+Map+1859.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="688" data-original-width="797" height="552" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_5g6qAbqcm3WlUGAw0UkuMBlY9jns-aTAK0xsvetxeSySe79vpus-TeTDlQNMFReCfyJuK5YJidBiiACx9USzdIs5C0lQ6OS0hR-WodMTYFqNmv8otaBBGAhvYEq6mpuVjgfjSUAFPSc/s640/Ferslews+Map+1859.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Many of the hotels of the time are shown on this detail
from Ferslews<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">s Map of Richmond (1859) including the Powhatan House ,
the St. Clair (northwest of the Capitol), the American, the Exchange , the St.
Charles , and Union Hotel (in lower right corner).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;">By 1859, the city<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s taverns had all been transformed
into hotels. Most of these hotels were located in a circuit around the Capitol and few
were left in the older part of town east of Shockoe Creek. The city<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s
principal hotels, listed on Ferslew<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s Map of 1859, were as follows: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 49.5pt; text-indent: -31.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;">-The <b>American
Hotel</b> (a five-story structure south of the Capitol, at Twelfth and Main,
built c 1840). It was rebuilt soon after the war and was later known as the<b>
Lexington Hotel.</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 49.5pt; text-indent: -31.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;">-The <b>Exchange
Hotel</b> (the hollow square to the right of the center, built 1841)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 49.5pt; text-indent: -31.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;">-The <b>Powhatan
House</b> (northeast of the Capitol, 1831)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 49.5pt; text-indent: -31.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;">-The <b>Broad
Street Hotel</b> (on the northwest corner of Broad Street and Ninth near the
RF&P Railroad Depot) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 49.5pt; text-indent: -31.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;">-The <b>Central
Hotel</b> (an enlarged version of the old Washington Tavern west of the
Capitol)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 49.5pt; text-indent: -31.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;">-The <b>Columbian
Hotel</b> (on the east die of Shockoe Slip) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 49.5pt; text-indent: -31.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;">-The <b>St.
Charles Hotel</b> ((labeled City Hotel, southeast of the Exchange, a four-story
building at Fifteenth and Main, converted into Confederate Hospital #8, built c
1846) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjz1Da4zbol0GnY-SZGohO3MDBx_ekRRGWXx7OKDh8OUlgyp55xjB5B_lq1291C8AfCFHll2opNF84Dchr5Dzyg3THgGo6Fh_TFA7zanNSV-s4n4o070QibFEJLTl14KaXY-NBzTWJHIpo/s1600/American+Hotel+1858.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1366" data-original-width="1506" height="579" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjz1Da4zbol0GnY-SZGohO3MDBx_ekRRGWXx7OKDh8OUlgyp55xjB5B_lq1291C8AfCFHll2opNF84Dchr5Dzyg3THgGo6Fh_TFA7zanNSV-s4n4o070QibFEJLTl14KaXY-NBzTWJHIpo/s640/American+Hotel+1858.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">A view of the American Hotel in 1858 at the corner of Main
and Twelfth streets.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSBYPqboCizPtQsO7NNXOPN0Xpfb7Djyj_szjRnBsWeQOID-OKeoH5NL13QKruvFI_OLpl09UecdByxNU7IDltIm9SP3KJ9D4araA2dsVwlS5UV8SjLN9DcWs4_rHd7-pfydiWVYoJ21o/s1600/Spottswood+Hotel+%2528hospital+in+1865%2529+LOC.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="943" data-original-width="1334" height="452" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSBYPqboCizPtQsO7NNXOPN0Xpfb7Djyj_szjRnBsWeQOID-OKeoH5NL13QKruvFI_OLpl09UecdByxNU7IDltIm9SP3KJ9D4araA2dsVwlS5UV8SjLN9DcWs4_rHd7-pfydiWVYoJ21o/s640/Spottswood+Hotel+%2528hospital+in+1865%2529+LOC.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">The Spottswood Hotel opened just before the Civil War.
Seen here in<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600"
o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f"
stroked="f">
<v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/>
<v:formulas>
<v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/>
<v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/>
</v:formulas>
<v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/>
<o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/>
</v:shapetype><v:shape id="officeArt_x0020_object" o:spid="_x0000_s1026"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='position:absolute;margin-left:1in;margin-top:1in;
width:468pt;height:330.35pt;z-index:251663360;visibility:visible;
mso-wrap-style:square;mso-wrap-distance-left:12pt;mso-wrap-distance-top:12pt;
mso-wrap-distance-right:12pt;mso-wrap-distance-bottom:12pt;
mso-position-horizontal:absolute;mso-position-horizontal-relative:page;
mso-position-vertical:absolute;mso-position-vertical-relative:page'
wrapcoords="0 0 0 21605 21621 21605 21621 0 0 0" strokeweight="1pt">
<v:stroke miterlimit="4"/>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\gworsham\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.png"
o:title=""/>
<w:wrap type="through" anchorx="page" anchory="page"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">
1865 at the SE corner of Eighth and Main. It burned in 1870 [LOC].<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjE8hi3hGQvZA1n_8HjFR-KtxDxYXCCDUrNe8L8QJyzZgUkno6weh0yB6teJEb_wv94PCmKNkFeu0crdQMb1o-_jqg14mNlAb-nRhF75Mcwv8I09jsP746HkxZ1_9yySpvz_L2IRIqizI/s1600/Spottswood+Hotel.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="295" data-original-width="421" height="448" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjE8hi3hGQvZA1n_8HjFR-KtxDxYXCCDUrNe8L8QJyzZgUkno6weh0yB6teJEb_wv94PCmKNkFeu0crdQMb1o-_jqg14mNlAb-nRhF75Mcwv8I09jsP746HkxZ1_9yySpvz_L2IRIqizI/s640/Spottswood+Hotel.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Spottswood Hotel, 1865</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Hotels built in the late antebellum years, like the <b>Ballard
House</b>, tended to be much less exuberant on the exterior, but even more
luxurious and comfortable on the interior.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The new five-story <b>Spottswood Hotel</b>, built at Eighth and Main,
was like an elongated version of a Richmond commercial building with no
discernable main entry and no colonnade above its cast iron storefronts. Not
until 1895, with the opening of the Jefferson Hotel, would Richmond hotels
again join civic buildings and churches in employing elaborate architectural
detailing. In spite of its plain exterior, when it opened in 1860 the <b>Spottswood
Hotel</b> became the city<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s most popular destination for
travelers. Competing against the famous <b>Exchange/Ballard Hotel,</b> it was
the favorite hotel for official visitors to the Confederate capital. Robert E.
Lee and Jefferson Davis both took rooms there until permanent homes could be
found for them.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2ojjTPWBnoFxW2mUyLoSuSJE1_RbLIEQu_meYKYJ0txRIZRRXRhkH8jX2mBk0T0-H7FdGGhXFRokhfc2zOZTZ30xp9bIZtdEp98Md5Z0EgYgQ2Las_PG6EAfyTz-0Sac5lWHcrsc7Tck/s1600/Second+American+Hotel+1876.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1061" data-original-width="1585" height="428" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2ojjTPWBnoFxW2mUyLoSuSJE1_RbLIEQu_meYKYJ0txRIZRRXRhkH8jX2mBk0T0-H7FdGGhXFRokhfc2zOZTZ30xp9bIZtdEp98Md5Z0EgYgQ2Las_PG6EAfyTz-0Sac5lWHcrsc7Tck/s640/Second+American+Hotel+1876.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">A view of the American Hotel in 1858 at the corner of Main
and Twelfth streets.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"></span></span><br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Immediately
after the Civil War, the old hotels were refitted and reopened for business.
New hotels, such as the second American Hotel, tended to follow the old
patterns with new stylistic flourishes like arched cast iron window
heads.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span><br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-size: large;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"></span></span><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Not
until the 1880s was Richmond</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">’</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">s economy recovered sufficiently to
think of building a great new hotel to symbolize its joining in the renewed
growth of the New South. Lewis Ginter (1824-1897), a extremely wealthy tobacco
manufacturer, played the role of civic philanthropist toward the end of his
life.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ginter was a leader in a plan
which originated as early as 1882 with the city's chamber of commerce, to
construct a modern hotel in the western part of the city, augmenting the
superannuated accommodation available downtown [Christian, 1912, 419, 446]. The
Exchange Hotel of 1841, and the Ballard Hotel of 1856 undoubtedly appeared to
him to be progressive or modern. By 1892 Lewis Ginter had personally taken up
the hotel scheme, determined to act as a benefactor and tastemaker to his
burgeoning adopted city.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The project</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">’</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">s
extraordinary scale, complex plan, and high cost suggest that other factors,
including the effective </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">“</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">boosting</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">”</span><span style="mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">of Richmond,
outweighed practical profitability among Ginter</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">’</span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="font-size: large;">s
intentions.</span> </span></span><br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5scIWrkJ3uadnErdqFt6nOcNqcMvF9Uvkqppp7LFTAR8Cmb8zMOBl4ZEVtC9Yu6ejmyornppcO-OVa0EMf6ZIq46ORnQebdTWfemKCW5SQoTS9hOg7-_MJfaSvVeuk0QCcbtbS1jFDsE/s1600/Jefferson+Hotel+view.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1159" data-original-width="1480" height="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5scIWrkJ3uadnErdqFt6nOcNqcMvF9Uvkqppp7LFTAR8Cmb8zMOBl4ZEVtC9Yu6ejmyornppcO-OVa0EMf6ZIq46ORnQebdTWfemKCW5SQoTS9hOg7-_MJfaSvVeuk0QCcbtbS1jFDsE/s640/Jefferson+Hotel+view.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">Jefferson Hotel [Department of
Historic Resources].</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><o:p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">The
rectangular site selected by Lewis Ginter for the hotel occupied approximately
one-half of a square or block west of downtown Richmond, between Franklin and
Main streets, in what had been the city's most fashionable residential
neighborhood for many years. The pressure of postwar industry and commerce in
the city</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">’</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">s old center sparked new construction
in the old residential areas to the west. The Franklin Street front was
intended from the start to appeal to an elite clientele by its relationships of
scale and form to its fashionable residential setting, while the flush Main
Street front, which served as an entrance for commercial travelers, responded
to the commercial functions located along Main Street and the streetcar line
that ran its length. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
</span></o:p><br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivutkecINZtwklYJjPXZGXaLCc7-gNAz8xgXlN8vz9BvSP6IJFkrcW-fiYqIBUL9JoZ0GFhHQxZLT-qcg63Qj9sG8kr-54hKGEIHKFuUyMZwfEPshKBz52dDOKrlxzv8BbAEWiomBPvrc/s1600/Palm+Court+postcard.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="893" data-original-width="1313" height="434" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivutkecINZtwklYJjPXZGXaLCc7-gNAz8xgXlN8vz9BvSP6IJFkrcW-fiYqIBUL9JoZ0GFhHQxZLT-qcg63Qj9sG8kr-54hKGEIHKFuUyMZwfEPshKBz52dDOKrlxzv8BbAEWiomBPvrc/s640/Palm+Court+postcard.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">The Jefferson<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span></span><span style="font-size: small;">s Pompeian-style Palm Court with
the central statue of Jefferson. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhD5mvjVtJErwhhXVMZyiOBkcHkI_Uk8iVsqZD9YDLdyjVrGF-Nta4IpYDI4P_2ejqDZ7RX7ktkaJeaPfTOj8Xvjk1Rrx6y0JHoIWzZDPs9DcSud9-rXPXRcTkHYCL7labrbRo5KKgotZA/s1600/Jefferson+Rotunda.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="639" data-original-width="915" height="446" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhD5mvjVtJErwhhXVMZyiOBkcHkI_Uk8iVsqZD9YDLdyjVrGF-Nta4IpYDI4P_2ejqDZ7RX7ktkaJeaPfTOj8Xvjk1Rrx6y0JHoIWzZDPs9DcSud9-rXPXRcTkHYCL7labrbRo5KKgotZA/s640/Jefferson+Rotunda.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">Jefferson Hotel </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">Rotunda</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">”</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">before the fire of
1901 that destroyed the south end of the hotel [Cook Collection, Valentine
Museum].</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">The
most direct inspiration for the Franklin Street front would seem to have been
the Casino at Monte Carlo by Charles Garnier (1878-79). Visitors entering on
the Franklin Street front found themselves in a central foyer, called the
Marble Hall, detailed in the Doric order. A central archway opposite the entry
gave a glimpse of the glazed </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">“</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Palm Court</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">”</span><span style="mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">beyond,
detailed like a Pompeian peristyle court. A grand staircase led down to a
two-story glazed court known as the "Rotunda" or "Office
Rotunda" on the lower level which gave access to amenities intended for
the hotel</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">’</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">s male visitors and city
residents,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>such as a bar room, grill,
billiard room, and barber shop. Remarkably, Car</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">è</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">rre
and Hastings</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">’</span><span style="mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Rotunda recalled the sculpture court of 1820-39 at the </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">É</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">cole
des Beaux-Arts in Paris, as roofed with glass in 1867 [see our commentary on
the Ecole here].<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The architects even
imitated and elaborated the slender iron colonnettes that were added to support
the gabled glass roof at the </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">É</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">cole.</span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitiFA7q73lUH7yG82tNoecnHBlsojcPhaGjxGesaN3G12LfThn-6Q2IRWs6X1CtPuyL1HAXUVDppCeWkGYYATWN_1DbHK-eNfdptAefYIN4mDvr1kZ6xl8CajnmUy9dRSeBA9eNOzEh2E/s1600/TF-1914-Le-Casino-de-Monte-Carlo-569x360.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="360" data-original-width="569" height="202" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitiFA7q73lUH7yG82tNoecnHBlsojcPhaGjxGesaN3G12LfThn-6Q2IRWs6X1CtPuyL1HAXUVDppCeWkGYYATWN_1DbHK-eNfdptAefYIN4mDvr1kZ6xl8CajnmUy9dRSeBA9eNOzEh2E/s320/TF-1914-Le-Casino-de-Monte-Carlo-569x360.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Casino de Monte Carlo, Concert Hall, Charles Garnier, 1879</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<o:p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7VCzpOP7haoMbySWKEDUyn2_4ZDs9oTfMwYd4Dl0zIi1we2W4SWIzsGgyvST7KPS3fEqJ0hwYSgp9alsrc2qdpwIVkldyTpvA7Vu4EMKv_Q6MRbGiKFSqkGjFsjMHQZ0SUiUpNf5S77U/s1600/Jefferson+postcard.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="359" data-original-width="542" height="422" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7VCzpOP7haoMbySWKEDUyn2_4ZDs9oTfMwYd4Dl0zIi1we2W4SWIzsGgyvST7KPS3fEqJ0hwYSgp9alsrc2qdpwIVkldyTpvA7Vu4EMKv_Q6MRbGiKFSqkGjFsjMHQZ0SUiUpNf5S77U/s640/Jefferson+postcard.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Jefferson Hotel</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</o:p><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"></span> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">The
young firm of Carr</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">è</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">re and Hastings evoked the full depth
of French academic classicism at this important project in the opening phase of
the American Renaissance. The complexity and originality of the design grew out
of the Jefferson's relatively small scale, generous capitalization, expansive
functional program, and the personal direction of its developer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Few commercial enterprises then or later have
embodied such an ambitious effort at using art and architecture to fill a
social and civic role.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"></span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Additional hotels were built in the years following, including Murphy's Hotel, the Hotel Richmond, the William Byrd Hotel, but none equaled the Jefferson, which, in spite of a disastrous fire in 1901, still operates in a substantial part of the original structure. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br /></div>
<br />Gibson Worshamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17914252671575229780noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-284912172590016102.post-34945683905030521652018-04-04T15:39:00.001-04:002018-05-08T16:29:56.466-04:00TAVERNS OF RICHMOND<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJcSx9SxW6KHzmkuDO1VeOxPjeKr26qiERo1OWcRuBhGZq7fq38TU3ACZpm0Iz4iW7g0FAs0Jicv88yC6v0Y9zjfZ_7gkPzoVMQaRoAI7jIeBTVE4x5jLghW0LKKk4uqwwsxeQVx_5IZM/s1600/SKMBT_C25309120500421.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="570" data-original-width="1068" height="170" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJcSx9SxW6KHzmkuDO1VeOxPjeKr26qiERo1OWcRuBhGZq7fq38TU3ACZpm0Iz4iW7g0FAs0Jicv88yC6v0Y9zjfZ_7gkPzoVMQaRoAI7jIeBTVE4x5jLghW0LKKk4uqwwsxeQVx_5IZM/s320/SKMBT_C25309120500421.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">An artist<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">s reconstruction of the Swan
Tavern in its late </span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">e</span><span style="font-size: x-small;">ighteenth-century heyday.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<em><span style="font-size: large;">The demand on the part of travelers and visitors for food
and overnight lodging has usually been met by the provision of rooms (or beds)
rented by the night in buildings provided by private enterprise, unless capital
for that purpose exceeded local resources. In that case, institutions or landowners
would provide guest lodging.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Over time,
the building types that served travelers changed in response to changing levels
of prosperity and demand.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The American
luxury hotel, typified by Richmond<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s Jefferson Hotel of 1895, had its
origins in the early nineteenth-century taverns and hotels financed by
merchants and developers to ease travel, promote business interests, and answer
civic and social needs.<o:p></o:p></span></em></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoBodyText3" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<em><span style="font-size: large;">Taverns, ordinaries, and hotels served Richmond<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s
visitors and residents as places of residence and resort. Virginia<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s
public social life, often associated with consumption of spirits, was largely
led in taverns and drinking establishments operated in specialized buildings or
in rooms licensed for the purpose in dwellings.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Upper floors were divided up into sleeping rooms. Licensing of such
multiple accommodations and the sale of alcohol ensured their reliability and
profitability, while providing income for the city in the form of fees and
taxes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Such accommodations were little
more than dormitories or small rooms arranged along corridors. Taverns and,
later, hotels and motels, tended to be built at transportation nodes or near
places where visitors gathered or disembarked from wagons, trains, or
automobiles.<o:p></o:p></span></em></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<em><span style="font-size: large;">In the earliest days, the taverns<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span><span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">
</span>entertaining rooms, although privately owned and managed, were often the
only available venue for public meetings and official transactions. Over time,
the accommodations ranged from small and inexpensive to what amounted to a kind
of civic institution. The grander hostelries were provided with architectural
form and ornament and were the sites of important civic banquets and social
events. Whether modest or grand, taverns and hotels express the social and
aesthetic yearnings of cities for a kind of public palace, a civic building
available to all who can afford to pay for what it provides. <o:p></o:p></span></em></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<em><span style="font-size: large;">Richmond<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s urban form allows for few
axially placed buildings.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Churches and
commercial structures occupied conventional lots in the overall grid plan. As
might be expected, only official buildings like the Henrico Courthouse and the
Capitol, and to a lesser extent, City Hall and the Custom House, are located in
axial positions at the urban scale. Institutional buildings like churches and
schools are generally freestanding, while hotels and taverns, like other
commercial buildings, are placed in line with adjoining structures at the edge
of the street.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></em></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Accommodations for visitors, licensed sales of liquor, and
settings for social conviviality were supplied throughout the colony and state
in private establishments known variously as ordinaries, taverns, and houses of
public entertainment. These businesses, often known as ordinaries during the
earlier part of the eighteenth century, were located near seats of government
and catered to the need of rural Virginians to spend one or more nights in town
during court sessions or when conducting business. The term <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">“</span>tavern<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">”</span><span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">
</span>supplanted <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">“</span>ordinary<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">”</span><span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">
</span>for the better sort of facility at the middle of the eighteenth century.
As transportation routes improved, taverns were spaced along post roads and
turnpikes to provide for travelers and to supply changes of horses for
stagecoaches. The term <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">“</span>hotel<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">”</span><span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">
</span>came into being at the end of the eighteenth century to distinguish the
best accommodations in urban areas. <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">“</span>Inn<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">”</span> and <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">“</span>public
house<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">”</span> were rarely used terms in colonial Virginia [Lounsbury,
<i>Courthouses</i>, 265].<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;">While many taverns were housed in the dwelling of the
proprietors, others were purpose-built. All, however, partook of a domestic
character and also served as the home of their operators.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In spite of their private status and often
modest scale, taverns and later, hotels, provided, other than the parish
church, the closest approximation of a public building that most developing
Virginia towns could muster. For instance, meetings of Petersburg<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s
court and common hall were held in a tavern for the first years, until a
courthouse could be constructed. Taverns and coffeehouses were the primary
gathering places, accessible to all who could afford to pay, where the work of
political compromise, commercial trade, civic celebration, and business dealing
was carried on. They were used throughout the nineteenth century for meetings
of a private and semi-private character. Hotels took over this function on a
grander scale, and provided rooms for traveling salesmen, private parties, and
the offices of commission merchants, including even slave traders, all within
an architecturally articulated setting that emulated the appearance of the
public buildings. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;">In Richmond, according to Samuel Mordecai, the earliest tavern (probably mid-18<sup>th</sup> century) was the <b>Bird-in-Hand</b>, located on Main Street at the foot of Church Hill. It was operated by <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">“</span>old Burgess and his wife, round and rosy.<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">”</span><span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";"> </span>The early town saw a succession of taverns, the older taverns growing old-fashioned and being replaced by larger and more comfortable facilities as new owners and investors saw an opportunity. Mordecai joked that <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">“</span>taverns like rogues change their names when they lose their characters.<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">”</span><span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";"> </span></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUmPaoHAUgEHRYy4MAYY_XUPPQkwz95FabRQc6ce8fBxipRZhURhUKu8aPcxf_YhPQR8V7S_ZYJowgVsdlDcLFG9CC-9ExKdFDpVG-zXsg5UiD387tT9_VTZtt8bYGFnwHUMViNk8DLhc/s1600/City+Tavern+from+Lossing.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="476" data-original-width="594" height="512" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUmPaoHAUgEHRYy4MAYY_XUPPQkwz95FabRQc6ce8fBxipRZhURhUKu8aPcxf_YhPQR8V7S_ZYJowgVsdlDcLFG9CC-9ExKdFDpVG-zXsg5UiD387tT9_VTZtt8bYGFnwHUMViNk8DLhc/s640/City+Tavern+from+Lossing.gif" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">The City Tavern, originally one of the city</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">s best accommodations, burned in 1858 [Benson J. Lossing, <i>Pictorial Field-Book of the Revolution</i>, 1855]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";"></span><o:p></o:p></span> </div>
<span style="font-size: large;">The <b>Bird-in-Hand</b> was joined by the <b>City Tavern</b>, also known as<b> Galt</b><b><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s Tavern,</b> housed in a frame building on the northwest corner of Main and 19th streets. This popular tavern was kept by Gabriel Galt in 1780. Like most city taverns, this building had a prominent porch along the front from which residents could take in the street life. The porch doesn<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>t show up in the view below, made years after the hotel had ceased to operate. It does show arch-headed doors and windows and a dentil cornice, marks of an important building in the mid-eighteenth century. The building also appears to have been expanded from a conventional dwelling form to accommodate more guests. Nearby was <b>Coulby</b><b><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s Tavern</b>, later known as <b>Tankard</b><b><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s Ordinary</b>, in the block east of the Henrico County Courthouse [Ward and Greer]. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Most inns built after 1800 were constructed of brick and they almost all had a wide front porch. The <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">“</span>portico<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">”</span><span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";"> </span>of the Globe Tavern was judged by the city Common Hall to impinge on the street and was ordered taken down in 1817 as part of a general regularizing of the street [Records of the Common Hall, 20 Oct. 1817].<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;">According to historian Benson. J. Lossing, who visited in the late 1840s, the <b>City Tavern</b> served as a headquarters in the brief captivity of the city in January 1781 by British forces under the command of Benedict Arnold. <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">“</span>Arnold and Simcoe made their quarters at the Old City Tavern, yet standing on Main Street, but partially in ruins, when I visited Richmond<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">”</span><span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";"> </span>[Lossing, <i>Pictorial Field Book of the Revolution</i>, Vol. II, Chap. IX].</span> </div>
<span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";"></span><o:p></o:p><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8C3OFek3XsnjbzK2B-_FcOTGzVSbDODptRXhLnVJdgZHNvB8k265gImuXe5UC8dhvCGK2x01Bh8gf923N-BAk9Y6YLGwYIDPyl7v0Q2SCNgzimVVmy0Q6stUYrJLNUoVzWIWCF-13u8U/s1600/Bell+Tavern+Va+Mutual.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1588" data-original-width="1600" height="634" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8C3OFek3XsnjbzK2B-_FcOTGzVSbDODptRXhLnVJdgZHNvB8k265gImuXe5UC8dhvCGK2x01Bh8gf923N-BAk9Y6YLGwYIDPyl7v0Q2SCNgzimVVmy0Q6stUYrJLNUoVzWIWCF-13u8U/s640/Bell+Tavern+Va+Mutual.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">The site of the Falling Gardens and the Bell Tavern, shown
in the lower left corner [Virginia Mutual policy, 1809].<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;">As the town grew, taverns were built in a section of Main
Street west of the Shockoe Creek Bridge, convenient to the old, county town and
the newer capital city growing on the hill above. <b>Bowler</b><b><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s
Tavern</b>, housed in a one-story frame structure, was hosted by an
old-fashioned tavern-keeper known for his short britches, cocked hat, and red
wig. To the rear of his business and home, the Major Bowler cultivated the <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">“</span>Falling
Gardens,<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">”</span><span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";"> </span>a landscaped pleasure ground for
public use in good weather. It occupied a hillside between the tavern and
Shockoe Creek at the western end of the Market Bridge. It was succeeded on the
same site by a succession of popular hostelries: first the <b>Bell Tavern</b>
and much later the <b>City Hotel</b>, renamed the <b>St. Charles Hotel</b>
[Mordecai]. Lafayette and Washington were entertained at the Bell Tavern in
1784.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;">This land on which the Bell Tavern and Falling Gardens were
located had been part of a tract leased from William Byrd and known as
Younghusband<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s tenement. Thomas Jefferson had enjoyed drinking at
Mrs. Younghusband<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s Tavern in 1775, during the
Virginia Convention at the Hernico Parish Church [Jon Meacham, Thomas
Jefferson: The Art of Power, 2012, 80]. It seems likely that this is the same
tavern later known as Bowler<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s and the Bell. Another tavern, <b>The
Rising Sun</b>, took advantage of the traffic on Main at Fourteenth Street near
the Old Capitol.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;">There were seven taverns in the city in 1782 [1782 Census
Report].<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They are listed here by ward: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span></div>
<div align="left" class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><strong>-First Ward</strong> (west of Tenth Street)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span></div>
<ul>
<li><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Will
Johnson, age 60, Inn Holder, (also Jona Gordon, 17, barkeep). Location unknown.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><strong>-Second Ward</strong> (east of 22nd Street). One of these two taverns
was the <b>Bird-in-Hand</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span></div>
<ul>
<li><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;">John
Roper,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>35, Ordinary Keeper</span></div>
</li>
<li><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Stephen
Tankard, Ordinary Keeper<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><strong>-Third Ward</strong> (east of Shockoe Creek as far as 22nd Street)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span></div>
<ul>
<li><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Gabriel
Galt, 33, tavern keeper, (also Richard Bowler, 21, barkeep and John Mantonia, <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>40, gardner). This is the <b>City Tavern</b>.</span></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><strong>-Fourth Ward</strong> (west of Shockoe Creek as far as Tenth Street).
One of these is likely the forerunner <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>to <b>Bowler</b><b><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s
Tavern</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span></div>
<ul>
<li><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Lerafino
Formicola, 39, Tavern Keeper</span></div>
</li>
<li><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Richard
Hogg, Tavern Keeper</span></div>
</li>
<li><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Samuel
Jones, 37, Boarding House<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;">In a day when there were few public buildings for entertainment, taverns played an important role in the civic events. The Washington birthday parade in 1788 closed with a dinner
at <b>Mann</b><b><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s Tavern</b> and a ball at the <b>Union
Tavern.</b> The <b>Eagle Tavern</b> was for many years after the Revolution the
city<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s most important hostelry. It was located on the south
side of Main between 12<sup>th</sup> and 13<sup>th</sup> streets. It housed a
ballroom that was the site of dinners, seasonal race balls, and other important
social events. Washington was entertained at the Eagle in 1791 and Winfield
Scott in 1817. Lafayette<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s visit in 1825 was celebrated at
the Eagle [Christian].<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidPHqfG3vNnX0lpnJprKMemr1VpiMddQkBKq0GNu-uD0pmNSQE7Z9aUjnl7ZVKHj9gCDjoix4idO9XkRuMpyldCZHsJEOjyTFDYrCtjFdBcP0ib1wyxOjoYivoBl0htn9kgdhK6h18nAU/s1600/Globe+Tavern+1809.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1532" data-original-width="1600" height="612" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidPHqfG3vNnX0lpnJprKMemr1VpiMddQkBKq0GNu-uD0pmNSQE7Z9aUjnl7ZVKHj9gCDjoix4idO9XkRuMpyldCZHsJEOjyTFDYrCtjFdBcP0ib1wyxOjoYivoBl0htn9kgdhK6h18nAU/s640/Globe+Tavern+1809.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">The two-story Globe Hotel (formerly Mrs. Gilbert<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">s
Coffee House) is shown here in an 1809 Virginia Mutual policy. </span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">It was equipped
with porches across the front and rear.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<o:p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> <strong><span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Mrs. Gilbert</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">’</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">s Coffee House</span></strong><span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> occupied a large wooden
building farther to the west on Main (opposite the Exchange Bank) in the 1790s.
It was a very popular gathering place, later known as the <b>Globe Tavern.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lynch</b></span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">’</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">s Coffee House</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> served as a kind of exchange, located two doors
below, beginning about 1810. It was a place where politicians and traders
gathered and where stock auctions were held. The <b>Virginia Inn</b> was placed
on Governor Street midway along the climb up Shockoe Hill from Main to Broad
Street. Major Davis</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">’</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">s Tavern was positioned to be convenient to Byrd</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">’</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">s Tobacco Warehouse. <b>Goodall</b></span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">’</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">s Tavern</span></b></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">or <b>The Indian Queen</b>, operated by Col.
Parice Goodall, was located on the west side of Capitol Square on the north
side of Grace Street [Mordecai 85].</span></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span></span></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<o:p><span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></o:p> </div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqfIk9CaOAugoyCfm1PJu07ZlAsRuLoGSiYqjFBv1803k3bbWMcgQUVaIXoSyXV9aFsZCGqFWVszP3abG5E8JR5o9Sz-w7n90Wz_1n9BsL5YP4PJ2i5-8n7AbzFsWN6UgvNK-sSuD6-nk/s1600/Youngs+Map.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="389" data-original-width="947" height="262" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqfIk9CaOAugoyCfm1PJu07ZlAsRuLoGSiYqjFBv1803k3bbWMcgQUVaIXoSyXV9aFsZCGqFWVszP3abG5E8JR5o9Sz-w7n90Wz_1n9BsL5YP4PJ2i5-8n7AbzFsWN6UgvNK-sSuD6-nk/s640/Youngs+Map.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">This detail from Richard
Young</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">s c 1809 map of Richmond shows the Henrico County
Courthouse (B), the old City Tavern (E), the Market House (H), the Bell Tavern
(K), the Rising Sun Tavern (L), the Eagle Tavern (R). and the Union Tavern (Y,
seen just to the left of the Eagle).</span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<o:p><span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></o:p>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;">In 1809, Young<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s Map shows the most important
taverns and hotels in operation at that time. There were seven. Five were found
in the lower part of town: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br /></div>
<ul><span style="font-size: large;">
</span>
<li><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;">The old <b>City
Tavern</b> (E), on the north side of Main Street,two squares east of Shockoe Creek
</span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span></li>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span>
<li><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;">The <b>Rising
Sun Tavern</b> (L), on Main Street west of the creek </span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span></li>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span>
<li><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;">The <b>Bell
Tavern</b> (K), also on Main Street west of the creek</span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span></li>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span>
<li><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;">The <b>Eagle</b>
<b>Tavern</b> (R), west of the creek</span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span></li>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span>
<li><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;">The <b>Union Tavern</b> (Y), which
had opened more recently on the south side of Main Street between 11<sup>th</sup>
and 12<sup>th</sup> streets. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span></li>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span></ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Accommodations were needed in the immediate area of the
Capitol as well and the last two on the list stood on Shockoe Hill: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br /></div>
<ul><span style="font-size: large;">
</span>
<li><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;">The <b>Swan
Tavern,</b> on the north side of Broad Street</span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span></li>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span>
<li><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;">The <b>Washington
Tavern, </b>located on the corner of Ninth and Grace streets at the gate to the
Capitol Square.</span></div>
</li>
</ul>
<o:p></o:p><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOEQUTyV9U7u-qA1jYebBLst9uimF_pRU-Egv0pDP7w3MXhwxYD4T3KiEiy0LSu0T_y2QxPOW0Es2A4JzvVb9uXbtMtxhKidaek1CkiU_REwxooq4rwMWniUQMhApH93hnweLgJsFijgM/s1600/Swan+Tavern+Daily+Planet.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="270" data-original-width="360" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOEQUTyV9U7u-qA1jYebBLst9uimF_pRU-Egv0pDP7w3MXhwxYD4T3KiEiy0LSu0T_y2QxPOW0Es2A4JzvVb9uXbtMtxhKidaek1CkiU_REwxooq4rwMWniUQMhApH93hnweLgJsFijgM/s640/Swan+Tavern+Daily+Planet.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">The Swan Tavern in later
years. It is said to have been built in 1771, was later known as the Broad
Street Hotel and continued to operate during the Civil War years. </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;">The Swan was considered <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">“</span>the tavern of
highest repute for good fare, good wine, and good company,<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">”</span><span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">
</span>patronized by the lawyers and judges of Shockoe Hill [Mordecai]. Thomas
Jefferson stayed at the Swan Tavern in 1809 [Christian]. Nearby,, stood the <b>Washington
Tavern</b>, formerly the <b>Indian Queen</b>, later as the <b>Central Hotel</b>,
and after the Civil War as the<b> St. Clair Hotel </b>stood nearby on Grace
Street.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The <b>Indian Queen</b> was
opened by Parke Goodall in 1797 [Scott 1950, 97]. This site, directly across
from St. Paul<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s Church, was continuously occupied by a tavern or hotel
for nearly a hundred and fifty years. Its successor, designed by John Kevan
Peebles, was the nine-story <b>Hotel Richmond</b>. This fine brick hotel,
opened in 1904, is now a state office building.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;">The<b> Indian Queen/Washington Tavern</b>, which served as a
temporary home for many legislators during meetings of the General Assembly,
occupied a large brick building that underwent numerous changes as its owners
sought to keep up with demand and guest expectations. In 1809 it was a three-story
structure, 40 feet square in plan, with a tile roof and long, one-story,
covered porches raised above the sidewalks on both the east and south
fronts.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A brick wing to the north side
contained a barroom conveniently placed along Ninth Street. A three-story
addition to the west linked the tavern to a former private house that was also
incorporated into the complex [Virginia Mutual Policy, 1809].</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgV4TKK9fEHqnxgV-DvsIpzWYATKTIi61opRLjQ9ErgmNlMTjWN86x2H6-jB-xcxce72hCKtCk0qIapMfy3_7N2gXNJY5v4StQC_nP-PsH3x0RWIjSz6_Sond7uSHAHLszBCJGJiDLkBlQ/s1600/961+Washington+Tavern+1809+reduced.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1083" data-original-width="1600" height="432" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgV4TKK9fEHqnxgV-DvsIpzWYATKTIi61opRLjQ9ErgmNlMTjWN86x2H6-jB-xcxce72hCKtCk0qIapMfy3_7N2gXNJY5v4StQC_nP-PsH3x0RWIjSz6_Sond7uSHAHLszBCJGJiDLkBlQ/s640/961+Washington+Tavern+1809+reduced.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">The three-story Washington Tavern is shown here in a
Virginia Mutual policy of 1809, with its wrap-around porch and barroom. A
kitchen and large brick stable were nearby [north is to the bottom].<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<o:p><span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgI6cAqm3eQy2Wl-5uX7anxjyEj1kBZntcmztPNj7kUxaGZd6Z-sKrjg5iUTUF2ERkVTUunXIn4H4ORNCEmTJUTT2__Kr2sSg_cZA5tptoZUXuMCEKz7pMd0Yohxv3W83aI6fKJAonGic/s1600/powhatan+house.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="945" data-original-width="1487" height="406" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgI6cAqm3eQy2Wl-5uX7anxjyEj1kBZntcmztPNj7kUxaGZd6Z-sKrjg5iUTUF2ERkVTUunXIn4H4ORNCEmTJUTT2__Kr2sSg_cZA5tptoZUXuMCEKz7pMd0Yohxv3W83aI6fKJAonGic/s640/powhatan+house.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">The Washington Tavern at Ninth and Grace was later
incorporated into the St. Clair Hotel, seen here in the later nineteenth
century.<o:p></o:p></span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7FfqriOx21VNMh0arVBuuPca8Epnx_-i1CIF-jEShhaPWoEnamZyskhGxEswTIztfYLvhtYLnh8shZ5kGZndWVCSt0VfjzqzN1ZQtyj1zj4ITmrQR03T2xSPabSHF8UTE99SYPipGAYE/s1600/Goddin%2527s+Tavern+by+Lancaster.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="318" data-original-width="500" height="406" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7FfqriOx21VNMh0arVBuuPca8Epnx_-i1CIF-jEShhaPWoEnamZyskhGxEswTIztfYLvhtYLnh8shZ5kGZndWVCSt0VfjzqzN1ZQtyj1zj4ITmrQR03T2xSPabSHF8UTE99SYPipGAYE/s640/Goddin%2527s+Tavern+by+Lancaster.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Goddin's Tavern, Brook Turnpike at Bacon's Quarter Branch. What appears to have formerly been a central arch has been filled in.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: large;">Taverns were also needed at the nodes where traffic from the
areas around Richmond collected- on Broad Street where wagons from the Salt
Works, the Lead Mines, and the produce of western counties entered the city
preparatory to descending the hill to trade in the town. <b>Richard</b><b><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s
Tavern</b> was a frame structure on Board Street west of Sixth Street
[Mordecai]. Baker's or <b>Goddin</b><b><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s Tavern</b> stood just outside
town at Bacon<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s Quarter Branch, where stock drivers could rest before
entering the city with their herds. It also served as a popular place of resort
and official entertainment. The tavern was opened by Martin Baker in the late 18th century and operated in later years by Capt. John Goddin. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Photographs show that the original building was a long brick structure that paralleled the turnpike and was fronted by a two-story porch. This appears to have been penetrated at the center by an archway that led to a yard at the rear that contained a famous spring of cold water. When two-story brick sections were added at each end, they defined an inset courtyard in the front. The shutters on the upper porch in the well-known historic photograph were added by the nuns who operated it as the Hospital of St. Francis de Sales in the 1860s. <span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">In the Antebellum period, the city's taverns continued to operate at a variety of scales in cities across the nation, but a new building type joined them- the Hotel, which was more architecturally ambitious and luxurious in its fittings than the traditional tavern or inn. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><em>Hotels of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries are covered in <a href="https://urbanscalerichmondvirginia.blogspot.com/2018/05/hotels-of-richmond.html">Part Two</a> of this series on the taverns and hotels of Richmond..</em></span><br />
</o:p> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<o:p></o:p><br />Gibson Worshamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17914252671575229780noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-284912172590016102.post-44397968275930455862017-10-06T16:05:00.000-04:002018-02-10T20:51:37.301-05:00Richmond's Mason's Hall<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpp_o4PUD-46-UEHhHOOwPTI_Ck4MfCF2vLWayCNjS35iIM2IpUz64Pyx_q9emcKMQfs22I7Ue7szxw0jn9lP4g6LBlybXn9_HE94gqsz9BEd7gnGNGJQAuIs6QUuIhBF83K9jw2Q1sUk/s1600/RR19_History_Published_1927+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="424" height="301" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpp_o4PUD-46-UEHhHOOwPTI_Ck4MfCF2vLWayCNjS35iIM2IpUz64Pyx_q9emcKMQfs22I7Ue7szxw0jn9lP4g6LBlybXn9_HE94gqsz9BEd7gnGNGJQAuIs6QUuIhBF83K9jw2Q1sUk/s320/RR19_History_Published_1927+1.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">From <em>The History of Mason's Hall</em>, 1887</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="font-size: large;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“The Masonic Hall
deserves to be mentioned among the “ancient and honorable” edifices, though of
comparatively of modern date. Its proportions are creditable to the architect,
as its good preservation is to the brethren.”</i> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Samuel
Mordecai, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Richmond in Bygone Days</i>,
1856, 35<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="font-size: large;">Richmond's Masonic Hall can be seen as the town's first assembly hall. Although built by a private organization with a membership that tracked closely with the city's business and political leadership, the hall, as the building changed over time, provided the city with a place for staging plays and shows and holding meetings. The masonic ritual was kept separate from the public use, mostly by restricting the public use to the ground floor. Masonic Hall, in spite of its complex early building history and later alterations, clearly joins Philadelphia's Carpenter's Hall and New York's Federal Hall as an exemplar of the eighteenth-century tradition of the urban hall. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large;"><em>What is a "hall"?</em></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="font-size: large;">The traditional architectural descriptor of a “hall” in the eighteenth century United States <span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">can refer to a private or government-owned
civic building characterized by a single large room which is used for purposes
of assembly. Sub-categories include town or city halls, market halls, assembly
halls, and craft halls. Descended from the great hall of the Middle Ages, and
adapted as a courtroom, meeting room, or council chamber, these buildings,
funded by public or private civic bodies, served multiple purposes in
eighteenth- and nineteenth-century</span> American cities. Examples of
privately funded civic halls include Carpenters’ Hall (1775) and Philosophical
Hall (1789) in Philadelphia, Masons’ Hall (c 1775) in Williamsburg, the Custom
House or Exchange (1771) in Charleston, and Hamilton Hall, a two-story brick
assembly room in Salem Massachusetts, (1805).</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiJQ3RSEM5O17-t8SwDEbuBnXYv4atMMPRvIvjAYZDZGECZOzCkAHill7jBjgMmKmPFO6X6taqdrZqeihFNqgIh-QLAB1cLGTGSPsiqzI1Knrm70yWvsqMQEMIiU7uX8Zvf62NvrNe80s/s1600/Carpenter%2527s_Hall%252C_Phil_%2528NYPL_NYPG94-F149-419968%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="411" data-original-width="204" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiJQ3RSEM5O17-t8SwDEbuBnXYv4atMMPRvIvjAYZDZGECZOzCkAHill7jBjgMmKmPFO6X6taqdrZqeihFNqgIh-QLAB1cLGTGSPsiqzI1Knrm70yWvsqMQEMIiU7uX8Zvf62NvrNe80s/s640/Carpenter%2527s_Hall%252C_Phil_%2528NYPL_NYPG94-F149-419968%2529.jpg" width="315" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Carpenters' Hall, Philadelphia, 1774</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br /></div>
<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPRFXhroHgEKIqmIZ06Nu9byaR5bF_BViO-cbYLbBipVsdg797sGPcnKhwc_RkZoCVbf5H_kcX2MtDw2m2G5n75Hnye0Kz4MZdWnplc2ufc-HWxvg09hb7UxKSk-sgFZREWdws0R5i35o/s1600/Old+City+Hall+Philadelphia.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="202" data-original-width="249" height="519" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPRFXhroHgEKIqmIZ06Nu9byaR5bF_BViO-cbYLbBipVsdg797sGPcnKhwc_RkZoCVbf5H_kcX2MtDw2m2G5n75Hnye0Kz4MZdWnplc2ufc-HWxvg09hb7UxKSk-sgFZREWdws0R5i35o/s640/Old+City+Hall+Philadelphia.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Old City Hall, Philadelphia, 1791.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></span> </div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhik2E0gN7_yy4hMK6DRCWe84CcbazkgV9o2srlHUdRzJtHY_tfe2eEbw7EPxZ4RayiJQNnvbFrrHKbU5KzYjcGV4-i5d8O6vbSW2xfv3tZkXHuZRoRGU0etdkOyl0KXn5TXZbvFjH5a1Q/s1600/Federal_Hall%252C_%2528City+Hall%2529+New+York%252C+1788.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1016" data-original-width="725" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhik2E0gN7_yy4hMK6DRCWe84CcbazkgV9o2srlHUdRzJtHY_tfe2eEbw7EPxZ4RayiJQNnvbFrrHKbU5KzYjcGV4-i5d8O6vbSW2xfv3tZkXHuZRoRGU0etdkOyl0KXn5TXZbvFjH5a1Q/s640/Federal_Hall%252C_%2528City+Hall%2529+New+York%252C+1788.jpg" width="456" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Federal Hall, New York, New York, 1788 </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGAgvHP-n04akk28CUma2nvqkd0z1aO8P7O1MIHLsfssaQ1n7QMVM6FWcfMDiiYjcVtxQ9dMfTuBZURcObk7MKNIZMq9vDzL8aB7pIk7_YO6Z2OVrpsqu2c3H8YdGGPKXe2aA1-52fJqw/s1600/Charleston+Co+CH.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="185" data-original-width="272" height="435" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGAgvHP-n04akk28CUma2nvqkd0z1aO8P7O1MIHLsfssaQ1n7QMVM6FWcfMDiiYjcVtxQ9dMfTuBZURcObk7MKNIZMq9vDzL8aB7pIk7_YO6Z2OVrpsqu2c3H8YdGGPKXe2aA1-52fJqw/s640/Charleston+Co+CH.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Charleston County Courthouse (1790-92)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></span> </div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBBfBr2q_f7FIJkkNvUc5MGyTBhOfTQkekJfhLKyDgL0P5iMwhEfCN4o-Hc1nKB3J26kHaUe6TMwaldmePC7en60S5gxoPOMlBe9iACWa9aDCyafKzMpckuhFiEFKKTHopgLr5CkhTvOY/s1600/Ripon+Town+Hall%252C+1799.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="279" data-original-width="288" height="620" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBBfBr2q_f7FIJkkNvUc5MGyTBhOfTQkekJfhLKyDgL0P5iMwhEfCN4o-Hc1nKB3J26kHaUe6TMwaldmePC7en60S5gxoPOMlBe9iACWa9aDCyafKzMpckuhFiEFKKTHopgLr5CkhTvOY/s640/Ripon+Town+Hall%252C+1799.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ripon Town Hall, Yorkshire, England, 1799.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="font-size: large;">Carpenter’s Hall, an elaborate two-story brick building
completed for the primary use of a craft guild in 1775, contained a large room
that doubled as an important meeting place during the formative years of the
government of the United States. It was chosen to house the First Continental Congress. Halls
were usually built for a specific purpose, but in order to fund their
construction and maintenance, the owner often made them available for rental. It is also likely that the need for places to accommodate
gatherings of citizens, whether political, religious, benevolent, or social in
purpose, actually encouraged organizations, like the Masons, which included
many community leaders, to erect a hall. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="font-size: large;">In cases where the economic success of the community
permitted, the hall was a built as a masonry building, signifying permanence and stability. The leaders of Richmond’s
Masonic lodge, who were in many cases also the members of city commissions and
the governing council, are thought to have intended a brick building, but were
forced by circumstances to alter their designs to erect a frame structure clad in weatherboard. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="font-size: large;">In many
cases the halls proclaimed their civic role by inclusion of a central
pedimented pavilion crowned by a carefully proportioned bell-tower, that spoke
(rather literally) of the regulatory oversight of the civic authorities.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> This was the case at the Masonic Hall. <span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Throughout the 1790s, there
was no other building in Richmond with an appropriate tower from which a bell could be sounded to signal
important events or emergencies.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "georgia" , serif; line-height: 107%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">In 1793, the Governor loaned
a bell belonging to the Capitol to be hung in the cupola of
the Masonic Hall for the public purpose of calling alarms and signaling the opening and closing of
the market.</span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">Masons’ Hall, completed in 1787, must have been an impressive structure that dominated the nearby Market Square during the last years of the eighteenth century. <span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large;">According to one source, Masons’ Hall was “the most popular place in the city.” </span>In Richmond during the 1780s, and until the brick Market Hall was completed in 1794, there was no place for public and private gatherings other than the church, the courthouse, and the temporary statehouse. According to one history, t<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large;">he
large room on the ground floor was in frequent use as a place of amusement, for
public and political meetings, and for religious worship. The delegates from Virginia to the Constitutional Convention are said to have met in Masons’ Hall before travelling to Philadelphia in 1787. "Here the Hustings Court of the city was held when the General Court was sitting in the courthouse, and John Marshall as recorder was having his first judicial experience" [Historical Sketch]. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large;"></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large;"></span></span></span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large;"><em>"Three times a week “Monsieur
Capers” instructed the ‘youth of both sexes in the most approved court dances,
and the latest and most popular figures and steps;’ here the citizens assembled
to instruct their delegates to the convention on the absorbing topic of the
adoption of rejection of the Federal Constitution; here grand balls were given on
the 4<sup>th</sup> of July and also on ‘the 22<sup>nd</sup> of February, the
anniversary of the birth of the illustrious General George Washington, whose
exertions, under the smile of heaven, have been productive of freedom,
happiness, and glory to a grateful people;’ here the Hustings Court of the
city<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>was held when the General Court was
sitting in the courthouse, and John Marshall, as recorder, was having his first
judicial experience; and here, on Sunday afternoon, ‘dissenting ministers’
proclaimed the new era of religious freedom, and preached the gospel of Christ“
[“Ancient Lodge Celebrates Anniversary in Old Hall.” Richmond Times-Dispatch, 30 October, 1906, 3].</em> </span></span></span></blockquote>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large;"></span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-dle3Wb218UjpleYi4XJ1YildhqvVK3VY-RyOsyQpK6YGEyyzxcF2t4h5FnK3Xa7zGFv2WLjImM0kPnLY-DzmbSG2-3AL1MpfDt3Brx2fkADcdC3UuMjJJxUqe-TAqvIffh1RnBll0Wk/s1600/Williamsburg+Masonic+Hall.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="564" data-original-width="612" height="588" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-dle3Wb218UjpleYi4XJ1YildhqvVK3VY-RyOsyQpK6YGEyyzxcF2t4h5FnK3Xa7zGFv2WLjImM0kPnLY-DzmbSG2-3AL1MpfDt3Brx2fkADcdC3UuMjJJxUqe-TAqvIffh1RnBll0Wk/s640/Williamsburg+Masonic+Hall.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Williamsburg Masonic Lodge, (c 1775) photographed in the early 20th century, </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="font-size: large;"><em>Masonic Lodges</em></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="font-size: large;">Masonic lodges typically began by meeting in
the public rooms of taverns and coffee houses. When they were ready to build a
hall, Masonic lodges frequently chose to partner with a tenant or tenants to
help pay for and maintain the building. The Williamsburg Lodge No. 6 appears to
have occupied its own building by 1775. The small, T-shaped frame structure
measured 16 by 32 feet. It held a lodge room on the second floor and rental
apartment on the first [Paul Buchanan and Catherine Savedge, <i>"Masonic
Lodge Block 11 Building 3 (Not Owned) Colonial Lot #13", </i>1971]. </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="font-size: large;">In
1817, Alexandria’s Masonic lodge was incorporated into the new brick
structure that also combined the uses of a city hall and a market hall. In much the same manner, the public-spirited citizens who belonged to Richmond's Randolph Lodge No. 19 appear to have designed
the ground floor of their new building as a public assembly room. It was used
for balls, plays, schools, and religious services. Its place was later augmented when a large room was opened above the new City Market in
1794 to house the city's governing council, had formerly met in the Henrico
Courthouse. The Market Hall was available for use for assemblies (balls), meetings, school classes, theatrical presentations, and other activities. </span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><em>Building Mason's Hall</em> </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="font-size: large;">Richmond Lodge No. 13 (later 10) was founded in Williamsburg’s Raleigh
Tavern in 1784 and purchased a Richmond lot on 12 August 1785 from Gabriel Galt.
The committee in charge consisted of George Anderson, Alexander Nelson, Foster
Webb, Jr., Alexander McRobert, Patrick Wright, Samuel Scherer, and John Groves.
According to a comprehensive history published in the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Richmond Times-Dispatch</i> in 1906, the lodge laid a cornerstone on 29
October of the same year. A lottery, authorized by the state was advertised in
March of 1786 to raise 1,500 pounds “for erecting Mason’s Hall” under the
direction of the Common Hall of the city [<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Virginia
Gazette and Weekly Advertiser</i>, 30 March 1786]. </span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
</span></span></span></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">With confidence in the lottery, building was commenced on what as to have been a substantial brick
structure similar to contemporary civic halls in other American cities. The hall was to house a meeting room available for use by the public Contractor William Booker was responsible for the construction effort. The lottery, however, languished
for several years without the expected success and the popularity of the lodge suffered. As a result of the reduction of the lottery scheme, the lodge was forced to cut back its plans and change the design. According to the lodge history, building had to temporarily halted when only the brick basement story had been completed. A
roof was installed over the completed ground-floor room, which enabled it to be used temporarily. The lodge went ahead with completion of the current building in framed wood instead of brick. It was completed in December of 1787, but the lodge had failed to raise sufficient funds to pay the builder. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">One confirmation that the upper floors were added to an existing foundation is the exterior projection of the brick basement wall proud of the weatherboard above, resulting in a substantial ledge covered with a sloping wood water table. The completed building employs an architectural compositional device, invisible on the interior, of a slightly projecting pavilion containing the three bays and not closely corresponding to the entrance hall inside. The pavilion projects to align with the face of the brick basement, which displays no projection. This suggests a possibility that the pavilion was not part of the original design, but was added on top of the ledge when the building was completed in wood. </span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
</span></span></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">With encouragement from lawyer and political leader John Marshall, a new lodge (Richmond Randolph Lodge No. 19) was chartered, the lottery reconstituted, and 400
pounds successfully raised toward the cost of the building. The lottery drawing
was made in the building on 10 June 1788. Contractor Booker sued for his
remaining 247 pounds in 1791. The contractor was finally paid by a loan from a
wealthy member and its trustees installed about 1794, after a suit to clear the lodge's title to the property. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></span><br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6F3-oHllFYwwODIsdL75NUOyOw8AUUJhvvcX3Jr-Nax9Wa5zGwt_ZutliMU0OkbYbfFalwywUhvzALMjowz5uLP6MIAhLFdKFbTW07EG9-Yo_9k0pt6C00eoqHXkb4PyZ7LpISyZtfKY/s1600/1802+VMFA+Insurance+policy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFgKjgyQ14xOlViiZrcnZkC9lcSMFQC9d6rQbeDW8JqPz_TJ0hh0Lku_HcZnyLP-UbvWg_HNePOh4N3X0hoHBgr3lEiQF7U9qDa0E51gYyxJhVTezE1Yrc5DOovCqKRM7jORrMgXEWUEA/s1600/127-0019_Mason%2527s_Hall_VLR+reduced.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1203" data-original-width="1020" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFgKjgyQ14xOlViiZrcnZkC9lcSMFQC9d6rQbeDW8JqPz_TJ0hh0Lku_HcZnyLP-UbvWg_HNePOh4N3X0hoHBgr3lEiQF7U9qDa0E51gYyxJhVTezE1Yrc5DOovCqKRM7jORrMgXEWUEA/s640/127-0019_Mason%2527s_Hall_VLR+reduced.jpg" width="542" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Mason's Hall (Virginia Department of Historic Resources). The lighting rod attached to the cupola shows up in early photographs.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><em>Architectural Form</em></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<em></em><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">It appears that the hall was altered very little in first 80 or more years after its construction. The hipped roof, cupola, and weathervane are clearly depicted in the panoramic photograph taken in 1865 from the nearby top of Church Hill (above). It is clear that today's cupola and cornice are the same as those shown on the Virginia Mutual Fire Assurance Society policy sketch from 1802. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">The principal façade shown on this drawing incorporated five window bays. The windows appear to have been filled with eight over twelve-light sashes (referred to as the "old 8 by 10 lights" in 1906). The basement still is lit by early six-over-nine-light sashes.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgs8TutfInEVsLhEiljRXgCrJxoWTn1K8j_KFGF-LZDLzTvTxNb8j5PyWmXRtlgWCubpFCoG00HR63neh5qhjHlbOsbdJlc_37hXqm8WO1rztwKwkdRQPkBY5l6Wugw7o4YNdk1dJ-ZozM/s1600/1802+VMFA+Insurance+policy+cropped.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1038" data-original-width="818" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgs8TutfInEVsLhEiljRXgCrJxoWTn1K8j_KFGF-LZDLzTvTxNb8j5PyWmXRtlgWCubpFCoG00HR63neh5qhjHlbOsbdJlc_37hXqm8WO1rztwKwkdRQPkBY5l6Wugw7o4YNdk1dJ-ZozM/s640/1802+VMFA+Insurance+policy+cropped.jpg" width="504" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Mason's Hall from Virginia Mutual Assurance Society Policy, 1802. The basement story is not shown at all. The dentil cornice and cupola are the same today.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;">
<span style="font-size: large;">The central three openings were grouped closely together and incorporated within a projecting central pavilion. A double-leaf door at the center was headed by an arched fanlight. The central window on the second floor was also arched. The two arched openings were filled with "Gothic" fanlights. The pavilion that embraced the central three window bays was headed by a pediment with a central bull's eye window. There was no porch at the entrance. </span><br />
<br />
Today, the building has larger four-over-four sash windows, a door with sidelights, and a porch added in 1872, but the dentil cornice, pediment, cupola, and many other original features remain. The interior layout has been unchanged, although many of the furnishings and architectural fittings, including wainscots and ceiling decoration, have changed. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLUeMJAIYoCdS17XISAYue4bEKsUxgkRmj43NaFl_P18a9Kho2dzy7wjR_NRscfW9nbeiAU8U1w-hwYrz8mVBD8_BN0qK1pQMKlUYr4ztbWrti0ldraH-TjIv9y5ozB6OpSuDJ-0qV3ps/s1600/North+Elevation+HABS+Mason%2527s+Hall_Page_04.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1324" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLUeMJAIYoCdS17XISAYue4bEKsUxgkRmj43NaFl_P18a9Kho2dzy7wjR_NRscfW9nbeiAU8U1w-hwYrz8mVBD8_BN0qK1pQMKlUYr4ztbWrti0ldraH-TjIv9y5ozB6OpSuDJ-0qV3ps/s640/North+Elevation+HABS+Mason%2527s+Hall_Page_04.jpg" width="528" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">North Elevation, Mason's Hall, Historic American Building Survey, 1934.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><em>Interior Layout</em> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">Mason's Hall was the home of the Richmond lodges No. 10 and No. 19, as well as the Grand
Lodge of Virginia until 1878. The two lodges shared the lodge room on the top floor of the building for nearly 100 years. In 1791, the two lodges shared the cost of the furnishings of the lodge room (including a new master's chair purchased in England) with the Grand Lodge [Josiah Staunton Moore, <span itemprop="name"><em>History and By-laws of Richmond Royal Arch Chapter No. 3</em>, A.F. & A.M, 1911].</span></span></span></div>
<div class="key-val-big" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaOnesPELwmZQdaJCRgtBt-p1rJqUvS47sZS8l6p-pFBLD3oXf45gWsYGpDmytHENEhgoviOVBSmtEQM0B5B73wnuxgpACQKxR90bOz4Zu26Qnw7wxo04mhYr_7sDMF77B100EMDEOGp4/s1600/photos+067+brighter.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaOnesPELwmZQdaJCRgtBt-p1rJqUvS47sZS8l6p-pFBLD3oXf45gWsYGpDmytHENEhgoviOVBSmtEQM0B5B73wnuxgpACQKxR90bOz4Zu26Qnw7wxo04mhYr_7sDMF77B100EMDEOGp4/s640/photos+067+brighter.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lodge Room on the second floor.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">The hall on the first floor of the building has, for most of the history of the building, been occupied by the chapter room of the Richmond Royal Arch Chapter, No. 3, although it is possible that this room was used for public assembly purposes during the building's first several decades. The chapter, organized around an advanced degree of Masonry, was founded in 1792 and originally met two times a year to confer degrees, although the records for the first decades are very incomplete and meetings did not occur at al in 1808 or 1809. According to the 1887 history of Lodge No. 19, all the business of the lodge was then transacted in a Lodge on the First Degree of Masonry, and a Lodge on the Fourth Degree was opened whenever it became necessary. . ." [Historical Sketch]. Today the chapter meets once a month. </span></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">It seems possible that the chapter originally met in the lodge room on the second floor, but that, as the York Rite ritual and organizational structure developed in the nineteenth century, it required a specially furnished chapter room, which is today located on the first floor. That would mean that the first-floor might have been originally intended to be the assembly hall used by members of the public. The chapter was meeting in its own room well before September of 1853, when it was recorded as "cordially tendering. . . the use of their room" to the La Fayette Chapter, No. 43, the latter "being deprived of its room by fire" [Moore 1911].</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
The basement or ground floor was often referred to as the refreshment room or the dining room, a purpose it still serves. </div>
<o:p></o:p><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-QjjxKqhZf4YTWVnzvYCw8pmZE5k7U1y3kI3YE1IK_bcH7M1q15jSqFkS1OjXMr6eULzxlh2qeTigDifAowL3Z5f-Ktvv9fQl1f6AQAsDZclbRBwfL6S3NOHjRhXKtDHrQbnzDUT8Mvo/s1600/Basement+HABS+Mason%2527s+Hall_Page_02+cropped.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1407" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-QjjxKqhZf4YTWVnzvYCw8pmZE5k7U1y3kI3YE1IK_bcH7M1q15jSqFkS1OjXMr6eULzxlh2qeTigDifAowL3Z5f-Ktvv9fQl1f6AQAsDZclbRBwfL6S3NOHjRhXKtDHrQbnzDUT8Mvo/s640/Basement+HABS+Mason%2527s+Hall_Page_02+cropped.jpg" width="562" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Basement, Mason's Hall, Richmond VA, Historic American Building Survey, 1934. </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFbOa934xkqIzz1KJsp-2YkHlDnbLBdUxu8enLWXGcwxFkWW4xG0jMuORZmkN-vTopSelQx4klsoUjwRdVpveVBI2VgDWHRi2G8LaIdx-EUCtlkT_XNdgVpyd7vSxwQIEtfsU2pPFfrwk/s1600/Basement+HABS+Mason%2527s+Hall_Page_03+cropped.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1286" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFbOa934xkqIzz1KJsp-2YkHlDnbLBdUxu8enLWXGcwxFkWW4xG0jMuORZmkN-vTopSelQx4klsoUjwRdVpveVBI2VgDWHRi2G8LaIdx-EUCtlkT_XNdgVpyd7vSxwQIEtfsU2pPFfrwk/s640/Basement+HABS+Mason%2527s+Hall_Page_03+cropped.jpg" width="514" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">First Floor, Mason's Hall, Richmond VA, Historic American Building Survey, 1934. The exterior ledge on top of the basemen wall can be seen, as well as the projecting pavilion.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5Z_sN8Oupsm51NJojYLIFR2ZZB1W1WjOEUm1jXnO4BB3JWOYXXHkBQqpKqQ-b6x837nau5jOBg6hUTcxBEU7MxXcwy5tzHJ7xT9zEVO9-cHcJMJqAcRauybnKbCqvqjFLxtKG-_oFU6g/s1600/Secind+Floor+HABS+Mason%2527s+Hall_Page_03+cropped.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1366" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5Z_sN8Oupsm51NJojYLIFR2ZZB1W1WjOEUm1jXnO4BB3JWOYXXHkBQqpKqQ-b6x837nau5jOBg6hUTcxBEU7MxXcwy5tzHJ7xT9zEVO9-cHcJMJqAcRauybnKbCqvqjFLxtKG-_oFU6g/s640/Secind+Floor+HABS+Mason%2527s+Hall_Page_03+cropped.jpg" width="546" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Second Floor, Mason's Richmond VA, Historic American Building Survey, 1934. </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: large;">Among the many prominent citizens who belonged to the lodge, merchant and banker, Jacob I. Cohen “built up a reputation for stern integrity and was honored by his fellow citizens in many ways. At the August term of the County Court of Henrico, 1794, his name appears in a decree, together with that of John Marshall and others, who were to receive as trustees the Masonic Hall [<span class="addmd1"><span style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Herbert Tobias Ezekiel, </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">The History of the Jews of Richmond from 1769 to 1917</span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">,</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;"> </span>19].</span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Another prominent Jewish merchant of the city, Joseph Darmstadt was elected Grand Treasurer of the Grand Lodge of Virginia in 1794, the same year in which the hall was received by its trustees.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At that time “a considerable sum was due on the Masonic Hall and the contractor had filed a lien. Darmstadt, with exceptional liberality, assumed the burden and soon after advanced the money to meet the debt” [<span class="addmd1"><span style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Herbert Tobias Ezekiel,</span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> The History of the Jews of Richmond from 1769 to 1917</span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">,</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;"> </span>27-28].<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">In the early years the hall was in
regular use. Since there was no Presbyterian Church in the city before 1812,
the Rev. John Rice preached to the members if that denomination regularly in
the Masonic Hall [Thomas P. Atkinson; “Richmond and Her People as they were in
1810, 11, and 12,” Richmond Whig 47:66 (18 August 1868) 1].<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1808, Captain Price’s Artillery Company
celebrated the Fourth of July and “partook of a soldier’s dinner at the Mason’s
Hall, at which the utmost hilarity prevailed, [many] TOASTS were drunk with much
enthusiasm, music, and the discharge of cannon” [(Richmond) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Enquirer,</i> 8 July 1808, 3].<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-size: large;">The use of Mason’s Hall for meetings, religious services, exhibitions, and other events
appears to have tapered off in the nineteenth century as other, larger venues
became available.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>By the 1850s there
were several such venues, including Metropolitan Hall, a former church, which
advertised itself as a “FIRST CLASS PUBLIC HALL, on much lower terms than any
other Hall of the same capacity. . . for Operas, Concerts, Lectures, or Public
Meetings” [<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Richmond Whig</i>, 36:11 (8
February 1859) 3]. </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiH7zmILfqBogEQlgVQxr_wBhd1W_r9Fv1Pa25mXSGNFBUGl1iiVuE7invFB-37Hpbmm5uovQYJZT2ljUJySBFCO8GLq6w6-CxLB9pbfU-TFpxeP_Deuk-DCFdhTh2Xn9rslwEQ7G5k1Lo/s1600/Christ+Healing_version2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1094" data-original-width="1600" height="436" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiH7zmILfqBogEQlgVQxr_wBhd1W_r9Fv1Pa25mXSGNFBUGl1iiVuE7invFB-37Hpbmm5uovQYJZT2ljUJySBFCO8GLq6w6-CxLB9pbfU-TFpxeP_Deuk-DCFdhTh2Xn9rslwEQ7G5k1Lo/s640/Christ+Healing_version2.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Benjamin West, Christ Healing the Sick in the Temple, exhibited in Mason's Hall in 1845. The monumental 10' by 15' painting must have been shown in one of the upper lodge rooms, due to its size and the difficulty of fitting it in the basement room. </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: large;">Non-masonic use is, however,
attested to in the newspapers of the antebellum period. One such event was an
exhibition of the painting by Benjamin West called <em>Christ Healing the Sick in
the Temple</em>, painted in 1817 for the Pennsylvania Hospital [(Richmond) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Enquirer</i>, 17 December 1845, 3]. The
large painting had been wildly popular and was viewed by 30,000 visitors in its first
years of display in its own dedicated “picture house.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tickets were $.25 [<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Richmond Whig</i>, 23 December 1845, 2]. </span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">In 1848, the Masonic brethren
invited Generals James Shields and John A. Quitman, heroes of the Mexican War,
to Richmond, where they gave addresses to the masons in the lodge rooms. “The
Lodge rooms were then thrown open and the guests taken to the lower room, where
from 3 until 4 o’clock Generals Quitman and Shields received the visits of a
great concourse of ladies and gentlemen, during which time many tunes were
played by a fine band under the direction of Signor George [(Richmond) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Enquirer</i> 1 Feb 1848, 4].<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
</div>
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDAAEHMUGyXjQ0gpAMuTvz8WtAyYJkrVckhYBaFn__myzD926ojAgTUKF3sxDDrWwGDnBjcnsumJVIRPYWVXUPHavshUy_DY-xOnxL4CBmTFBavQwwri5XSXDnSilQS0y1pq-i9k2qUEo/s1600/1865+panorama.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="518" data-original-width="792" height="418" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDAAEHMUGyXjQ0gpAMuTvz8WtAyYJkrVckhYBaFn__myzD926ojAgTUKF3sxDDrWwGDnBjcnsumJVIRPYWVXUPHavshUy_DY-xOnxL4CBmTFBavQwwri5XSXDnSilQS0y1pq-i9k2qUEo/s640/1865+panorama.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Detail from the 1865 panorama of the city of Richmond looking west from Church Hill [Library of Congress]. The cupola of Mason's Hall is center left. The market and its bell tower is seen behind it.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span><o:p></o:p></span> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihO4xdKwzXwlqcLAn1VK2rPPBG32RXkxWe3_v2fsXmsev7SR0Zijj-Hu17VcQelY_h01VRXVyzQX8NPAEbRgrHmKtOzXDoMioVSD4JLUpvnRtHHM-i_w1WV5ggURuaRt5olAFlYJre774/s1600/18+Dec+1906+RTD+accompanied+article+on+fire.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="633" data-original-width="587" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihO4xdKwzXwlqcLAn1VK2rPPBG32RXkxWe3_v2fsXmsev7SR0Zijj-Hu17VcQelY_h01VRXVyzQX8NPAEbRgrHmKtOzXDoMioVSD4JLUpvnRtHHM-i_w1WV5ggURuaRt5olAFlYJre774/s640/18+Dec+1906+RTD+accompanied+article+on+fire.JPG" width="592" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Contemporary Photograph of Mason's Hall from 1906 article concerning the fire in the adjacent building [Richmond <em>Times-Dispatch</em>, 18 Dec. 1906, 14].</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixsbSpd7PMLONNMi9ioYPapZmptVIrNzqZcb0OoZNbZTyik2eIkMIATtq9p37zIJsXScU0TYMhEbVAthkbtKNI-WVoHVHGKXIxOJmkZkWeotYka3o6xX-igZ7TR3Yot_PbL_ty4YX0_TE/s1600/Postcard+view.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="302" data-original-width="480" height="402" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixsbSpd7PMLONNMi9ioYPapZmptVIrNzqZcb0OoZNbZTyik2eIkMIATtq9p37zIJsXScU0TYMhEbVAthkbtKNI-WVoHVHGKXIxOJmkZkWeotYka3o6xX-igZ7TR3Yot_PbL_ty4YX0_TE/s640/Postcard+view.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Mason's Hall Postcard, c. 1910</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPFNVuGI4vDQOSTdIc_jP8GfY7_F8LYis7nju49xj764qYDpmgqvIHLw7bEPmzoM0LztQAkMRxU5k6LYX3fCH1daIgfEETQROcUTbVYnhDIT3BfmgbCtmHZmeVFMGnJcvOrRcSVfWPIrY/s1600/1886+Sanborn+Map.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="576" data-original-width="1009" height="364" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPFNVuGI4vDQOSTdIc_jP8GfY7_F8LYis7nju49xj764qYDpmgqvIHLw7bEPmzoM0LztQAkMRxU5k6LYX3fCH1daIgfEETQROcUTbVYnhDIT3BfmgbCtmHZmeVFMGnJcvOrRcSVfWPIrY/s640/1886+Sanborn+Map.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">Detail from 1886
Sanborn Map, showing Mason’s Hall at upper left. This is the earliest detailed
map.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
</div>
</span><o:p><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXD6lN32-U5iVqkzfy_Aa5TqkIvkq4Pt6jq8y2TrC4-NldfNTztIKiJtle_4eU0QItg5DR19qzA_vmMGepw1B5Y6S09JgenouT0XFBlpHiKEC4cep613pSzhBpc-QsImLQ5Lbn5hzQHpg/s1600/RR19_History_Published_1927+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="424" height="602" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXD6lN32-U5iVqkzfy_Aa5TqkIvkq4Pt6jq8y2TrC4-NldfNTztIKiJtle_4eU0QItg5DR19qzA_vmMGepw1B5Y6S09JgenouT0XFBlpHiKEC4cep613pSzhBpc-QsImLQ5Lbn5hzQHpg/s640/RR19_History_Published_1927+1.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Reconstruction of original appearance of Mason's Hall from Josiah Staunton Moore, <span itemprop="name"><em>History and By-laws of Richmond Royal Arch Chapter No. 3</em>, A.F. & A.M, published in 1911</span>. The drawing above appears to date from the 1887 pamphlet and may be a close approximation of its appearance before the renovations of 1872, although it varies somewhat from the 1802 sketch.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: large;"><em></em></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">The
Lodge decided to update the building in 1872. The windows were enlarged and given cornices. A new door with sidelights and transom was added was added at the main entry. The doorway was sheltered by a new, shallow, three-bay, Greek Revival porch with two fluted Doric columns flanked by antae and surmounted by a an Ionic entablature and a shallow pediment. The basement windows do not appear to have been altered. On the interior, the railing on the staircase was replaced, wainscot added, flooring renewed, and a central heating plant installed to replace the stoves used previously. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">This work was detailed
in an article dated November 5, 1872 in the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Richmond
Whig</i>. According to a later article in the Richmond Times-Dispatch, the reason
for the repairs in that year was a fire in a neighboring building [Richmond <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Times-Dispatch</i>, 18 December 1906, 14]. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: large;"></span> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 45pt 8pt 0.5in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: large;">Old Mason’s Hall
Repaired: Richmond Lodge, No. 10, and Richmond Randolph Lodge, No. 19, of Free
Masons, in conjunction with Richmond Commandery, No. 2, Knights Templar, have
completed their repairs to the old Mason’s Hall, on Franklin Street, between
Eighteenth and Nineteenth, and the first meeting in the building since the
repairs will be held this evening by Richmond Lodge, No. 10. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: large;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 45pt 8pt 0.5in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: large;">This is one of
the oldest buildings in the city, having been erected previous to 1790, and has
been ever since used for Masonic purposes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The associations which cluster around it are, therefore, peculiarly
sacred to the brethren of the “Mystic Tie,” and it has been recently remodeled
and renovated, inside and out, with a view to its preservation. The windows,
which were heretofore old-fashioned and small, have been removed and enlarged,
and large lights substituted for the old eight by ten lights. The old handrail
and balusters have been removed and elegant new ones of walnut and oak put in
their place. New floors have been laid in the refreshment and reception rooms,
and the former, with the lodge room, has been wainscoted. The refreshment hall
has had its accommodations much enlarged. The building has been recently
painted and carpeted and supplied with new gas-fixtures. The stoves have been
removed, and a hot air furnace heats the whole building be means of pipes. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: large;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 45pt 8pt 0.5in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: large;">In addition to
this, the entire building has been repaired throughout and a fine porch erected
on the front or Franklin entrance, giving it an elegant modern appearance.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Many conveniences have been introduced and
changes made, which render this one of the best buildings for the purposes for
which it was designed to be found in the entire South. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: large;"></span> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 45pt 8pt 0.5in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: large;">Richmond Lodge,
No. 10, meets there tonight and invites all brethren to unite in celebrating
her return to the old home after an absence of several months.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: large;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 45pt 8pt 0in;">
<span style="font-size: large;">An adjacent building again
caused damage to Mason’s Hall in 1906. On 12 December of that year, the stable
next to Mason’s Hall burned and the fire nearly destroyed the structure.
According to a newspaper article, “the damage done by the McDonough fire is not
serious, and repairs will be made in a short while” [Richmond <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Times-Dispatch</i>, 30 Oct. 1906]. A history
written in 1927 reproduces material from the 1906 newspaper article, itself
condensed from <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The History of the Mason’s
Hall: The First House Erected for and Dedicated to Masonic Use in America
(1785)</i>, Written by Worshipful Charles P. Rady, Historian of the Lodge,
1887. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 45pt 8pt 0in;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Today the Hall remains in use as a Masonic Hall, owned and operated by Richmond Randolph Lodge No. 19, chartered in 1787. <span style="font-size: large;">According to the Lodge's <a href="http://richmondrandolph19.com/masons-hall-1785/">website</a>, "Masons’ Hall is noted as the oldest continuously operating Masonic building built for Masonic purposes in the Western Hemisphere." The lodge request contributions for its preservation:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 45pt 8pt 0in;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<em>Masons Hall should be saved. It is in dire need of repair and restoration. Preliminary estimates exceed $2.0 million. It should be restored and made available to the public so future generations may visit this exciting and important structure and learn about those who served freedom and tolerance during times this nation was born and strived to survive. Masons Hall 1785, a Charitable Foundation, was established as a tax-exempt foundation by Richmond Circuit Court Judge James B. Wilkinson to preserve Masons Hall. For additional information, visit the links on the side of this page. To make a tax-deductible contribution and help us Save Masons’ Hall, please</em><a href="http://richmondrandolph19.com/store/"><em> click here</em></a><em>. All donations go directly to preserving this historic structure.</em></blockquote>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 45pt 8pt 0in;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: large;">
</span></div>
</div>
</o:p><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"></span> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: large;">
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">
</span></div>
</div>
</span></span></span></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";"><o:p></o:p></span> </div>
Gibson Worshamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17914252671575229780noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-284912172590016102.post-68374798686412823032017-04-25T15:20:00.005-04:002021-01-30T10:47:09.023-05:00Richmond's Westwood Tract and the McGuire Cottage- background information for a neighborhood under assault<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;"><br /></div>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"></span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-qCV_2cBPLgyLhQNBVYYlbOsT5vaa0m2Wmna3RIracv2fV07Y7kqVAF6N38bwyBZXcBAzLKekQG6YK-tsShx1TmmJiso5Ai9usJCYfBZCnmTHo3Eo-kzC7TIFcTUafTg_FU_LgKOsglI/s1600/overlay+over+1865%25261964+maps+.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-qCV_2cBPLgyLhQNBVYYlbOsT5vaa0m2Wmna3RIracv2fV07Y7kqVAF6N38bwyBZXcBAzLKekQG6YK-tsShx1TmmJiso5Ai9usJCYfBZCnmTHo3Eo-kzC7TIFcTUafTg_FU_LgKOsglI/s1600/overlay+over+1865%25261964+maps+.JPG" /></a></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;">The 34-acre Westwood Tract has been a valuable civic amenity in the Sherwood Park, Laburnum Park, and Ginter Park neighborhoods. The Union Theological Seminary acquired it from 1901 to 1906 for purposes of future expansion. As the character of residential seminary's changed over time, Union Seminary developed the edges of the tract by building several apartment buildings for the use of married local and international students. They also added faculty residences, a group of residences for missionaries on furlough, a maintenance facility, tennis courts, and athletic fields. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;">A current plan for the development of 301 residential units on 15 acres on the eastern side of the tract has proved to be very controversial. It packs in too many dwelling units and takes too little account of the existing patterns of the surrounding blocks. Instead, the new development employs a conventional program with central parking surrounded by massive blocks of apartments built of wood, clad with both brick veneer and synthetic siding, and featuring awkwardly designed porches, out-of-scale windows, and offset gables. The way that the development is organized purely to maximize numbers and obscures the front of the historic farmhouse at the heart of the Westwood Tract. Part of the remaining areas will be leased to Shalom Farms which will use it as an urban vegetable garden.</span> </div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiV6R-p9zoiekbdFherV56woUJzE1lqZUM0V5_Cup4nHGneav-lRVV7e-MSfBtZSW21GDi0qeqkZxMvmssCw2K4tgwXTgEq5N_QTYIiKQV0FaAZiRO6cIr9wAUCJgWsoyx8qiwXCTFDHOU/s1600/Site+Plan.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="362" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiV6R-p9zoiekbdFherV56woUJzE1lqZUM0V5_Cup4nHGneav-lRVV7e-MSfBtZSW21GDi0qeqkZxMvmssCw2K4tgwXTgEq5N_QTYIiKQV0FaAZiRO6cIr9wAUCJgWsoyx8qiwXCTFDHOU/s640/Site+Plan.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Plan of the proposed development by the Timmons Group.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUHFE3yyraUjd5-C1fwLFyYjfdPzx57kTS0NXDkJNmZsbj4U8uC1ubr0JLFy9QFM1Alw6SB5JD0V0jSHUgkvTP_BHuMjqM0CJhopz3YPTZYWkpetI0QcFEBVjk4opjTKxJjO6-KHQA9WI/s1600/richmond-seminary_color-elevationsopt2_061815.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="411" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUHFE3yyraUjd5-C1fwLFyYjfdPzx57kTS0NXDkJNmZsbj4U8uC1ubr0JLFy9QFM1Alw6SB5JD0V0jSHUgkvTP_BHuMjqM0CJhopz3YPTZYWkpetI0QcFEBVjk4opjTKxJjO6-KHQA9WI/s640/richmond-seminary_color-elevationsopt2_061815.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"></span> </div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: small;">The bloated designs of Humphey and
partners of Dallas, Texas, make no attempt to rise to the high architectural
level of its surroundings- the City of Richmond and the National Register
listed streetcar suburbs of Laburnum Park and Ginter Park. Instead, it
resembles anonymous roadside developments found along commercial strips all
around the county.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"></span></span> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Not least among the features of the tract is the old farmhouse at its heart. The historic house known as the McGuire Cottage has a complex and interesting history, which can be better understood by undertaking research in local archives. Important facts that have a bearing on its value to the city and region have to do with its greater age compared with nearby buildings and its excellent state of preservation. Although it has sat empty for many years, the house remains in relatively good condition with no sign of damp or rot. The most interesting take-away from our research is that the house took its current form well before its acquisition by Dr. Hunter Homes McGuire in 1887. Instead, the Italianate section facing east appears to have been added in the 1850s.</span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzT1-QE1jGya0pvgp-tDv0xu2v9FJNEBcNx-Q7zXQ9HWtV8mJR6OzG71BzKr6GIUpzHlYQq0aYdOBFjovSc_36jwFPT5WGllGCrPHY1_nvSKYeupza3LmGyp0CAccRsyLmwBOlwZjy3Tg/s1600/Westwood.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzT1-QE1jGya0pvgp-tDv0xu2v9FJNEBcNx-Q7zXQ9HWtV8mJR6OzG71BzKr6GIUpzHlYQq0aYdOBFjovSc_36jwFPT5WGllGCrPHY1_nvSKYeupza3LmGyp0CAccRsyLmwBOlwZjy3Tg/s640/Westwood.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">East front of Westwood (McGuire Cottage) [Style Weekly]</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;">The property
known as Westwood began as a 539-acre tract of land “in sight of Richmond” on
the Brook Road north of the city.</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/gworsham/Desktop/Westwood%20House/Westwood%20text%20without%20illustrations.docx" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span style="font-size: large;">[1]<!--[endif]--></span></a><span style="font-size: large;">
It was acquired previous to 1790 by Dr. James Currie (1756-1805), a Scottish-born
physician, who began his long career in Richmond in 1769 or 70.
Mordecai in Richmond in Bygone Days
says that “at the corner
of Broad and Tenth streets opposite the First Presbyterian Church, resided Dr.
Currie, a strong contrast to the gentle, kind and graceful physician last
mentioned, but he had an extensive practice and accumulated a large fortune,
which the other did not, because like many other physicians, he was more
attentive to his practice than to his fees, and earned many which were not
worth attention.”</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/gworsham/Desktop/Westwood%20House/Westwood%20text%20without%20illustrations.docx" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span style="font-size: large;">[2]<!--[endif]--></span></a> </div>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfs5-8Bb-rxsxhkTZ88h47aOjG3l424Vd2XzdIgWo2RNU6V_ENBdfzf2hfoqLwSl1Qronx3Xl5gA7zGg1C-Ce08D2_Ydb6alkBhQblUPjgvIG0894KS33JJ8IlgAsrKNfBMl99KJW7D7k/s1600/overlay+over+1768+map+.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="522" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfs5-8Bb-rxsxhkTZ88h47aOjG3l424Vd2XzdIgWo2RNU6V_ENBdfzf2hfoqLwSl1Qronx3Xl5gA7zGg1C-Ce08D2_Ydb6alkBhQblUPjgvIG0894KS33JJ8IlgAsrKNfBMl99KJW7D7k/s640/overlay+over+1768+map+.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Overlay of
the modern lot showing possible location of part of the Westwood property in
relation to the 1768 Byrd lottery map of Richmond. Each of the lots is about
100 acres in size, so these lots represent about 350 acres, not the nearly 600
acres owned by Currie on the Brook Turnpike. Current Westwood tract shown in
light red. The lots are derived from the 1850 lawsuit and are numbered from the top, 3,
2, 1 and 8. Additional research could confirm what one deed indicates- that the
Westwood tract may have extended to the east side of Brook Road as well.</span> <o:p></o:p></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;">The tract
was similar to others that were owned by wealthy Richmonders who kept farms or
villas on the edge of the city, where cool summers could be spent away from the
bustle of the city, in addition to town houses on city lots. Similar “villas” included 400-acre Mount
Comfort, the eighteenth-century second home of Samuel DuVal in the area of the
present-day Highland Park neighborhood, Col. John Mayo’s retreat at the
Hermitage, near today’s Broad Street Station, and the second-quarter
nineteenth-century Robinson family summer place of 159 acres in the area of
today’s Virginia Museum. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Dr. Currie
may well have built the one-story three-room house on a raised basement that
survives as part of the Westwood Cottage. That structure, although much
altered, shares features, including the floor plan, with other buildings in the
Richmond and Petersburg areas that date from the later eighteenth century. It is interesting that the house does not
face towards the Brook Road, but to the south, probably because it predates the
current location of the Brook Turnpike. According to the map shown above of
William Byrd II’s lottery tracts, the original route of Brook Road (the old
road which crossed Upham Brook north of the city) followed a winding path
closer to modern-day Chamberlayne Avenue (in fact a section of the “Old Brook
Road” still survives east of Chamberlayne Avenue and south of Azalea Avenue).
Due to its value as a north-south transportation route, the Brook Road was
incorporated as the state’s first turnpike in 1812. It was rerouted
at that time to the west of its original location. The new turnpike followed the
straight line that separated two tiers of the Byrd lottery parcels. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;">James
Currie’s brother, William Currie came to Richmond from Scotland in 1795.
William’s daughter Janetta came to the city two years later. At the death of
James Currie without issue in 1805 and of William in 1807, Janetta and her
husband Robert Gordon claimed his lands, which included, not only the Westwood
tract, but shares in the James River Company, a share of the Dover Mines, and the
“Eagle Tavern tenement” on Main Street between 11th and 12th
streets.</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/gworsham/Desktop/Westwood%20House/Westwood%20text%20without%20illustrations.docx" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span style="font-size: large;">[3]<!--[endif]--></span></a><span style="font-size: large;">
Westwood first appeared on the tax rolls in the ownership of Robert Gordon in
1814.</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/gworsham/Desktop/Westwood%20House/Westwood%20text%20without%20illustrations.docx" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span style="font-size: large;">[4]</span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;">In 1826,
Robert and Janetta Currie Gordon assigned a tract located on the west side of
the Brook Turnpike (“now called the Richmond and Charlottesville Plank Road”)
to their son Robert McCall Gordon. The elder Robert Gordon had transferred away part of the
Currie estate which his wife had inherited. He honored her wish that the
property should go to their son, Robert McCall Gordon by deeding him the
Westwood property “on both sides of Brook Turnpike where they both reside.”</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/gworsham/Desktop/Westwood%20House/Westwood%20text%20without%20illustrations.docx" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span style="font-size: large;">[5]<!--[endif]--></span></a><span style="font-size: large;">
The arrangement was intended to benefit
Robert and Janetta’s other children as well. The heirs included Janetta M. Gordon, Isabella
Gordon (who married James Hastie Brown in 1824), Catherine Flood McCall Gordon (married
Nicholas Brown Seabrook in 1842), and Leila T. Gordon.</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/gworsham/Desktop/Westwood%20House/Westwood%20text%20without%20illustrations.docx" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span style="font-size: large;">[6]</span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;">In 1820,
when the value of buildings and other improvements was first included in the tax records of
Virginia counties, the 539-acre Westwood tract included a building or buildings
worth $750. This value very likely represents the three-room, one-story house that
survives today as the western portion of the Westwood Cottage. In the following year the value of
buildings increased to $1,000. In 1825, an additional $200 was added to make a
total of $1,200. This value could well represent a substantial frame house like
the original part of the house at Westwood combined with other outbuildings and
barns. In 1837, Robert M. Gordon deeded what was described as the Westwood
property to his siblings Janetta, Mary, and Catherine Gordon.</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/gworsham/Desktop/Westwood%20House/Westwood%20text%20without%20illustrations.docx" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span style="font-size: large;">[7]<!--[endif]--></span></a><span style="font-size: large;">
The value for buildings held steady until the mid-1840s, when it increased to
$1,300. At the same time the property decreased in size by 4 acres.</span> </div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBnvuLjpkAHlwuok_OtKfuknUFGcqNCbZEmRa5bbPyjeJ06HFEpq0D6kCXWWRX8yVIS0ED_VWcFsLuBqt08XS31Dei6cgdoA_V8dDoTjuGaQzh_a8vwa8ELehytxWWCitCaZZv0yGdZgE/s1600/IMG_1564.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBnvuLjpkAHlwuok_OtKfuknUFGcqNCbZEmRa5bbPyjeJ06HFEpq0D6kCXWWRX8yVIS0ED_VWcFsLuBqt08XS31Dei6cgdoA_V8dDoTjuGaQzh_a8vwa8ELehytxWWCitCaZZv0yGdZgE/s640/IMG_1564.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Plat of [Some
of] the Lots of the Westwood Tract, divided in 1850 by commissioners of the
Henrico County Court. Drawn by Thomas M. Ladd. The Brown tract that contains
todays Westwood tract is at the bottom of the plat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Tax records
show that the Westwood property was subject to an ownership dispute among
members of the Gordon family.</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/gworsham/Desktop/Westwood%20House/Westwood%20text%20without%20illustrations.docx" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span style="font-size: large;">[8]<!--[endif]--></span></a><span style="font-size: large;">
The court ordered that is be surveyed and divided into lots. The lots were
divided between Janetta, Mary, and Leila Gordon and several of their heirs. Some
members of the Gordon family continued to live on a residue of the Westwood
property for years. The 1860 census shows Lilias T. Gordon age 33 (b 1827)
living in household with Janetta M Gordon, age 55 (b 1805) in the western
subdivision of Henrico Co.</span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEP4R4mMYmidWdcKIoVKRJK_bNwPATzr5UmKHpSequgX5kez1vPvXDX1T3G0LNnAYnWiOW8S45ZBQTIlEYh1F67wONYCOc7fimxaSGAASws5x6IbxJNHrrCSGUU8RpaBdtbka62B2tTqY/s1600/Smiths+Map+of+Henrico+Co%252C+1853+LOC.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="494" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEP4R4mMYmidWdcKIoVKRJK_bNwPATzr5UmKHpSequgX5kez1vPvXDX1T3G0LNnAYnWiOW8S45ZBQTIlEYh1F67wONYCOc7fimxaSGAASws5x6IbxJNHrrCSGUU8RpaBdtbka62B2tTqY/s640/Smiths+Map+of+Henrico+Co%252C+1853+LOC.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">The Smith Map of Henrico County in 1853 shows J. Walker in
residence at the location of Westwood Cottage, C. Allen near the location of
Laburnum, and J [Janetta] Gordon on a small tract south of the farm of John
Goddin, in the same location as her Lot 3 on the 1843 Plat. Westwood
apparently extended south from the Goddin place along both sides of Brook
Turnpike. Old Brook Road leaves Brook Turnpike near the entrance to present-day
Walton Avenue. The road that angles off to the east at the Toll Gate is today’s
Ladies Mile Road and enters Brook Turnpike approximately where Brookland Park
Boulevard is today.</span> <o:p></o:p></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;">The remainder
of the Westwood tract was also assigned to Gordon heirs. Other parcels had been
sold or distributed as well, including lot 8, a 68-acre tract that was assigned
to the Brown heirs. John Stewart Walker
acquired a large portion of the Westwood property in the early 1850s. He
purchased the 68-acre Lot 8 from the heirs of Isabella Brown in 1850.</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/gworsham/Desktop/Westwood%20House/Westwood%20text%20without%20illustrations.docx" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span style="font-size: large;">[9]<!--[endif]--></span></a><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0ndSxo9inXhTPMBdNhx2mgduQXVmFwCf_JlL1i6bLNER1L45URMs_bcvNcg_uvTSbV6BoHkFYmQ1MVOhABWn5zpbdq2Qdlkeh7qBUbb8NKtrawzzZHva9Z2-ZWv5Jp5fiYXMqT61pxFs/s1600/McGuire+Cottage+photo.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="412" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0ndSxo9inXhTPMBdNhx2mgduQXVmFwCf_JlL1i6bLNER1L45URMs_bcvNcg_uvTSbV6BoHkFYmQ1MVOhABWn5zpbdq2Qdlkeh7qBUbb8NKtrawzzZHva9Z2-ZWv5Jp5fiYXMqT61pxFs/s640/McGuire+Cottage+photo.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">The house on
the Westwood tract in the late 19th century, during the occupancy of the
McGuire family. The original house is seen at the rear behind the Italianate
addition to the right.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;">In 1855,
Walker sold his 68-acre Westwood tract to Charles J. Meriwether, a veteran of
Mexican War.</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/gworsham/Desktop/Westwood%20House/Westwood%20text%20without%20illustrations.docx" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span style="font-size: large;">[10]<!--[endif]--></span></a><span style="font-size: large;">
The land book for 1856 shows Walker with 279 acres at Westwood on Brook
Turnpike with buildings valued at $1,000, and Charles J. Meriwether appears with
63 acres, also at Westwood, now with $3,000 in buildings. Walker clearly made
the improvements that more than doubled the value of the Westwood Cottage and
its support buildings from the assessment of $1,300 when the Gordons occupied
it in 1850. The early 1850s is likely the period at which Westwood Cottage
assumed its present form.</span> </div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfAulJGWadE7EW7GlNJcN8Gsq2wqTSopQ-zzCJnlWFxUF5UrkUJTEHD2MRmu3FqymyS8m11S_kMw4iiAXikfbuhxxJh5UYOnqImb_5GRXI6iSGftJ_WO9fdiO8Brm5pwJMGL709UDOPO4/s1600/Stephenson%2527s+Map+1865+LOC.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfAulJGWadE7EW7GlNJcN8Gsq2wqTSopQ-zzCJnlWFxUF5UrkUJTEHD2MRmu3FqymyS8m11S_kMw4iiAXikfbuhxxJh5UYOnqImb_5GRXI6iSGftJ_WO9fdiO8Brm5pwJMGL709UDOPO4/s640/Stephenson%2527s+Map+1865+LOC.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1867 Map of
Richmond by Michie, reproduced from Gilmer map of 1864. Meriwether is pencilled next to the Westwood Cottage on the
map.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">A letter from Capt. Charles
James Meriwether (b Albemarle, 1832-1887 and married to his cousin Ellen Douglas
Meriwether) is found in the collections of the Virginia Historical Society. He owned
a slave family which he wished to sell to an acquaintance from Lunenburg Co. He
wrote the letter from his farm “Westwood” in 1860.</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/gworsham/Desktop/Westwood%20House/Westwood%20text%20without%20illustrations.docx" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span style="font-size: large;">[11]<!--[endif]--></span></a><span style="font-size: large;">
According to tax records, the house and other buildings belonging
to Meriwether at Westwood were still valued at $3,000 in 1862. This was the year in
which he sold the parcel to Dr. William B. Pleasants, a Richmond dentist. After Pleasants purchased that portion of the Westwood tract, the
buildings remained valued at $3,000 until 1872.</span> </div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgP1oJAdqS92Vo_h9CLx98KQZnJQK-esHJjipWIFnpZ2I35detfwaNDUlVNjTchcJw-9rUnfJXm4o3ZnAYJEXPHnJkfq0SvuuaFfeFcaE56QR692nz04XhzGhAE6_u7bbRH-fq0xt_JhVE/s1600/1850+lots+imposed+on+1865+Mickler+Map+and+1964+street+map.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="526" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgP1oJAdqS92Vo_h9CLx98KQZnJQK-esHJjipWIFnpZ2I35detfwaNDUlVNjTchcJw-9rUnfJXm4o3ZnAYJEXPHnJkfq0SvuuaFfeFcaE56QR692nz04XhzGhAE6_u7bbRH-fq0xt_JhVE/s640/1850+lots+imposed+on+1865+Mickler+Map+and+1964+street+map.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">The modern
Westwood 34-acre tract in pink with the associated lots outlined in blue from 1850 plat
of the division of the Gordon lands overlaid on the 1867 Michie Map and a 1964
planning map of the city.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">In March
1887, Dr. Hunter Holmes McGuire purchased the Westwood tract from William S.
Pleasants for $13,500. The tract was centered around the former Gordon home
place with its Italianate addition. The nearby farm called “Sherwood” was owned
from 1862-1873 by Wellington Goddin and contained 73 acres. Hunter McGuire died
in 1900 and his widow sold the Westwood tract to an entity called the Westwood
Land Company in the following year. The Sherwood farm was combined with the
western half of McGuire’s land to create the suburban residential development
called Sherwood Park. The remaining 34 acres was sold to the Union Theological
Seminary 1907 as land for future growth.</span> <o:p></o:p></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">UPDATE: <span style="font-family: trebuchet;">In January 2021, Union Presbyterian Seminary summarily demolished the historic Westwood House, according to news reports "</span></span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: large;">as recognition of and in repentance for the resourcing provided to the seminary through the labor of enslaved persons"</span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; font-style: italic; text-transform: capitalize;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: trebuchet; text-transform: capitalize;">[</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: trebuchet; text-transform: capitalize;">Jonathan Spiers,</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: trebuchet; font-style: italic; text-transform: capitalize;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; font-style: italic; text-transform: capitalize;">Richmond Bizsense,</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; font-style: italic; text-transform: capitalize;"> </span><time class="updated entry-time" datetime="2021-01-28" itemprop="datePublished" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; margin-right: 1em; text-transform: capitalize; white-space: nowrap;">January 28, 2021].</time></div>
<br />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]--><br />
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/gworsham/Desktop/Westwood%20House/Westwood%20text%20without%20illustrations.docx" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""calibri" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
1814 Henrico Land Book.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/gworsham/Desktop/Westwood%20House/Westwood%20text%20without%20illustrations.docx" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""calibri" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> A
deed for the Westwood property cannot be found- it may have been recorded in
either the District or General Court, neither of which set of records exist
today. Land along the stage road or Brook Road about 2 miles north of Richmond
show up as early as 1790 [DB 3, 272]. The Henrico land tax records for 1799
show that Currie owned a 511-acre tract.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Land books for 1802 and 1803 show that Currie owned tracts of 571 acres,
181 acres (land on Meriwether’s Branch bought from William Miller in the
preceding year), and 28 acres in Henrico County. The 571 acres probably
represents the land that would become the Westwood Tract. He added an additional
500-acre tract in 1802-03, purchased from William Randolph.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/gworsham/Desktop/Westwood%20House/Westwood%20text%20without%20illustrations.docx" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""calibri" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Henrico
Deed Book 10, p 455. A legal case that grew out of the inheritance revolved
around a determination whether or not William and Janetta could inherit- and if
they actually were naturalized citizens- went all the way to the Supreme Court.
Robert and Janetta Gordon won the case, which remains an important part of
immigration case law.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/gworsham/Desktop/Westwood%20House/Westwood%20text%20without%20illustrations.docx" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""calibri" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> 1814
Henrico Land Book.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/gworsham/Desktop/Westwood%20House/Westwood%20text%20without%20illustrations.docx" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""calibri" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
Henrico Co DB 28, p 408.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/gworsham/Desktop/Westwood%20House/Westwood%20text%20without%20illustrations.docx" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""calibri" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> Marriages
Performed 1815-1828, 1836-1842 at St. John's Church.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/gworsham/Desktop/Westwood%20House/Westwood%20text%20without%20illustrations.docx" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""calibri" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> Henrico
County Land Book 1837.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/gworsham/Desktop/Westwood%20House/Westwood%20text%20without%20illustrations.docx" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""calibri" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> Gordon
vs Gordon in 1844.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/gworsham/Desktop/Westwood%20House/Westwood%20text%20without%20illustrations.docx" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""calibri" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> Henrico
Land Book 1850.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/gworsham/Desktop/Westwood%20House/Westwood%20text%20without%20illustrations.docx" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""calibri" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> Henrico
DB 66, p 185.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/gworsham/Desktop/Westwood%20House/Westwood%20text%20without%20illustrations.docx" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""calibri" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> Letter
at Virginia Historical Society.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
Gibson Worshamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17914252671575229780noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-284912172590016102.post-4841091520709868802016-11-29T18:51:00.006-05:002021-02-05T15:11:57.661-05:00The Richmond Almshouse and Hospital: Early Provisions for the Poor and Infirm<h2 style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></h2><h2 style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;">Introduction</span></span></h2><div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;">Virginia, like other jurisdictions
operating under British-derived legal systems, had from an early date a
locally-based system for caring for those who could not care for themselves.
The church was allied with the state, not only for the inculcation of moral
norms, but for the distribution of charity. The vestries of the church in
Virginia inherited from English law the care of indigent or infirm adults or
children within the local parish unit, which in Virginia corresponded generally
to the county. Many of the poor were farmed out to private homes in return for
a fee. By the second half of the eighteenth century, many parishes had
established institutions known as almshouses, where those who had no resources
were housed, fed, and given work to do as far as was practicable. These
almshouses were descendants of the local workhouses established under the poor
laws in Elizabethan England and under the charge of the church.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><span>
</span><br />
</span><div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><span><span>In 1785, Virginia's General Assembly, with the
privatization of religion that followed separation from Britain, transferred
responsibility for the poor to a new county-based secular body known as the <span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL;">overseers</span> of the <span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL;">poor,</span> but the
system of care and its application remained intact. In most counties an
almshouse, poorhouse, or <span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL;">poor</span><span lang="NL"> </span>farm was set up at some point during the following
century, in the charge of an official known as the superintendent of the <span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL;">poor. </span></span></span><br />
<span></span><br />
<span>In many ways, the almshouse, where the state fulfilled its acknowledged responsibility to clothe and care for the ill, the infirm, the aged, and the orphan is the model for hospitals. Likewise the architecture of care embodied the political structure around which it was organized. Wards for the occupants and rooms for daily use occupied the main sections of the buildings while the administrative and therapeutic functions were housed in distinct pavilions that were given architectural distinction by the use of arched openings, pediments, and porticoes. As Travis McDonald has observed: </span><br />
<span></span><br />
<span><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><em></em></span></span></span><blockquote><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><em>"In America, the hospital system developed in a dual manner. Publicly controlled almshouse hospitals in larger cities served paupers, criminals, the insane, orphans, and foundlings. In other words, all those who could not afford a physician's house call.</em></span><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><em> Voluntary hospitals of a better nature also developed and were modeled on the subscriber-run British examples, such as the 1752 London Hospital</em></span><span><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><em>. These hospitals, for example the Pennsylvania and New York Hospitals, differed from the almshouse hospitals by having a better staff, selected patients, medical students, and a lay board of administrators. Physicians who served in these hospitals did so as a social and honorary obligation. The arrangement of space was therefore logically organized by authority, with the most public and administrative spaces being the most prominently placed"</em></span> <i>[Travis McDonald, </i></span></span></span><i>Public Hospital Architectural Report, Block 4-3 Building 11, Colonial Williamsburg, 1986].</i></span></blockquote></div>
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhslnR0wOeEZO63qGL_seOWEvXPqBX1VrpGOOTdT8_vPEwNsv1SGwU7qPPqweEAxQLKmc2MbvolIAI6yRe_BHw7MiKyB2BMTlM9uiNaT3ufpX3VqETrTH02Jt03kTmJsUeZv2cWCNyPkFg/s1600/Poor+house+in+1809.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="590" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhslnR0wOeEZO63qGL_seOWEvXPqBX1VrpGOOTdT8_vPEwNsv1SGwU7qPPqweEAxQLKmc2MbvolIAI6yRe_BHw7MiKyB2BMTlM9uiNaT3ufpX3VqETrTH02Jt03kTmJsUeZv2cWCNyPkFg/s640/Poor+house+in+1809.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: 12pt;">City Poor and Work House carefully
placed just outside city limits on </span></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: times;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Young</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">’</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">s Map
of 1809 (top center). Detail of the Poorhouse from the same map (below).</span></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjC-9O6t9196E2gqLSEVy1byf25g7CEBMimcSYlf81TKitpr3Y7-4sOme0VOyftl4DxY3jxccPAmaoGc95Q-s8H6rb__xNFf7IYnWjIDLN7RB-63fnVzO6HiEvR3uVIauXDGFUHoBQsT0/s1600/Poor+house+in+1809+detail.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="570" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjC-9O6t9196E2gqLSEVy1byf25g7CEBMimcSYlf81TKitpr3Y7-4sOme0VOyftl4DxY3jxccPAmaoGc95Q-s8H6rb__xNFf7IYnWjIDLN7RB-63fnVzO6HiEvR3uVIauXDGFUHoBQsT0/s640/Poor+house+in+1809+detail.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div>
<br />
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></span><br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span><span>The City Poorhouse (before 1809)</span></span></span></span></h2><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span><br />
<span><span>The city of Richmond does not
appear to have had an almshouse before the end of the eighteenth century. The
city purchased 28 1/2 acres near the north end of Third Street in 1799. In 1803, the city advertised its willingness to accept proposals from an undertaker to build a poor house, with the adopted plan "lodged with Mr. Robert B. James" for examination [Richmond <i>Recorder</i>, 4 March 1803]. The building was completed in less than three years:</span></span></span></span><br /><br />
</span><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span face=""calibri" , sans-serif"></span><blockquote><span face=""calibri" , sans-serif">At a meeting of the magistrates of the city of Richmond, at the Poor and Work House, on Saturday the 15</span><sup style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">th</sup><span face=""calibri" , sans-serif"> of November 1806; It was determined, that the said Poor and Work House, be put into operation on the first day of December following, under the management of Nathaniel Shepherd, who hath been appointed the keeper thereof. </span><span face=""calibri" , sans-serif"> </span><span face=""calibri" , sans-serif">E. Carrington, Mayor, Richmond, Nov.16, 1806 [</span><i><span style="font-family: times;">V</span></i><i><span style="font-family: times;">irginia Argus</span></i><span face=""calibri" , sans-serif"><span style="font-family: times;">, </span>28 Nov. 1806].</span></blockquote><span face=""calibri" , sans-serif"></span></span></blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span><span><span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;">Young<span style="mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">’</span>s Map of 1809 shows that the new institution was carefully placed in alignment
with the outside of the city limits. The Virginia Mutual fire insurance policy
of 1814 shows a remarkable rectangular building with domed cupola surmounted by the figure of
a man with a sword. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: large;"><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9FHcujbvKXcPmhDkLd78yeL9dllWPaKqKX2mqwSffcv1l-mBWG55pGK2R_s2ln4YMSVuSd9KND3fGgGwDucag979dvEHLi0YI8D4OFqU8dukgeos1t0glLuD64nRgQQz-Cx6W6r3wHAE/s1600/Mutual+Policy+1814.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="370" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9FHcujbvKXcPmhDkLd78yeL9dllWPaKqKX2mqwSffcv1l-mBWG55pGK2R_s2ln4YMSVuSd9KND3fGgGwDucag979dvEHLi0YI8D4OFqU8dukgeos1t0glLuD64nRgQQz-Cx6W6r3wHAE/s640/Mutual+Policy+1814.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica"; font-size: small;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: times;"><span style="font-size: small;">Richmond City Poorhouse, 1805 [Virginia Mutual Assurance Society policy 438, 1814].</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"> The building's four floors presumably included a raised basement not shown in the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"> drawings.</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">The four-story brick building was entered at the center of a gabled front<span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">. It appears from the second- and third-floor doors on the side wall and the vertical lines that probably</span></span><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: large;"> represent projecting bricks, that the poorhouse was designed to be enlarged with side</span><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: large;"> wings that would have given it a T-shaped form with a pedimented pavilion as a central part of a longer front </span><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: large;">façade. Then it would have closely resembled the three-part palazzo form so favored by collegiate, hospital and other civic buildings, including the Public Hospital of 1774 in Williamsburg. The plan showed on the 1816 plat seen below seem to indicate that a three-part design was intended and that by 1816 a wing extended to one side of a gabled pedimented pavilion. </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: large;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi66sFZBV6BOkHVMukjXuE7du6wwCfKz5nhG0Dbn7FvpPXjvRfikZFGBkRRvDbP-Sm3lr23GUQww4OWarCX3xP9Ik6lqXNN-iksy8J46nLx32wZ1PpYzFajQJRB6u4K4tvoi_yEZwzovHI/s1600/Public+Hospital.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="478" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi66sFZBV6BOkHVMukjXuE7du6wwCfKz5nhG0Dbn7FvpPXjvRfikZFGBkRRvDbP-Sm3lr23GUQww4OWarCX3xP9Ik6lqXNN-iksy8J46nLx32wZ1PpYzFajQJRB6u4K4tvoi_yEZwzovHI/s640/Public+Hospital.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times;">Public Hospital, Williamsburg, originally completed to serve the mentally ill in 1774. The hospital would have been available as a model for Richmonders planning a new public facility like an almshouse. The current fences are based on those that enclosed the yard at the Richmond Almshouse in 1811.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;">In spite of the apparent reduction of the design, the Richmond Poorhouse was the largest building in the city after the Capitol (1788) and the State
Penitentiary (1800). An insurance policy from 1827 shows the building's plan unchanged. There is no evidence that it was ever enlarged.</span></span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"> </span></span><span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;">Four acres of the land directly to the south of the almshouse was
enclosed in 1820 to form the Shockoe Burial Ground, intended to replace St.
John<span style="mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">’</span>s Churchyard as the city<span style="mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">’</span>s
official cemetery for whites. It had a section for indigent whites. This had
been preceded by the free Negroes of the city, who had petitioned for a
cemetery there in 1810, and the Jewish residents of the city three years later
[Scott 1950, 285]. Two new African-American Burying Grounds, one acre each, known as the Burying Ground for Free Persons of Color and the Burying Ground for Negoes (for the use of enslaved persons), were established in 1816 on the top of the bluff and sloping down to Bacon<span style="mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">’</span>s Quarter Branch. Soon after, the gallows and powder magazine followed
it from the old site and the burying ground became the gallows ground as well.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiCU_C1mNbxolhAzWfJdgnkUQaEX3XvMJTI7mwxSFLL8islW43lQjuHNs6hMPKH99_8k3OUm3832jcNKd_3agwmGk4aKb5NE6GtuGqjX2qw_B8RnN4Yjk9otxh69xKWb23T1WdFqF_oAA/s1600/Almshouse+.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="760" data-original-width="1055" height="460" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiCU_C1mNbxolhAzWfJdgnkUQaEX3XvMJTI7mwxSFLL8islW43lQjuHNs6hMPKH99_8k3OUm3832jcNKd_3agwmGk4aKb5NE6GtuGqjX2qw_B8RnN4Yjk9otxh69xKWb23T1WdFqF_oAA/s640/Almshouse+.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br />Plat 1816, Richard Young, showing new Burial Grounds for Free and enslaved African Americans at the right and the existing almshouse to the left, with front and back gardens and an enclosed yard to the immediate rear. It appears that the building was designed to be expanded from a two-part to a three-part building, with a central projecting pavilion (A) and a wing to the east (B). Presumably a matching wing would have been added to the west [Research by Lenora McQueen for Second African Burial Ground].</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: large;"><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">Citie</span><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">s like Norfolk and Richmond took a strict
position about </span><br />
<span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-small;"><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: large;">poor relief, springing from perceived realities associated with urban poverty. Unlike the rural parts of the state, Richmond's leadership tended to favor Whig ideas of government-funded schools and vigorous charities. During a period of remarkable prosperity due to Richmond's position as an industrial and transportation hub, the city fathers chose to invest a substantial sum in the construction of this up-to-date civic amenity. They appear, however, to have hedged their bets by building only part of the intended structure, either out of frugality or caution. </span><br />
<span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: large;">The Richmond Almshouse represents the practical outworking of a collective set of deeply embedded ideas of the importance of Christian charity and civic order with Enlightenment convictions about the importance of personal moral responsibility. The Richmond Almshouse might be best understood in its context in the traditional city rather than the motivations of contemporary secular public welfare.</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-small;"> </span> </span> </span><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">As part of their pursuit of moral reform, the authorities at the Richmond Almshouse required adherence to rules and profitable use of time. The almshouse was referred to as <span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">“</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">a</span> <span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">workhouse, or House of correction for the safe keeping, employment, and reformation for the idle and dissolute,</span></span><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span face=""helvetica" , sans-serif" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">” and frankly modeled its operation on the new State Penitentiary, designed to transform and not merely punish its inmates. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: large;"><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span face=""helvetica" , sans-serif" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"></span></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"></span></span></span></span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: large;"><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><br />
<span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span face=""helvetica" , sans-serif" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Two rooms on the fourth floor of the Almshouse were set aside as "solitary rooms of confinement"<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype
id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t"
path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f">
<v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/>
<v:formulas>
<v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/>
<v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/>
</v:formulas>
<v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/>
<o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/>
</v:shapetype><v:shape id="officeArt_x0020_object" o:spid="_x0000_s1026"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='position:absolute;margin-left:1in;margin-top:143pt;
width:468pt;height:271.75pt;z-index:251660288;visibility:visible;
mso-wrap-style:square;mso-wrap-distance-left:12pt;mso-wrap-distance-top:12pt;
mso-wrap-distance-right:12pt;mso-wrap-distance-bottom:12pt;
mso-position-horizontal:absolute;mso-position-horizontal-relative:page;
mso-position-vertical:absolute;mso-position-vertical-relative:page'
wrapcoords="0 -4 0 21607 21600 21607 21600 -4 0 -4" strokeweight="1pt">
<v:stroke miterlimit="4"/>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\gworsham\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.png"
o:title=""/>
<w:wrap type="through" anchorx="page" anchory="page"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-family: times new roman, serif;">for those who did not abide by the rules</span><span style="font-family: times;"><span> </span><span>of the institution, in keeping with the most progressive theories of moral improvement. These were to be provided with iron gratings of venetian blinds be <span style="mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">“</span>plac<span style="mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">’</span>d on the outside of the building, so as to admit air, and partially to obstruct the light, preventing those within from amusing themselves with passing objects, and thereby induce them to exercise their minds on their former conduct, which may eventuate in their reformation.<span style="mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: times;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: times;"> </span></span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span>According to the regulations of the Richmond
Almshouse, designed to improve the residents<span style="mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">’ </span>characters,
the residents rose at dawn and reported to their assigned work. Residents were
required to observe<span style="mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;"> “</span>the order and quiet of the
House<span style="mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">”</span> during meals and visiting hours. Any sort of <span style="mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">“</span>disorderly behaviour<span style="mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">” </span>could
result in solitary confinement with reduced food, lashings, or expulsion [James
D. Watkinson, <span style="mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">“</span>Rogues, Vagabonds, and Fit Objects: The Treatment of
the Poor in Antebellum Virginia,<span style="mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">” </span><i>Virginia
Calvacade</i>, Winter 2000].<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span>
</span><br />
</span><span><span style="font-family: times;">Robert Greenhow, a prominent merchant, civic leader, and president of the
Richmond Overseers of the Poor, described the board<span style="mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">’</span>s duties in 1820: <span style="mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">“</span>The
trust imposed on us is, indeed, an important one. We are the constituted
almoners of the City; we are the nominated guardians, friends, and protectors of
the destitute and forlorn, the Widow & the Orphan, & we are invested
with the power of administering to their necessities as . . . applicants for
relief, in our opinion, deserve. He cautioned members of the board about the
need for discretion in dispersing the city<span style="mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">’</span>s
charity: <span style="mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">“</span>Thickly colored deceptive tales of woe, painting in
dolorous terms the wants and deprivations of the solicitor, [which] your ears
will be frequently assailed with and every means to excite your sympathy will
be practiced. Fallacious too often have these have been proved to be. You must
turn a deaf Ear to them; and proceed to investigate them.</span><span style="mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: times;">”</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: times;"> </span><span style="font-family: times new roman, serif;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: times new roman, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span><span style="font-size: large;">Like jails and mental hospitals, the almshouse had escape-proof exercise yards in which the inmates could spend the daylight hours. The city authorized "a plank enclosure of about 310 feet in length" to enclose a yard adjoining the almshouse, "the posts to be 14 feet long, 10 feet of each post to be hewed square, at the bottom of the square, to be 9 inches, and at top, 6 inches square, of good white or post oak, the pannels to be 8 feet long, 4 rails of good white oak to each panel, the rails to be 4 by 2 ½ inches and 16 ½ feet long, to embrace 3 posts each, the whole of said plank enclosure to be surmounted with an oak railing of 4 inches by 1 ¼, with 20d nails projecting through said railing at one inch distance from each other…." </span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><em>[The Enquirer</em>, Richmond, 4 June 1811, 3-3, quoted in Travis McDonald,<span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"> Public Hospital Architectural Report, Block 4-3 Building 11, Colonial Williamsburg, 1986</span>].</span></span></span><br />
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><br />
</span></span></span></span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span><span style="font-family: times;">In 1834, the city passed an
ordinance to reorganize the Overseers of the Poor, electing a Superintendent
and appointing a physician manage and oversee treatments at the Poorhouse <span style="mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">“</span>for the better government and employment of the poor
committed to their care: Provided, that their annual expenditures shall in no
case, exceed the annual appropriations made by the Council, for the support and
maintenance of the Poor of the City of Richmond. This law repealed the former <span style="mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">“</span>Ordinance providing for the establishment of a
Poorhouse, Workhouse, and House of Correction, for the City of Richmond,<span style="mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">” </span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: times;">passed in 1842.</span><span style="font-family: times new roman, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;">
</span></span><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6RPE9DbWJ0yLdbAkzp2RVXttG-sOsl3kxj7jVRjB5jdRYIAnq3Dl8G2iidVyNBOJAytJo0ENwwQVzTgffpqfAMsdno3kzmME1Scag4Bm-KrX8pso2xXahSxDkWcjsQ7RqAjj2zWSUZd4/s1600/1865+LOC+Richmond+Almshouse.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="430" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6RPE9DbWJ0yLdbAkzp2RVXttG-sOsl3kxj7jVRjB5jdRYIAnq3Dl8G2iidVyNBOJAytJo0ENwwQVzTgffpqfAMsdno3kzmME1Scag4Bm-KrX8pso2xXahSxDkWcjsQ7RqAjj2zWSUZd4/s640/1865+LOC+Richmond+Almshouse.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span><span style="font-family: times;">The Second Richmond Almshouse and Shockoe Hill
Burying Ground, 1865 [LOC]. The windows have been blown out by an explosion at
the Powder Magazine. The view is from the City Hospital. The overgrown
landscape of the Shockoe Hill Burying Ground is typical of cemeteries before
the days of mowing machines. Note the high brick wall enclosing the exercise yards at the rear of the almshouse.</span></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: large;"></span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUTqqN4XHgf-F1MdY3bvOKQ_oiYQ3Kgaot_fXOXCr1vzWNCWtshC7s5Y0bdA__CZTVDp_k9DWi4T6y9ZLYcVdycdXkKm-kENtqD75m3-nsKas2CNuCqDbU5bjc8NF4ggl2Ll76ob49Xrw/s1600/site+plan.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="492" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUTqqN4XHgf-F1MdY3bvOKQ_oiYQ3Kgaot_fXOXCr1vzWNCWtshC7s5Y0bdA__CZTVDp_k9DWi4T6y9ZLYcVdycdXkKm-kENtqD75m3-nsKas2CNuCqDbU5bjc8NF4ggl2Ll76ob49Xrw/s640/site+plan.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"></span><br />
<span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">Mid-twentieth century site plan from City Department of Public Works and National Register </span><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">form. The main building is </span><br />
<span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">seen at the lower right. The Colored Almshouse of 1909 (West Building) to the center left, appears as a reduced version of the main building.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">The Second Richmond Almshouse</span></span></span></span></span></span></h2>
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">Social and health reform movements of the antebellum era bore fruit in a "prodigious" new building designed by City Engineer Washington Gill, Jr. [NR form]. The city's Common Council authorized its construction in 1859 to serve the growing poor population of the city, both black and white. The new Richmond Almshouse, when completed in 1861, was one
of the largest and best equipped in the state. The start of the Civil War meant that it wasn't fully complete for five years. </span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: times;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">The war also <span><span style="font-size: large;">caused a delay in the intended use of the building, which </span><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype
id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t"
path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f">
<v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/>
<v:formulas>
<v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/>
<v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/>
</v:formulas>
<v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/>
<o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/>
</v:shapetype><v:shape id="officeArt_x0020_object" o:spid="_x0000_s1027"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='position:absolute;margin-left:1in;margin-top:1in;
width:468pt;height:315.15pt;z-index:251661312;visibility:visible;
mso-wrap-style:square;mso-wrap-distance-left:12pt;mso-wrap-distance-top:12pt;
mso-wrap-distance-right:12pt;mso-wrap-distance-bottom:12pt;
mso-position-horizontal:absolute;mso-position-horizontal-relative:page;
mso-position-vertical:absolute;mso-position-vertical-relative:page'
wrapcoords="0 0 0 21597 21600 21597 21600 0 0 0" strokeweight="1pt">
<v:stroke miterlimit="4"/>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\gworsham\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.png"
o:title=""/>
<w:wrap type="through" anchorx="page" anchory="page"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-size: large;">was, instead, used as Hospital #1 for wounded soldiers and later as a temporary home for the Virginia Military Institute. The massive brick building has survived to the present, unlike other large masonry institutional buildings from the period, such as the Richmond Female Institute. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-size: large;">The Italianate structure features a five-part plan, with a three-story central pavilion linked to similar end pavilions by two-story links, arch-headed windows, and plain pedimented fronts. The pedimented porches on each of the pavilions were probably intended from the first, but were not built until after the end of the war. While the building uses the regia or palazzo form typical of civic and institutional buildings in Europe and America, the ornament is reduced to a minimum and the classical proportions alone carry the meaning of order and control appropriate to building'</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-size: large;">s use. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica"; font-size: large;"></span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMsBYgp3fZF_kELI6oDbD2Js1Vf5ntRe_AyJadnY7oDWPQeYsxYMLOIQm8haMjnzhps8yG8wc-Grfbl4vhcXJGv8iL0dif5MGGmiaFQJDauQNO4_DVzd9GAbmZoJX9l_8sJCJrb240M40/s1600/1838_Lithograph.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="404" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMsBYgp3fZF_kELI6oDbD2Js1Vf5ntRe_AyJadnY7oDWPQeYsxYMLOIQm8haMjnzhps8yG8wc-Grfbl4vhcXJGv8iL0dif5MGGmiaFQJDauQNO4_DVzd9GAbmZoJX9l_8sJCJrb240M40/s640/1838_Lithograph.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">William Strickland, Blockley Almshouse of 1838, Philadelphia</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;">The design of the building is not unlike that of the main building of the Blockley Almshouse in Philadelphia, designed by William Strickland and built in 1832. The York County Pennsylvania Almshouse, built in 1859 to the designs of Edward Haviland, had a similar plan, not unlike his designs for a related building type, the hospital for the insane, such as the Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane of 1841. In each of these buildings, the wings were segregated by sex, as was probably the case at the Richmond Almshouse. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica"; font-size: large;"></span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieWOtgH1D4I0Wmx6eehodmAAfMGA8XYsTtQxwI15xGVnOHqS6fi-PlK6oNo6X60xafXWyGIU5pm9vtViCct4McMtYhHZbVef1XUU3Gu-cR_78BI4xR9T7GzN1ndXVown_hVrOWiTpa2SY/s1600/Penn+Hospital+for+the+Insane.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieWOtgH1D4I0Wmx6eehodmAAfMGA8XYsTtQxwI15xGVnOHqS6fi-PlK6oNo6X60xafXWyGIU5pm9vtViCct4McMtYhHZbVef1XUU3Gu-cR_78BI4xR9T7GzN1ndXVown_hVrOWiTpa2SY/s640/Penn+Hospital+for+the+Insane.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">Isaac Holden, Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane, Philadelphia, 1841</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;">The building was divided into male and female departments- the men in the west end and the women in the east, as can be seen in the 1877 map below [Beers Map]. Wards were located in the narrow hyphens between the pavilions [NR form]. These were accessed by open galleries ranging across the back of the building on each floor. Stairs rose in each of the three pavilions. An original ell at the eastern (women's) end of the almshouse housed a charity hospital operated for the benefit of the poor and for the training of students at the Medical College of Virginia. A similar wing of early date is offset from the west corner of the building. A similar early wing offset at the west (men's) end may have served a similar purpose. High brick walls, no longer extant, enclosed exercise yards at the rear of the building. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCzy3pvMn6KM7XzKocibGly1euGVjIYwaZn35AH67A_xJ82n0ORn0ZVPBEsexv4y5ocAz_LpIcJhBPayoHYWZ0O8JzYjJEF8eTNyGzWNtimRku6jUBx1G9JyrXlnHyhpb82Z7jrMeMGtM/s1600/Almshouse+02+.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCzy3pvMn6KM7XzKocibGly1euGVjIYwaZn35AH67A_xJ82n0ORn0ZVPBEsexv4y5ocAz_LpIcJhBPayoHYWZ0O8JzYjJEF8eTNyGzWNtimRku6jUBx1G9JyrXlnHyhpb82Z7jrMeMGtM/s640/Almshouse+02+.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">The Almshouse today seen from Shockoe Burial Ground</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: large;">The Almshouse was used as General Hospital #1 during most of the Civil War. Towards the end it was rented to the students and faculty of Virginia Military Institute. </span><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: large;">The city's paupers were poorly housed in a nearby set of buildings, including a main house, rented from John W. Smith. </span><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: large;">After the end of the war, the 1859 almshouse reverted to use as a poorhouse operated by the union forces. </span><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: large;">The temporary almshouse, as well as the City Hospital and the 1859 almshouse, had been damaged in the explosion of the nearby powder magazine in April of 1865, which also caused a series of unfortunate deaths:</span><br />
<br />
<div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: large;"><em>THE CITY MAGAZINE. - To the curious, the site of the late city magazine will repay a visit. It will be recollected the magazine was blown up by the Confederates just before sunrise on the morning of the 3d instant - eleven inmates of the city almshouse and one old colored man living on 2d street being killed by the explosion, and thousands of panes of glass in the city smashed by the concussion. We have no means of ascertaining the quantity of powder in the magazine at the time it was blown up, but presume it must have been several tons.</em></span> </blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: large;"> Richmond <i>Whig</i>, 27 April 1865.<o:p></o:p></span></blockquote>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif" style="color: #323232; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-family: times;">An a</span>ccount in 1899 describes the almshouse as a handsome three-story building </span></span><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif" style="color: #323232; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica;">“</span><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif" style="color: #323232; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">on
a <span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">commanding site in rear of the Shockoe Cemetery</span></span><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif" style="color: #323232; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica;">” </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: #323232; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;"><span style="font-size: large;">[Robert R. Nuchols, A History of the Gov. of the City of Richmond and a Sketch, 1899]. As late as 1880, the Almshouse was seen as the largest and most impressive such facility in the state [NR form].</span> </span></span><br />
<span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: #323232; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhY5ppJndfSgxmpdvxsQmzLJHqjHZnVk51KgR3e5Y6T8f834dYaBTmDznlno3tV2S6QwEUopWrVhKgvsB6XkTB1QI3NikUVWXEpossOs2rGCIzapOaQAyYNSzjM4ZkBReC0W-j2vihkmmU/s1600/Richmond+City+Hospital+LOC.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="394" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhY5ppJndfSgxmpdvxsQmzLJHqjHZnVk51KgR3e5Y6T8f834dYaBTmDznlno3tV2S6QwEUopWrVhKgvsB6XkTB1QI3NikUVWXEpossOs2rGCIzapOaQAyYNSzjM4ZkBReC0W-j2vihkmmU/s640/Richmond+City+Hospital+LOC.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span><span style="font-family: times;">City Hospital, 1865 [LOC]. The windows have been blown out by an explosion at
the nearby</span></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span><span style="font-family: times;">Powder Magazine. The white paint on the lower floor was used to improve visibility around the bases<span><span> </span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span><span style="font-family: times;">of the city's Confederate prisons, preventing escape and exterior communication. This building, built before 1848, became the city's Colored <span><span>Almshouse after the Civil War. It was demolished at some point after the patients were removed to <span><span>a new facility next to the main almshouse building in 1908.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div><h2 style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;">City Hospital</span></span></h2>
<span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><span>
</span><br />
</span><div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span><span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;">The city did not have any sort of
permanent facility for the care of persons suffering from serious or contagious
illnesses until well into the nineteenth century. A smallpox outbreak
in 1793 prodded the city to set up a <span style="mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">“</span>pesthouse<span style="mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">” </span>for the care of persons with contagious diseases. A
private house was obtained well away from other dwellings, where inoculations
were also available [Records of the Co<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1026"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='position:absolute;margin-left:1in;margin-top:267.9pt;
width:468pt;height:334.65pt;z-index:251662336;visibility:visible;
mso-wrap-style:square;mso-wrap-distance-left:12pt;mso-wrap-distance-top:12pt;
mso-wrap-distance-right:12pt;mso-wrap-distance-bottom:12pt;
mso-position-horizontal:absolute;mso-position-horizontal-relative:page;
mso-position-vertical:absolute;mso-position-vertical-relative:page'
wrapcoords="0 -3 0 21618 21621 21618 21621 -3 0 -3" strokeweight="1pt">
<v:stroke miterlimit="4"/>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\gworsham\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.png"
o:title=""/>
<w:wrap type="through" anchorx="page" anchory="page"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]-->mmon Hall, 14 Dec. 1793].</span><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-family: times new roman, serif;">A report made to a worried Virginia Senate in January
of 1828 indicated that, </span><span style="font-family: times;">altho</span><span style="font-family: times new roman, serif;">ugh there were no reported cases of smallpox with
the actual city limits, the Almshouse had seen eleven cases. Each of these had
been transferred under guard to a "City Hospital," then located away from
settled areas "in a secluded location two miles from the Capitol." The location of this hospital has not been uncovered. </span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcsg7vpPYBAtxPOeW4-feqC4k9elyghi0_IcgjXt0twa6A85F4YhZHZSI9q1YjUOsjLiNJDuBGB0J5iWxN0DrNhHePFXXF8cV6JIcUPTyU_nJyOX0i03QuqYAtZn43s4f72apqijHhoSs/s1600/Adams+Map+1858.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="456" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcsg7vpPYBAtxPOeW4-feqC4k9elyghi0_IcgjXt0twa6A85F4YhZHZSI9q1YjUOsjLiNJDuBGB0J5iWxN0DrNhHePFXXF8cV6JIcUPTyU_nJyOX0i03QuqYAtZn43s4f72apqijHhoSs/s640/Adams+Map+1858.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span><span style="font-family: times;">Richmond City Poorhouse of 1805
and City Hospital on the Adams 1858 Map</span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">By 1848, when it first shows up on a map of the city, a large brick building called the City Hospital
occupied a spot on Fourth Street facing Shockoe Cemetery (McGuire in Richmond,
Capitol of Virginia, 1938]. This hospital was likely built to care for those
suffering from infectious diseases, in particular the often deadly disease of
smallpox. Albert Snead, physician at the hospital, noted that there were four cases
of smallpox there in 1854 [Wyndham B. Blanton, <i>Medicine in Virginia in the
Nineteenth Century.</i> Richmond VA: Garrett and Massie, 1933]. </span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">Richmond. like
much of the country suffered from regularly recurring outbreaks and epidemics
of smallpox (in spite of the availability of inoculations by 1800 severe
outbreaks occurred in 1835-6, 1855-56, 1863, and 1873),<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>influenza (1807, 1815, 1844, 1899), and
cholera (first appeared in 1832, later outbreaks in 1849, and 1854). The state
enacted a strict law in 1819 imposing quarantines. In 1831 the state authorized
localities to set up smallpox hospitals and remove patients to them.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A city ordinance of 1841<span style="mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“</span>To
provide for the removal of persons infected with the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Small Pox, and other dangerous, contagious
diseases, and for other purposes<span style="mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">” </span>directed
that persons with smallpox were to be removed to the City Hospital until <span style="mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">“</span>he or she shall have gone through the distemper<span style="mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">” </span>or pay ten dollars per day. <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></div><div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><br /></span></span></span></span></div><div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">The city ordinances as published in 1859 included a section requiring the appointment of a committee and a hospital physician, who was also to serve as superintendent of quarantine during times of . They were to supervise the city hospital, which involved providing a place where those suffering from "any infectious disease dangerous to the public health" could be quarantined and treated. They were to employ a housekeeper, nurses and attendants. Black and white and male and female patients were to be housed in separate apartments. Vehicles were to be provided to transport patients to the hospital. </span></span></span></span></div><div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br /></div><div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: large;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">The City Hospital for infectious diseases was re-established in a somewhat more remote location at Clark's Spring, near Hollywood Cemetery. In 1870, the condition of the building in use as a hospital, was reported by the city's Committee on Health to be in poor repair. They advised the common council, which agreed, to buy or condemn the land at Clark's Spring and build a suitable building [<i>Daily Dispatch</i>, 6 Dec. 1870]. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><div><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: large;">By 1873, the goal of a new hospital was accomplished and the City Hospital was "open for reception" [<i>Daily Dispatch</i>, 11 March 1873]. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: #323232; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;"> Three years later the newspaper reported that the hospital, "which was only used for infectious diseases, and practically only for small-pox, was not opened during the year until December, when four patients were received, three white and one black. In January, four more, all black, were admitted. Of these eight two died." The building "is so rarely wanted that it is in no fit order for the uses to which it is devoted; but hereafter it will be carded for systematically, and at t little expense."[<i>Daily Dispatch</i>, 7 March 1876].</span></span></span></div></div><div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><br /></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">
</span></span></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">By 1866, the city had acquired a
farm north of the City in Henrico County for the purposes of growing food for
the city<span style="mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">’</span>s jail and almshouse. This remote spot
on Horse Swamp Creek (behind present-day John Marshall High School) became the final site of the hospital for infectious diseases, unofficially known as the "Pest House."</span></span></span></span><div><span style="font-family: times new roman, serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: times new roman, serif; font-size: large;">The city established the smallpox hospital on what it referred to as the Morris Farm in Henrico County, purchased for that purpose in 1886 [<i>Southeastern Reporter</i> Vol. 2, 1887]. This may have been located adjacent to the City Farm, where in about 1905</span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: times new roman, serif;"> a</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif;"> frame house was built at the
City Farm to accommodate white smallpox </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; mso-ansi-language: FR;">patients</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif;"> and the keeper's family. An older house was used for
the African-American patients. Those of either race who died were buried in an
adjoining cemetery. A terrible smallpox epidemic in Raleigh NC affected African-American students who attended Shaw University in that city. The </span><i style="font-family: "times new roman", serif;">Times Dispatch</i><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif;"> of March 29, 1905 indicated that "t</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif;">he last student from Shaw University, colored, was released from the smallpox pest house yesterday evening and the quarantine that has been maintained against the Institution for the past two months has been raised. Altogether there were ten of the students affected by the disease. There are still thirteen smallpox patients at the pest-house, all negroes."</span></span><div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: times;">The older building had fallen down by 1916, and the black and white patients were housed together in the ca. 1905 building. By 1939, smallpox and infectious diseases were handled at a unit of the adjoining Pine Camp Tuberculosis Hospital, established on the City Farm in 1910 [City of Richmond, Virginia, Annual Report (1916) p. 311 cited in Worsham, <i>Pine Camp Tuberculosis Hospital National Register Nomination</i>].</span></span></span></span></div><div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: times;"><br /></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4R7CA8p33MLSRcdLc4pGYlhKgyJgn2XZe3gi87OGHQNOLnMZaJWADp-Ho49zqECLyaQOT_aXMrXIJymcSZXBVnq6ZuTJi0npN87qXSUtTMzqlH67OVflhJtnzrX69aSXUvOpcazMsSE0/s1600/Almshouse+03.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4R7CA8p33MLSRcdLc4pGYlhKgyJgn2XZe3gi87OGHQNOLnMZaJWADp-Ho49zqECLyaQOT_aXMrXIJymcSZXBVnq6ZuTJi0npN87qXSUtTMzqlH67OVflhJtnzrX69aSXUvOpcazMsSE0/s640/Almshouse+03.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">Colored Almshouse or West Building today</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: times;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: large;">The old City Hospital on Fourth Street was converted after the Civil War into the city</span><span style="font-size: large;">’</span><span style="font-size: large;"><span>s first Colored Almshouse, the white a</span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">nd black paupers now being fully segregated for the first time. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><div>
<span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: large;">In 1908, probably as a result of reforms advocated by the new State Board of Corrections and Charities, Richmond's city council authorized the construction of a new "Colored Almshouse" for the city's poor black residents. This two-story brick building, now known as the West Building, was built to the immediate west of the main building of the Richmond Almshouse. The old City Hospital building, previously used for that purpose, was demolished. </span><br />
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;">
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaZpw-wyJCDHx2zTq9cEyMd81QQqdTcqmE-dFKV3UIgppxj9Xs7yWtJLwKw7tb6egs4FH2gSIhY7xZHBo5pkMuEaLB7upY7GkZyvW90hvUbkBIINQgHLtQXFqmxTr2Qs-5dRXkSk0fmAs/s1600/Beers+Map+showing+City+Almshouse+and+Colored+Almshouse.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="474" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaZpw-wyJCDHx2zTq9cEyMd81QQqdTcqmE-dFKV3UIgppxj9Xs7yWtJLwKw7tb6egs4FH2gSIhY7xZHBo5pkMuEaLB7upY7GkZyvW90hvUbkBIINQgHLtQXFqmxTr2Qs-5dRXkSk0fmAs/s640/Beers+Map+showing+City+Almshouse+and+Colored+Almshouse.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"></span><br />
<span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">Beers Map of 1877 showing Shockoe Cemetery, the second African Burying Ground (called "Potter's Field") and the two Almshouses.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2><span style="font-size: large;"><span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: times;">The City Home</span></span></span></span></h2></div>
<span style="font-family: times;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">
</span></span></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
</span><div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: small;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span><span>By the early twentieth century it
was evident to reformers that the traditional almshouse was inadequate to house
the numbers of needy in many communities and was too frequently subject to
fiscal abuse and physical neglect. In 1908, members of a newly established
Virginia Board of Charities and Corrections found 108 county and city
almshouses in operation in Virginia. The progressive movement in the early
twentieth century resulted from a reattribution of the causes of poverty and
illness from immorality and uncleanliness to lack of opportunity and poor
living conditions. Emphasis shifted from private charity to organized public
relief and concern grew over the abuses, duplication of efforts, and
inefficiency of the nation's organizations of assistance. State governments
became aware of increased responsibilities to the poor, the "feebleminded,"
and the insane [Walter L. <span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Trattner,</span><span lang="SV"> </span><i>From Poor Laws to Welfare State: A History of Welfare
in America</i> (New York: <span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL;">Free</span> Press and London: Coll<span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;">ier Macmi</span>llan, 1974) 179-190]. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: times;"><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span><span>A State Conference of Charities
and Corrections was organized in 1900. At its third meeting in 1903 several
advocates of social service reform addressed the conference, which undertook to
promote a new central state authority like those already established in other
states [Arthur W. James, <i>Virginia</i><i><span style="mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">’</span></i><i>s
Social Awakening: The Contribution of Dr. Mastin and the Board of Charities and
Corrections</i> (Richmond, VA: Garrett and
Massie, 1939) 2-3].</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"> </span></div><span style="font-family: times;">
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span>
</span></span>
<br />
</span><div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span><span style="font-family: times;">As a result of the conference<span style="mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">’</span>s <span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;">recommendations,</span>
the Board of Charities and Corrections was established in 1908 to provide
limited guidance to the many public institutions that had multiplied since the
Civil War. After the establishment of the Board of Charities and Corrections, a
survey was prepared of the unsafe and unsanitary conditions in many of the
state's almshouses. Thirty-three of the smaller institutions were closed during
the following decade, but the larger almshouses continued to operate, often
with what were seen by contemporary critics as unsatisfactory physical
facilities, ineffective management, poor living conditions, and bad dietary
standards. In 1918 the Board of Charities and Corrections convinced the
legislature to enact a law providing for the consolidation of almshouses into
district homes operated by groups of neighboring counties and cities [Arthur W.
James, <i>The Public Welfare Function of Government in Virginia</i> (Richmond,
Va: Division of Purchase and Printing, 1934) 7, 10-16, 63-64]. <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span><span>In the second quarter of the
twentieth century, rural almshouse managers were encouraged by the State Board of
Public Welfare (successor to the Board of Chanties and Corrections and now known
as the Department of Social Services) to segregate the inmates by sex and race.
While contemporary social welfare theory inherited from earlier thought a sense
of poverty's being rooted in moral failure, there was a new, <span lang="PT" style="mso-ansi-language: PT;">pseudo-scientific</span><span lang="PT"> </span>emphasis
among professionals in the social welfare community on genetics. Eugenics, a
self-proclaimed science of population control, sought to prevent
"incurable, hereditary insane, feebleminded, and epileptic"
individuals from reproducing, through institutionalization or sterilization. In
1924, the Virginia General Assembly passed the Virginia Sterilization Act, which
codified this practice. By 1939, more than three thousand persons had been
involuntarily sterilized at state hospitals [Ro<span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL;">bert H. Kirkwood,</span><span style="mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;"> <i>“</i></span><i>Fit Surroundings:<span style="mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">”</span></i><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><i> District
Homes Replace County Almshouses.</i> (Richmond, VA: Department of Public Welfare of
Virginia, 1948) 172].</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: times;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: times;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span>
</span></span>
<br />
</span><div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: times;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span><span><span>In its first report of 1909, the new State Board of Charities and Corrections described the Richmond Almshouse in favorable terms. Religious services were held several times a week. Those residents who were fit assisted in domestic duties in the building. Some amusements, including visits to the city, were provided to the resident paupers. These privileges were withdrawn when resident failed to obey the rules. The committee recommended strongly that the sexes be separated and dining rooms be provided for both men and women. The plumbing and other amenities were impressive, with electricity, steam heart, and indoor plumbing. </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span><span><span>On January 1, 1910, there were 300 persons in the Richmond Almshouse (including the Colored Almshouse), of which 197 were male, 103 female. Of these, 131 were black. During the year, 1,288 persons were admitted, of which 342 were male, 446 were female. Of these 702 were black. 232 patients died during the year [Paupers in Almshouse, 1910, US Census Bureau].</span><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span><span></span><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span><span>In the early twentieth century, the City Almshouse was renamed the Richmond City Home, probably to mitigate its reputation as a place of last resort. A one-story infirmary was added at the end of the east wing in 1926 which housed tubercular patients. The open rear galleries were replaced with enclosed brick and concrete porches in 1956.</span></span></span><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><span><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span><span>When the tuberculosis hospital at Pine Camp was no longer needed, after antibiotic treatment had been proved to cure tuberculosis, the city considered closing either the City Home (Almshouse) or the camp. The decision was made in 1956 to close Pine Camp and transfer the remaining patients to the City Home. Richmond's Almshouse, later known as the Richmond City Home, continued to operate as an almshouse until 1980, when it was closed by the city. It was later repurposed as a privately operated home for low-income residents known today as the Shockoe Hill Apartments. An addition across the rear of the building enclosed the concrete gallery, which is now visible only against the rear wings.</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"></span><br /></span></span>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwW5y77XEowHB-nYk5I-2NpxpbroC5v0lLsQ6cQ2twqj53EafJHLdeFnU6JwyD8Ooi3xiAjtDwIsenSJqfERbyyuauAOHDg00neZSJ3iqCHFdPRfoVMqPcbfUNKzk7lK1HMPjY1OGn7aU/s1600/Almshouse+01.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwW5y77XEowHB-nYk5I-2NpxpbroC5v0lLsQ6cQ2twqj53EafJHLdeFnU6JwyD8Ooi3xiAjtDwIsenSJqfERbyyuauAOHDg00neZSJ3iqCHFdPRfoVMqPcbfUNKzk7lK1HMPjY1OGn7aU/s640/Almshouse+01.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The west wing of the Almshouse from the northeast showing the enclosed concrete gallery along the inner face of the courtyard at the rear.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"><br /></span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">
</span></span>
<br />
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
<br />
</span><br />
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<br />
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br /><br /></div></div>Gibson Worshamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17914252671575229780noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-284912172590016102.post-16886264061782057932016-11-21T23:55:00.003-05:002016-12-29T13:53:06.886-05:00Richmond Theater- Part III- Vaudeville to Cinema- 1920-1940<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica"; font-size: large;"><em>This is the final part of a three-part overview of theater and theater architecture in Richmond. Part One can be found <a href="http://urbanscalerichmondvirginia.blogspot.com/2016/08/the-theater-in-eighteenth-and.html">here</a> and Part Two can be found <a href="http://urbanscalerichmondvirginia.blogspot.com/2016/09/richmond-theater-ii-diversification-in.html">here</a>.</em></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica"; font-size: large;">The “motion picture palace” has its roots in the vaudeville palaces that preceded it by as much as<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>two decades. Both the Colonial (1919) and National (1920) were more architecturally significant and luxuriously furnished than any earlier theaters in the city.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"></span> </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0Ft8hEq0RGzGN5UNWobEkE_XgW4j6yZZTg88UDe8WjldPSBad5T2g3buty17dhbRbrsQiW9ExqD-3HOHEN8m2cgWER-v6Sq0fEXOOLHMmX13XBF2GqGQzxYckf_rw2EHTP5QKcOW23aM/s1600/Colonial+Theatre+1920.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="435" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0Ft8hEq0RGzGN5UNWobEkE_XgW4j6yZZTg88UDe8WjldPSBad5T2g3buty17dhbRbrsQiW9ExqD-3HOHEN8m2cgWER-v6Sq0fEXOOLHMmX13XBF2GqGQzxYckf_rw2EHTP5QKcOW23aM/s640/Colonial+Theatre+1920.png" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 16pt;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSEJq_G899gQp1dFuoW-QttgQLVYUGol8mVQ1KWyo40OSHqOFvnb5G-r0G2hSSsXhZH_JaDGLj3k4ye4ZvAueM-BW1kzFqL3OupVytuW6tF2Q1xU5zuta_1PQhkRc_k0vGF06oYwc8j4M/s1600/Colonial+interior+01.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="277" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSEJq_G899gQp1dFuoW-QttgQLVYUGol8mVQ1KWyo40OSHqOFvnb5G-r0G2hSSsXhZH_JaDGLj3k4ye4ZvAueM-BW1kzFqL3OupVytuW6tF2Q1xU5zuta_1PQhkRc_k0vGF06oYwc8j4M/s400/Colonial+interior+01.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_TPiBjmr4iDY9qdgQ_SIF0AP0nu1WZ_cMYJ11LDfpFKsuFf5NJjslTlaO2xnFKdZT4VX072X9FpiGKkSMiK6KY-mqQ6v0XNYXCuHRoDX8tBPn53DMfJ0-l6iJRA4G1YoB_YinYTwFsjE/s1600/Colonial+interior+02.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="317" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_TPiBjmr4iDY9qdgQ_SIF0AP0nu1WZ_cMYJ11LDfpFKsuFf5NJjslTlaO2xnFKdZT4VX072X9FpiGKkSMiK6KY-mqQ6v0XNYXCuHRoDX8tBPn53DMfJ0-l6iJRA4G1YoB_YinYTwFsjE/s400/Colonial+interior+02.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"></span></a><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Colonial Theatre, Library of Virginia. The unusual curved ceiling of the lobby is </span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">caused by the tiered seating extending overhead.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 16pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">The interiors of each were treated with
spare, restrained, Neo-classical forms. The Colonial was designed for Wells,
Wilmer, and Vincent by Richmond architects Carneal and Johnson. An astylar
facade covered with diapered stonework was topped by an Ionic cornice. A central
bay held a tall blind loggia. The Colonial had no balcony but tiered seating
that rose to the rear. Box seat on the sides were surmounted by Adamesque
panels and the ceiling was given an elegant geometrical form and a shallow
saucer dome to correspond. The Colonial and the National incorporated
sophisticated use concealed lighting and other “effects.” The National had
colored lights that could be combined to create dramatic interior shading [NR
form].<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Both the Colonial and the National differ from the design
of earlier theaters in the city. Designed for use with film, they no longer
exhibit the horseshoe shape typical of earlier buildings. Provision of a
single, deep balcony without columns supports and extending over the lobby gave
a less restricted view of the stage and better visibility and acoustics from
each seat. Marble stairs gave dignity to the balcony seating. The provision of
nearby theaters for the use of the African-American population and increased
regulation meant that many of the new theaters were not designed with
segregated entrances and seating areas.</span><br />
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 16pt;">
<o:p><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"> </span></o:p></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhv-Q9hZzhKabvSbdY3vHap0gXIYeII87L6booaMzv2C4UuuKDmUvcbsjKziB6209XcSBa6gaJMosREieaEyTZV7JwC53k7NCsvlGYsd0_TeYZpOyWoPHj2JmrNCB-48JD3zKW6eZUxWAs/s1600/Bluebird.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhv-Q9hZzhKabvSbdY3vHap0gXIYeII87L6booaMzv2C4UuuKDmUvcbsjKziB6209XcSBa6gaJMosREieaEyTZV7JwC53k7NCsvlGYsd0_TeYZpOyWoPHj2JmrNCB-48JD3zKW6eZUxWAs/s400/Bluebird.jpg" width="221" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div align="left" class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 16pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">The
Bluebird, 1917 (the Grand </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Theatre </span></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">after 1933).<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">The pioneering “motion picture
queen” Amanda Thorpe, together with W. P. Kline and Walter Coulter built a
modest movie theater at 620 E. Broad Street in 1917. Coulter eventually
purchased this theater, called the Bluebird, from his partners along with its
sister Bluebird Theatre in Petersburg. The Bluebird specialized in first-run
western films for many years [Richmond <i>News Leader</i>, Dec 22, 1928]. Like
the Bluebird Theatre in Petersburg, this modest film theater, as seen in an
historic photograph, looks like a reworked storefront. It originally had a
large electric sign depicting a bluebird opening and shutting its wings.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Since there are no building permit documents
preserved for this theater, details are sketchy. Coulter sold a half interest
in both Bluebirds to Charles Somma and the two formed the Bluebird Theatre
Company. Coulter and Somma were planning more costly investments to come, such
as the Brookland and the Byrd.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">At the same time that vaudeville and film were
developing side by side, theatre design, construction, and decoration became
codified and even industrialized in step with the architectural era known as
“the American Renaissance.” New approaches to engineering, fabrication, and
assembly made possible the huge spans, complex details, advanced mechanical,
electrical, and projection equipment, and “gangs” of decorative craftsmen who
could bring a palace to a life in very short order. Theaters in large cities
like New York and Chicago set the tone for smaller towns. The provision of
“dry” modern cooling (instead of passing air over blocks of ice used at
Richmond’s National Theatre in 1922 ), developed by the Carrier Engineering
Corporation, was pioneered at the Rivoli Theatre in New York in 1925. Like the
Rivoli (1917) and other earlier palatial theaters designed by New York
architectural impresario Thomas W. Lamb, the National has restrained, elegant
Neo-classical interiors, rather than the ornate Baroque interiors that he
popularized in the mid- to late 1920s.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiz5PU6bec6tjajZBrMZXApOu3-ML5Z2MwXuXSXN0pRB7E1An02mppmhYfC2saLZlvgO0KE9p-GqHDejkkSPoFXUr6yGU5YcPAZQH2NYMlbIptZUwZgS4NAlY_5KvGZexvvrTkK9qSyjGA/s1600/National+Theatre.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="411" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiz5PU6bec6tjajZBrMZXApOu3-ML5Z2MwXuXSXN0pRB7E1An02mppmhYfC2saLZlvgO0KE9p-GqHDejkkSPoFXUr6yGU5YcPAZQH2NYMlbIptZUwZgS4NAlY_5KvGZexvvrTkK9qSyjGA/s640/National+Theatre.png" width="640" /></a></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEie7sXf04Ch5QlTZISp1Iis9RORhaTHW-TJpdOjA2bw8NG4pIBhHVyNDc9lzu6LP0A5Bkkb__olvfZ3JNgz1EB3h69Jjvdb16Dh6fz_PysivABnBCfcSoH4vn6XalF2mSue21U7xi8vgaw/s1600/National+Interior.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="277" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEie7sXf04Ch5QlTZISp1Iis9RORhaTHW-TJpdOjA2bw8NG4pIBhHVyNDc9lzu6LP0A5Bkkb__olvfZ3JNgz1EB3h69Jjvdb16Dh6fz_PysivABnBCfcSoH4vn6XalF2mSue21U7xi8vgaw/s400/National+Interior.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 16pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
National Theatre, built on the site of the Rex in 1923.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">The National was designed by
Richmond-based architect Claude K. Howell, who had previously designed a number
of theaters across the South in connection with the chain of vaudeville and
film theaters supplied by the Keith-Albee circuit, including Jake Well’s Lyric.
It was developed by owners John Pryor and Frank Ferrandini in connection with
the highly respected First National vaudeville and film circuit. The 1,300-seat
National was generously planned and lavishly decorated. The deep-bracketed
eaves of the “Italian Renaissance” facade sheltered terra cotta figural bas
reliefs. The lobby, decorated with Adamesque reliefs, had a circular opening
giving views of a second-floor dome. The building included a billiard parlor in
the basement and a nursery theatrical office on the second floor. The
auditorium has a flat, Adamesque form with a pilaster order surmounted by a
frieze of bas relief panels. Three arcaded box seats symmetrically flank the
elliptically arched proscenium. The flat ceiling carried on beams and supports
a small oval dome.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">A key figure in the creation of Richmond’s
many theaters, Ferrucio Legnaioli executed the decorative plasterwork for most
of them. Legnaioli came to Virginia to execute ceiling designs of McKim Mead
and White in Garret Hall at the University of Virginia. His work brought to
life the designs of the Empire (1911), the Lyric (1913), the Colonial (1920),
the National (1922), the Capitol (1926), and the Byrd (1928).</span></span></span></span><br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: large;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">
</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">As the film industry
developed, Southern theater magnate Jake Wells was squeezed by new distribution
networks and the studio system. Although he sold thirty of his theaters to a
national chain in 1919, he managed to keep chain theaters out of Richmond
entirely. With the help of his partners, Wilmer and Vincent, he purchased the
National. By 1925, Wells controlled the programming at all of the major movie
theaters in Richmond, including the National. Unable to keep up the quality of
the films and accompaniment at the National and other theaters, Wells
reputation as a promoter soured. Under pressure from the city’s merchants, and
faced by the announcement in 1925 that Loews intended to build a major theater
in Richmond, Wells sold all of his shares in the Richmond theaters to Wilmer
and Vincent [Dewberry]. His theaters ended up as part of the Paramount chain.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 16pt;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></span></span></span><br /></div>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Neighborhood Theaters<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIGZOL9qPx4jnDm29CWOPPIgpMdsujaZOOxwReWvR_2byR0NR25OjrMiKAYTLi2j8C_ZBOlw80isHLB6oYtVdUwWb8P05TBe9VG6tKZbFwauE0q3OUEoQZfvhaAg9IfMzxA33gLqqwWVI/s1600/Brookland+Exterior+google.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="345" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIGZOL9qPx4jnDm29CWOPPIgpMdsujaZOOxwReWvR_2byR0NR25OjrMiKAYTLi2j8C_ZBOlw80isHLB6oYtVdUwWb8P05TBe9VG6tKZbFwauE0q3OUEoQZfvhaAg9IfMzxA33gLqqwWVI/s400/Brookland+Exterior+google.jpg" width="400" /></a><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHsH546GxbpEMbk0o05mGgdOWMWq-V7n03BifGGMxt_Fr9PxlMTX1jaTKLvxtzDkKdl0KLX2Av9H7QVkfS9ShFqLVB8gzIrcySKC8Qbolsyw-d8jjpzL_TnQKxv4Pp6l3cKG-5HjFxSYw/s1600/Brookland+Theatre+interior.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="322" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHsH546GxbpEMbk0o05mGgdOWMWq-V7n03BifGGMxt_Fr9PxlMTX1jaTKLvxtzDkKdl0KLX2Av9H7QVkfS9ShFqLVB8gzIrcySKC8Qbolsyw-d8jjpzL_TnQKxv4Pp6l3cKG-5HjFxSYw/s400/Brookland+Theatre+interior.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">The Brookland Theatre, exterior and interior, 1924<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica"; font-size: large;">In the mid-1920s, the focus of
the major movie theater chains on the downtown movie patron meant that local
theater developers saw opportunities in potential movie-going in the
residential suburbs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>By this time, the
increasing popularity of movies meant that many grand theaters, particularly
those in suburban locations, were designed exclusively for film. Even as the Loews
and Paramount chains made their appearance in downtown Richmond, the provision
of theaters for Richmond’s suburbs remained a local concern. According to a
contemporary article, Jake Well, who controlled the downtown theaters,
“hesitated and yielded to protests not to establish a motion picture house in
the residential section in which the Brookland was built. Four suburban
theaters were built in the 1920s.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">
</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">In 1924, Walter J. Coulter and a new partner,
Charles A. Somma, left behind Broad Street and vaudeville entirely. Their firm,
the Bluebird Theatre Company, built the 574-seat Brookland Theatre, the city’s
first neighborhood “movie palace,” in the streetcar suburb of Brookland Park.
The small, but elegantly appointed theater was equipped with a Wurlitzer
theater organ played by virtuoso Carl Rond, who would move to the greatest of
the neighborhood venues, the Byrd Theatre, four years later. As the possibility
of talking pictures became a reality, movie theaters were quick to adapt by
adding sound systems. The theatre organ, needed to accompany silent films,
would recede in importance, but a few, notably at the Loew’s and Byrd theaters,
remained in use for concerts between the shows.</span> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span><br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIUr3YXyPpNhgB0sH5Z89YaBQtzzj42xZXVnzH2a_BQrHX6oCoSWjn6PwlBYnE7nXlqVilH_gtxRMLyVH8ZzkAr738s3keBqQzCeXyT0nPjeTlc5W_eOxMsTM6dlkB_altzjsYLBy4_II/s1600/Capitol+Theatre+no+source+%255Blighting%255D.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="183" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIUr3YXyPpNhgB0sH5Z89YaBQtzzj42xZXVnzH2a_BQrHX6oCoSWjn6PwlBYnE7nXlqVilH_gtxRMLyVH8ZzkAr738s3keBqQzCeXyT0nPjeTlc5W_eOxMsTM6dlkB_altzjsYLBy4_II/s400/Capitol+Theatre+no+source+%255Blighting%255D.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 16pt;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
Capitol Theatre, built in the city’s West End in 1926. I</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-size: small;">nterior (above) and
exterior (below)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
</span></span></span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpKcjBkWEwm_CAakHNhGsB2RS1hJm0UrQCNV1_nXt1zi10BqU2XGo0ldgZkPrGFGns7PPSWG4Z-ZYWnh84HJnZjlyphZbv9nPERYOf3kuZdmHkuuTIsCpzWlDDAE7A83tZjE-rv3LL8kU/s1600/Capitol+exterior.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="392" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpKcjBkWEwm_CAakHNhGsB2RS1hJm0UrQCNV1_nXt1zi10BqU2XGo0ldgZkPrGFGns7PPSWG4Z-ZYWnh84HJnZjlyphZbv9nPERYOf3kuZdmHkuuTIsCpzWlDDAE7A83tZjE-rv3LL8kU/s400/Capitol+exterior.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">
</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">A smaller, but no less elegant
theater with a resident organist was built in 1926 across from Broad Street
Station where it could serve the nearby residential sections along Monument
Avenue and adjacent streets. It took the form of the city’s first atmospheric
theater, which simulated the appearance of an outdoor courtyard. The exterior,
designed by Richmond architects Carneal and Johnson for Neighborhood Theaters
Inc., headed by Morton G. Thalhimer, was one of the most elegant sole-purpose
movie houses in the city.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It showed the
city’s first talkie movie [</span><a href="http://richmondtheatres.tripod.com/"><span class="Hyperlink0"><span style="color: #000099; font-size: large;">http://richmondtheatres.tripod.com</span></span></a><span style="font-size: large;">].</span>
<o:p></o:p></span></span></span><br />
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 16pt;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"> </span></span></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDNQNQ3y8rS0EfnTn_XzqnBRWGBsGs66-zFMRSs4x7MIo5MpRO9AHUbIjN-4GaaIndg3oZ6H_0JNoeLj6pGzlT8GifT6otpnBBa4MjvXCfAAf5RP3skTgRrW3HjycRWGi2IkqZPW1riO0/s1600/Venus+Theatre+copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDNQNQ3y8rS0EfnTn_XzqnBRWGBsGs66-zFMRSs4x7MIo5MpRO9AHUbIjN-4GaaIndg3oZ6H_0JNoeLj6pGzlT8GifT6otpnBBa4MjvXCfAAf5RP3skTgRrW3HjycRWGi2IkqZPW1riO0/s400/Venus+Theatre+copy.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 16pt;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
Venus Theatre, Hull Street, Manchester, 1926<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;"></span> </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";">The Venus Theatre (834 seats)
was commissioned by Amanda Thorpe from Fred Bishop, who had designed the
Brookland earlier for her previous associate, Walter Coulter and his partner,
Charles Somma.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Venus made motion
pictures easily accessible to southsiders who lived nearby or along the
streetcar line that passed through Manchester. The Venus had a expensive stone
facade befitting a civic institution as much as a commercial establishment,
lending moral seriousness to the daily matinee shows. </span></span>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"></span><br />
</span></span></span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRKT3jLj_4r0nGqm_VAvyH3qBaF7nlck6yZ4IgNot3B5cR5RgLTti4RYgo4-muhW-mlF0IjfGibF9jh4sEhD1QeQKl8QuIo4p0AeYXkpMGI24wlBOz4-SrXm78QORmHNtpWnYwfw4BST4/s1600/Loews+Exterior.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRKT3jLj_4r0nGqm_VAvyH3qBaF7nlck6yZ4IgNot3B5cR5RgLTti4RYgo4-muhW-mlF0IjfGibF9jh4sEhD1QeQKl8QuIo4p0AeYXkpMGI24wlBOz4-SrXm78QORmHNtpWnYwfw4BST4/s400/Loews+Exterior.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">
<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQiM-TyjWkxRsfyPzbrh8voF3Api_Qp3A2Iak7DZB8istZcKTM778tbUvPv_eaa9-yMYhIAXV5VqFFtdEVnEtAkksehp91VZSUa0qH1CLnyMchfDBOxz81jsSk-HMtkHXfL7YiQr3p1oY/s1600/Interior+Loews.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQiM-TyjWkxRsfyPzbrh8voF3Api_Qp3A2Iak7DZB8istZcKTM778tbUvPv_eaa9-yMYhIAXV5VqFFtdEVnEtAkksehp91VZSUa0qH1CLnyMchfDBOxz81jsSk-HMtkHXfL7YiQr3p1oY/s400/Interior+Loews.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 16pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: small;">Loew’s
Theatre, 1928, exterior above, and interior below</span></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 16pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;">Richmond’s Loew’s Theatre, part
of the Loew’s chain associated with MGM, was also built in 1928. It represented
the first inroad of that theatre chain in the city. It was designed for theatre
magnate by John Eberson as a representative of a new type of motion picture
palace in which he specialized, the atmospheric theater, which simulated an
exotic outdoor setting. The atmospheric theater, designed to represent an
exotic courtyard in Italy or Spain, represents the perfection of the movie
theatre as a new theater type breaking with the past. Air conditioned and lit
by artificial stars, the artfully aged stucco walls and irregular skyline transported
the viewer directly into an illusory stage set, supporting and extending the
intimate physicality of the film image.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>A massive theatre organ provided accompaniment to films until the advent
of sound and continued in use for concerts between shows until c 1970.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">
</span></span> </span></span><br />
</span></span></span></span><br />
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 16pt;">
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeNxE4v_D32F1y_NE0u_0f-RUqXfokEpT16BSn-aqQmXjpWYU0HDHBrcFztKjVHl9n2_HvRbS7U5E-zi6Gxb1IKWI_O1ZSygmwSN3vuDPDwVhETsXRNG-gJxvmZ50M9CZ5VidjkRet2iU/s1600/Mosque+Postcard.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="253" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeNxE4v_D32F1y_NE0u_0f-RUqXfokEpT16BSn-aqQmXjpWYU0HDHBrcFztKjVHl9n2_HvRbS7U5E-zi6Gxb1IKWI_O1ZSygmwSN3vuDPDwVhETsXRNG-gJxvmZ50M9CZ5VidjkRet2iU/s400/Mosque+Postcard.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"> </span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdU60s5ANJMZa313yrGGdRdH_GJkOb5KHcmtNfhyphenhyphenQC3wMccOL7GO-94ZMEmqv2rXcRvAWptptSt-xeheKI__qkZcDY9yLfzDsFOcfxsnxllM6Vt4jVKZhz9dh_b_IZ60JR8_MQmccDLLA/s1600/Mosque+interior.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdU60s5ANJMZa313yrGGdRdH_GJkOb5KHcmtNfhyphenhyphenQC3wMccOL7GO-94ZMEmqv2rXcRvAWptptSt-xeheKI__qkZcDY9yLfzDsFOcfxsnxllM6Vt4jVKZhz9dh_b_IZ60JR8_MQmccDLLA/s400/Mosque+interior.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Mosque Theatre, 1926, Exterior at top and interior below</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 16pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";">A few years earlier, in 1926,
the massive 4,600-seat Mosque Theatre was introduced in the West End. It was
built as a performing arts venue containing in a hotel/convention center by the
Acca Temple Shrine and was designed by Marcellus Wright,Sr. in association with
Charles M. Robinson and Charles C. Robinson. The theater was built in a Moorish
or Middle Eastern style with elaborate murals, a large dome, and Moorish grille
work. Also equipped with a Wurlitzer organ, the building began by showing
movies on a regular schedule, but this did not continue for very many years.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Acquired by the city in 1940, the Mosque (now
the Altria Theatre) served as Richmond’s principal municipal auditorium for
many years, housing the city’s ballet, symphony, and opera performances.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 16pt;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlAChK2x2iKEHbtLP11Qaw9ogzXs5z7oGR2bHD0yDZP_gAIcE01Tx6QUqLCG9Nsq01OhpzjG5HyBuRrLO98wU9o2vcp_ppSCuhAyOY8TrJrore2aOAKzH577xY6ZzcWlmV9kB1IOMtljc/s1600/Byrd-Theatre-Cary-Street-big.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="305" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlAChK2x2iKEHbtLP11Qaw9ogzXs5z7oGR2bHD0yDZP_gAIcE01Tx6QUqLCG9Nsq01OhpzjG5HyBuRrLO98wU9o2vcp_ppSCuhAyOY8TrJrore2aOAKzH577xY6ZzcWlmV9kB1IOMtljc/s400/Byrd-Theatre-Cary-Street-big.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj970obk9Itl19GLQ2DKEZejHbV_MqKzP23Ceu9PjHHRgWOhLAvgmKK5c-XmD0vLLTYd7IzoyAZUlnThzh1pwVxxyvEpq3hfdxT86YKxZ6dkpUhVYGth1Mndyn_WG1BitkePdHVglqQDzI/s1600/Byrd+Theatre.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj970obk9Itl19GLQ2DKEZejHbV_MqKzP23Ceu9PjHHRgWOhLAvgmKK5c-XmD0vLLTYd7IzoyAZUlnThzh1pwVxxyvEpq3hfdxT86YKxZ6dkpUhVYGth1Mndyn_WG1BitkePdHVglqQDzI/s640/Byrd+Theatre.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Byrd Theatre 1928, exterior (above) and interior (below)</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;">Just as talking pictures were
introduced, the Byrd Theatre was opened as an architecturally elaborate
film-only venue in the city’s West End in 1928 by the partnership of Coulter
and Somma. It took its decorative program from European opera houses of the
previous century, but as translated by big-city vaudeville and movie houses of
previous years, like the vast Chicago Theatre, built in 1921 to the designs
of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>architects Rapp and Rapp in the
“Neo-Baroque French Revival style” with elaborate mural paintings or the
5,000-seat Roxy Theatre in New York conceived by film producer Herbert Lubin,
Chicago architect Walter W. Ahlschlager, and decorator Harold Rambusch and
completed in 1927.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">
</span><br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 16pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica"; font-size: large;">Behind its restrained “Empire”
facade, the Byrd’s interior was intended to astonish Richmonders accustomed to
the cool Neo-classicism of the city’s principal theaters. Most viewers
responded positively to the lavish lobby and auditorium: “from the moment of
entering the lobby, wainscotted with Grecian marble in tones of brown and buff,
with its bronze doors and stair railings, it unusually well-executed frescoes
and its beautiful crystal fixtures, one is impressed with the feeling of luxury
the promoters of this enterprise have tried to provide- not costliness merely,
but beauty, comfort and refinement” [Helen De Motte, “At the Theatres: New Byrd
is Place of Beauty,” Dec. 25, 1928].</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9Kyy1jMzmNlmNBqY-EyrrZsVtNBQrtSdH8oS3QR7G3BynWRjDZSr4jFbY51cIBaEIjCUBvFpNhUxyBYa9DQG4wwmglgP5VSdP5eA8KswfUeCLM86T07faOn25SY9apcbibxUK_LG6Uk8/s1600/original+foyer+view+Byrd.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9Kyy1jMzmNlmNBqY-EyrrZsVtNBQrtSdH8oS3QR7G3BynWRjDZSr4jFbY51cIBaEIjCUBvFpNhUxyBYa9DQG4wwmglgP5VSdP5eA8KswfUeCLM86T07faOn25SY9apcbibxUK_LG6Uk8/s640/original+foyer+view+Byrd.jpg" width="496" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Byrd Theatre Lobby</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></a><span style="font-size: large;">Like the Brookland, Coulter and
Soma’s earlier effort in Brookland Park, the Byrd was designed by Richmond
architect Fred Bishop. When it was built the Byrd Theatre was intended to impress. The architect emulated the best of French Empire theaters, seen through the reality of American commercial theatrical entrepreneurship. Because of the fully developed construction industries and decorative techniques that had evolved over the previous decades, Coulter and Somma were able to achieve an architecturally unified building that embodied the complexity, if not the delicacy, of its European models.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 16pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica"; font-size: large;">In a move seen at the time as
similar in significance to the $1.8m sale of Jake Wells Richmond theaters sale
in 1926, Coulter announced just before the opening of the Byrd that he had
purchased Somma’s interest in the Byrd, the Bluebird, the Brookland, and
another theater in Petersburg for more than $1m [“Local Theatre Sale Involves
over $1,000,000: Coulter buys Somma<span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;">’</span>s
Interest in Richmond and Petersburg houses,” Richmond <i>News-Leader</i>, Dec.
22, 1928]. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica"; font-size: large;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 16pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;">Large new theaters were built for many years after the financial crash of 1929. The first four neighborhood theaters were followed by at least eight more around the city in the 1930s. These include the Bellevue and Ginter theatres across from each other in Northside, the Robinson in the East End named for movie star Bill "Bojangles" Robinson, the East End Theatre on 25th Street, the Westhampton on Grove, the Westover in Forest Hills, the Carillon on Cary Street, the Lennox in Fulton (built in 1909 as the Star and rebuilt as the Lennox in 1948), and the Henrico in Highland Springs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> Many of these incorporated the new architectural detailing associated with modernism, particularly the modern or Art Deco forms.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"></span><o:p></o:p>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 16pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 16pt;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8GGmDwdANN-3vPfL08_Jp7mwovDujbzPossiH8doCxD8-bPEveW9xLIzZU-HvmR4UwE4Sy_AfyYAFl_dc5WEFuEJH9gDsMwAR4Nso_m30xuNGn3MKh0oI6Msepz1lag88z3G5PEz-tZM/s1600/Belleview+Theatre.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="235" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8GGmDwdANN-3vPfL08_Jp7mwovDujbzPossiH8doCxD8-bPEveW9xLIzZU-HvmR4UwE4Sy_AfyYAFl_dc5WEFuEJH9gDsMwAR4Nso_m30xuNGn3MKh0oI6Msepz1lag88z3G5PEz-tZM/s400/Belleview+Theatre.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Bellevue Theatre, 1937</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5gYFJNo5pabXXaT6-Wd9yja4aTATugnHKErPHTNN3APFXMux9PmSNJd-7bD9eiO6ncFLwPlPQmQy3tO44a9jD7J2EkXiF4-De-DJK6xGSPDTo0TU3KN7fGrJ9INTiX0N9kTEWDTwC0t8/s1600/Belleview+Theatre.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5gYFJNo5pabXXaT6-Wd9yja4aTATugnHKErPHTNN3APFXMux9PmSNJd-7bD9eiO6ncFLwPlPQmQy3tO44a9jD7J2EkXiF4-De-DJK6xGSPDTo0TU3KN7fGrJ9INTiX0N9kTEWDTwC0t8/s640/Belleview+Theatre.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Bellevue Theatre today</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 16pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 16pt;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg77ddXTtp2h3OYKsdkD4KXEPlz6bA0l_hEODH3DQ3sLuazzfweLRd7NsfjRNIEV_-HyTUunQqS32l1mhb0i8klUM70OrSHDARZvRTXAS22UhHo4S0Cdf111eK7ZxoglfuqAECIe-9Fvwo/s1600/Ginter+Theatre.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="261" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg77ddXTtp2h3OYKsdkD4KXEPlz6bA0l_hEODH3DQ3sLuazzfweLRd7NsfjRNIEV_-HyTUunQqS32l1mhb0i8klUM70OrSHDARZvRTXAS22UhHo4S0Cdf111eK7ZxoglfuqAECIe-9Fvwo/s400/Ginter+Theatre.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ginter Theatre, 1937, closed 1939</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 16pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin: 0in 0in 16pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 16pt;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_1k_OGho2vA2VugwNOb-U7IdHXSmlqr5KOYgUoqZOBC-AkqoFbB2qWgZ2scJS-FpszzIEu0qT4prdZcx80QqfNqxyNaR1rm8-q7xmKT91AMOQxMDETlT5uFhgUOtEJutOvwxGGKcUhXk/s1600/Robinson+theatre.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_1k_OGho2vA2VugwNOb-U7IdHXSmlqr5KOYgUoqZOBC-AkqoFbB2qWgZ2scJS-FpszzIEu0qT4prdZcx80QqfNqxyNaR1rm8-q7xmKT91AMOQxMDETlT5uFhgUOtEJutOvwxGGKcUhXk/s1600/Robinson+theatre.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">The Robinson Theatre was built in 1937. The Moderne-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">style </span><span style="font-size: small;">building </span><span style="font-size: small;">designed by Richmond architect, </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Edward F. Sinnott served an </span><span style="font-size: small;">African-American </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">community in Richmond's East End.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";">
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 16pt;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin: 0in 0in 16pt; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 16pt;">
</div>
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 16pt;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIZiG7pgzSBYQizSRaQShK-Nymu0V31gurD-b1QakJQETbpNBZPOF1qMpyksZ8GADvhoDzLKzS9oe_eBi8Ij1tG2n90KAdoRoH7y0gDKq0I8fiPZBmI6l5v0VE-NI23kY1br8QgpD-xaE/s1600/250px-Henrico_theater.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="283" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIZiG7pgzSBYQizSRaQShK-Nymu0V31gurD-b1QakJQETbpNBZPOF1qMpyksZ8GADvhoDzLKzS9oe_eBi8Ij1tG2n90KAdoRoH7y0gDKq0I8fiPZBmI6l5v0VE-NI23kY1br8QgpD-xaE/s400/250px-Henrico_theater.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Henrico Theatre, Highland Springs, 1938</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 16pt;">
</div>
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 16pt;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLI2pfNYzC9_ne0zCq4QOdwq-jbVt9guA-qtGT4wDdpC1mSYzPvSBhqhaUJGqV74uDB926GmT3UWw16X61KpICGIt1fzhSISJz3qbJNTGW3VnZKgXb__sHLpToGCikUWZuGbUtgGEZMN4/s1600/East+End+Theatre.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="262" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLI2pfNYzC9_ne0zCq4QOdwq-jbVt9guA-qtGT4wDdpC1mSYzPvSBhqhaUJGqV74uDB926GmT3UWw16X61KpICGIt1fzhSISJz3qbJNTGW3VnZKgXb__sHLpToGCikUWZuGbUtgGEZMN4/s400/East+End+Theatre.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">East End Theatre, 1938</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 16pt;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin: 0in 0in 16pt; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 16pt;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjW4m2lrbOqBeULs58YCjRA-Y8AOFKU8m4YjXWw09zKcF3yfqqjoLUo0TINLMQgL7Zx67WRAQCtPTaaQlymRbhlV3G1vFCZQOIWP4B-2rQHzWo9khmSi_MUbfkTHy6_YgaR5-EpvVWpwqA/s1600/Lee+Theatre.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjW4m2lrbOqBeULs58YCjRA-Y8AOFKU8m4YjXWw09zKcF3yfqqjoLUo0TINLMQgL7Zx67WRAQCtPTaaQlymRbhlV3G1vFCZQOIWP4B-2rQHzWo9khmSi_MUbfkTHy6_YgaR5-EpvVWpwqA/s320/Lee+Theatre.jpg" width="297" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Lee Theatre, West Grace Street, 1935</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin: 0in 0in 16pt; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 16pt;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeFCYcfE394lz3xqCvEzTS9JDlw00pjD5btINm2x5AZQXXfeYjspHEtubiSmXCI7qvFOWzgN6fMYgmG9YFxM_BGA3ItbD8oN4YZ22MGdC0PYJsg-jfEHWxxW92CMqecOaoaLg6wIKe728/s1600/Westhampton+theatre.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="241" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeFCYcfE394lz3xqCvEzTS9JDlw00pjD5btINm2x5AZQXXfeYjspHEtubiSmXCI7qvFOWzgN6fMYgmG9YFxM_BGA3ItbD8oN4YZ22MGdC0PYJsg-jfEHWxxW92CMqecOaoaLg6wIKe728/s320/Westhampton+theatre.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Westhampton Theatre, Grove Avenue, 1938</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 16pt;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin: 0in 0in 16pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">After the construction of the
Byrd, Loew’s and the Mosque theaters on the eve of the Great Depression, there
were no more grand, architecturally expressive theaters to take their place on
the streets of Richmond. After the demolition of the Lyric in 1963, Richmond
never built another stand-alone, purpose-built theater for stage plays and
concerts. Instead, the city has relied on the rehabilitation of a small stock
of existing, architecturally significant theaters that were built between 1910
and 1950 for stage plays, vaudeville and film. These fully functioning theaters
include the Empire (Sara November Theatre), the National, the Mosque (Altria
Theatre), Loewe’s (Carpenter Center), the Robinson Theatre (1937), the Henrico
(1938), and the Hippodrome (1914/1945).</span> <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 16pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Post-War II theater and movie
viewing became a much more personal experience. Architecture that prevented
imaginative immersion in the program was avoided. The Virginia Museum Theatre
(1955-2003) was an important venue, but it had no visible exterior and a
purposely plain interior designed to draw maximum attention to the stage. The
Richmond area has seen the creation of places for performance in other building
types, such as rehabilitated taverns, department stores, and firehouses, or in
shopping-mall movie houses. However, the grandest film theater of them all, the
Byrd, has, from its suburban location, resisted alteration. It has adapted to
changing practices in the film industry for 85 years without losing its focus
on film, popular entertainment, and architectural and musical spectacle.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">
</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><!--[if gte vml 1]><o:wrapblock><v:shapetype
id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t"
path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f">
<v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/>
<v:formulas>
<v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/>
<v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/>
</v:formulas>
<v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/>
<o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/>
</v:shapetype><v:shape id="officeArt_x0020_object" o:spid="_x0000_s1026"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='position:absolute;margin-left:-.5pt;margin-top:1in;
width:468pt;height:296.9pt;z-index:251649536;visibility:visible;
mso-wrap-style:square;mso-wrap-distance-left:12pt;mso-wrap-distance-top:12pt;
mso-wrap-distance-right:12pt;mso-wrap-distance-bottom:12pt;
mso-position-horizontal:absolute;mso-position-horizontal-relative:margin;
mso-position-vertical:absolute;mso-position-vertical-relative:page'
strokeweight="1pt">
<v:stroke miterlimit="4"/>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\gworsham\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.png"
o:title=""/>
<w:wrap type="topAndBottom" anchorx="margin" anchory="page"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 396px; left: -1px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; top: 0px; width: 624px; z-index: 251649536;"></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]></o:wrapblock><![endif]--><br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">
</span></span></span></span><div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 16pt;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">
</span><div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 16pt;">
<o:p></o:p> </div>
</span><div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 16pt;">
</div>
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 16pt;">
</div>
</span><div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 16pt;">
</div>
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 16pt;">
</div>
</span><br />
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 16pt;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"></span><br />
Gibson Worshamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17914252671575229780noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-284912172590016102.post-18268058663503909272016-09-23T10:12:00.000-04:002016-11-22T22:03:07.963-05:00Richmond Theater II- Diversification in New-South Richmond: 1870 to 1920<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>This is the second part of a three-part overview of the history and architecture of the theater in Richmond. Part One can be found <a href="http://urbanscalerichmondvirginia.blogspot.com/2016/08/the-theater-in-eighteenth-and.html">here</a> and Part Three can be found <a href="http://urbanscalerichmondvirginia.blogspot.com/2016/11/richmond-theater-part-iii.html">here</a>.</em></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The principal venue for drama in the post-Civil War city, the Richmond Theatre, was augmented in the 1870s by the cheaply-built, tabernacle-shaped Mozart Hall. Academy of Music, which was designed for concerts and lectures. The low side walls supported a vaulted wood roof.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“A large audience has gathered for a discussion of the causes and treatment of yellow fever, which had swept through the South and Midwest the previous summer. Mozart Hall was a popular theater for entertainment as well as a gathering place for educational and political events” [Francis Simpson Blair entry, <i>Encyclopedia of Virginia</i></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">].</span> <span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Lily Langtry appeared here in “An Unequal Match” and the Christine Nilson, known as the “Swedish Nightingale,” gave a concert, as did Emma Abbot and her opera company.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"> </span><br />
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 16pt;">
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2f1YqXchLOUZaoey5pdDyTAfiiiveX33_0qbIKTPuAtFAi0C449t2nwbnHQATMx3p0YRN9jwzsqSSGY6D08ArVP0RaMvcVh2tfOXjHhKnxlQbUet8ZGBLjRoB6e_yEBRrnFyI9hRPQ5Q/s1600/Mozart+Hall+interior+from.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="476" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2f1YqXchLOUZaoey5pdDyTAfiiiveX33_0qbIKTPuAtFAi0C449t2nwbnHQATMx3p0YRN9jwzsqSSGY6D08ArVP0RaMvcVh2tfOXjHhKnxlQbUet8ZGBLjRoB6e_yEBRrnFyI9hRPQ5Q/s640/Mozart+Hall+interior+from.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 16pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></span> </div>
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 16pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: small;">Interior of first Mozart Hall
from <i>Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper,</i> 7 December 1878].<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">In 1886 a new Mozart Academy of Music was built, which eclipsed the Richmond Theatre as a venue for drama as well as music. This new theater was located on Eighth Street between Grace and Franklin on the site of the former Federal Reserve Bank Building, now the Virginia Supreme Court Building. It had similar interior arrangements to previous theaters in Richmond, but, it seems likely, with one important distinction. After the emergence of variety shows, American theater divided firmly into several streams, ranging between high-brow and bawdy. Instead of accommodating the tastes of the entire theater-going population, as did the old Marshall and Richmond theaters, the Richmond Theatre and the Academy of Music kept the more serious or high-toned works and the place supplied by the old farces and musical entr’actes found new homes in specialized "variety," and later vaudeville, theaters. </span></span></span></div>
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 16pt;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-LLOv-Axxj1SnK6gpXEYzm9gkjUuiFtjaR3TOW5Rr9m0qljwroLIBmTGzOofn7zMCrPKADiNsQKKK0bxjrJ96zfkQgdh5XT2taxvnrwVFqVscM4SiPOEMOSNXp07khBzcFcLEShaz_Yo/s1600/Academy+of+Music+from+1924+Sanborn+map.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="351" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-LLOv-Axxj1SnK6gpXEYzm9gkjUuiFtjaR3TOW5Rr9m0qljwroLIBmTGzOofn7zMCrPKADiNsQKKK0bxjrJ96zfkQgdh5XT2taxvnrwVFqVscM4SiPOEMOSNXp07khBzcFcLEShaz_Yo/s400/Academy+of+Music+from+1924+Sanborn+map.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Plan of the Academy of Music from the 1924-25 Sanborn Map.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: large;"></span></span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXz0hyphenhyphenkmdeBuB0WRKoTZRYAL-1eNmevraJ1Q4mWQAk2gWNxiNmRhuP5YQmE88ksdneJ8qVEZC96ES6-6RiYGGwTbIHyM5yo5tXsk5ne069zC6nx8-aBgq_rThOPUhyphenhyphenbd82XzkcvOV9xKQ/s1600/Academy+of+Music+Interior-+CITY+ON+THE+JAMES+1893+copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="490" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXz0hyphenhyphenkmdeBuB0WRKoTZRYAL-1eNmevraJ1Q4mWQAk2gWNxiNmRhuP5YQmE88ksdneJ8qVEZC96ES6-6RiYGGwTbIHyM5yo5tXsk5ne069zC6nx8-aBgq_rThOPUhyphenhyphenbd82XzkcvOV9xKQ/s640/Academy+of+Music+Interior-+CITY+ON+THE+JAMES+1893+copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-size: small;">Interior of the Academy of Music (from <em>City on the James</em>, 1893</span> </span><br />
<br />
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibxwBl2oCvZSDJZ2ck9FAhn-_prqDiTXovjy2egmv88Ag1p5XOsfI8FLaPzRzBbP9qGCBD_xsmcDdeJLjXLzsa3jdVs7o_YqRcYkIYRThrtntbxtbFlijAgH8Xi4bvVOFcKzCk26ilfBY/s1600/Academy+of+Music+Interior.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="636" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibxwBl2oCvZSDJZ2ck9FAhn-_prqDiTXovjy2egmv88Ag1p5XOsfI8FLaPzRzBbP9qGCBD_xsmcDdeJLjXLzsa3jdVs7o_YqRcYkIYRThrtntbxtbFlijAgH8Xi4bvVOFcKzCk26ilfBY/s640/Academy+of+Music+Interior.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: small;">Interior of the Academy of Music</span> </span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">At the same time, the audiences for conventional plays became more polite. Instead of a pit for the lowest paying customers overlooked by more expensive balcony seats, the pit was provided with comfortable seats and, transformed into the orchestra, became the most desirable part of the house. Otherwise theaters at the end of the nineteenth century retained a traditional horseshoe form and box seats surmounted by a "peanut gallery." <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 16pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">After the closing of the Richmond Theatre in 1892, the Academy of Music became the city’s principal venue for concerts, opera, and “legitimate” theatre, as opposed to popular entertainment, although it was deployed for a wide variety of production types after the turn of the century, in the midst of increased competition from vaudeville and film. Until it burned in 1927, the Academy staged performances by the leading actors and actresses of the day, including Maude Adams, Henry Irving, John, Lionel, and Ethel Barrymore, Eva La Gallienne, Otis Skinner, and Katherine Cornell [Nadine Wilson Ward, “Music and the Theatre,” in <i>Richmond, Capital of Virginia: Approaches to its History</i> (Richmond VA: Whittet and Shepperson, 1938)].<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 16pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The development of variety theater in the 1850s and afterwards showed a demand for theatrical entertainment made up of short, separate acts of singers, comics, and dancers. Variety first made its appearance in Richmond during the Civil War. When the Marshall Theatre burned in 1862, the acting company met in the vacant Trinity Church on Franklin Street, which had been renamed the Richmond Varieties. Interest in the largely disreputable variety productions would later contribute to the spread of “polite vaudeville” as a popular form of entertainment that linked the antebellum world of theatre with the twentieth century motion picture phenomenon.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 16pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Just as in the eighteenth-century, the small size of cities like Richmond precluded their developing a resident theater company. Richmond just another stop among the other growing cities and towns of the region. Local venues depended on interstate “circuits” or interstate companies to provide traveling shows and acts. According to one account, during the period “from 1886 until the [First] World War, every city of any size and quite a few smaller towns throughout the State boasted of their theaters. Richmond and Norfolk were week or half-week stands. Dramas, comedies, farces, musical comedies and minstrel shows of varying degrees of merit made regular tours through Virginia.” [Thomas C. Leonard. “The Theatre and Its History in Virginia: Rise of Drama in State Traced by Writer” Richmond <i>Times-Dispatch</i>, 9 October 1938]. <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 16pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">As many as six small variety theaters catered to Richmond’s theater-going population during the 1880s, including Barton’s Grand Opera House at Broad and Eighth, Thomson’s Musee Theatre in the 900 block of East Broad, the Casino Theatre nearby, and the Pavilion Theatre near Broad and First. Broad Street, as Richmond’s “Great White Way,” remained the center of the theatre business [Kathryn Fuller-Seeley, Celebrate Richmond Theater (Richmond: The Dietz Press 2002) 12]. These theaters, however, eventually failed, due to difficulties in procuring acts in the South, where audiences had little in common with humor and cultural expectations in the urban north. </span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 16pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Economic progress in Southern cities was hampered by historical factors involving transportation, social conservatism, racism, and lack of capital, among other problems.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Growing city populations like those in Richmond had no experience of widely available popular entertainment. Variety shows and motion pictures represent, to some historians, a principal way in which aspects of modernity were brought to the traditional Southern city. “The disparity between the venues‘ target audiences, the entertainment provided, atmosphere, and affordability was exceptional, and the absence of any moderate alternative kept many of Richmond‘s emerging middle class and new amusement seekers at home, starved for new outlets of entertainment. The Richmond Dispatch indicated that the city offered a theatrical drawing capacity of nearly 125,000 spectators, and other localities ―half the size of Richmond― supported [more than] two theaters” [Eric Dewberry 54].</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 16pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 16pt;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQ_9t-RSwxnVX4sYYBfKjea39qtD7WIoOEEevxsirNLx9pv5fUPvzMB4fQ4L2qln72JMAtRRE0zrO2iu_rT1e8cWVqAoP-2hgEeePclekYLRLVPEXr0mirEIBHBQ__SE98u4FIabe1p1U/s1600/Old+Bijou+Richmond+City+on+the+james+1902.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="484" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQ_9t-RSwxnVX4sYYBfKjea39qtD7WIoOEEevxsirNLx9pv5fUPvzMB4fQ4L2qln72JMAtRRE0zrO2iu_rT1e8cWVqAoP-2hgEeePclekYLRLVPEXr0mirEIBHBQ__SE98u4FIabe1p1U/s640/Old+Bijou+Richmond+City+on+the+james+1902.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 16pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></span></span> <span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: small;">The
former Barton Opera House, reopened by Jake Wells as the Bijou Theatre of 1899,
from <i>Richmond Virginia: The City on the James</i>, Richmond Chamber of
Commerce, 1902. This became the Colonial Theatre in 1905.</span> </span></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin: 0in 0in 16pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Vaudeville in Richmond<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 16pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">
</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Jake Wells, a former baseball
player with the backing of two partners, helped transform the way that Richmonders understood
entertainment and how they made use of the theater. In 1899, he opened a large,
architecturally distinctive new venue, billed as “the Bijou Family Theater,” in
the former Barton Opera House and introduced “polite vaudeville” to the city.
Elsewhere in the nation, vaudeville had been derived from earlier forms of showmanship
like medicine shows and burlesque shows into a popular and well-developed
entertainment industry. While variety tried for a foothold in Richmond, lack of
infrastructure and capital investment in the South and the strength of its
traditional culture, made it difficult to sustain this type of mass
entertainment. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">In the last decade of the nineteenth century, “boosters” of
Richmond became aware a need for entertainment venues. At that time, there were
only two significant theaters in the city, the high-toned Academy of Music and
Putnam’s Theater, an “illegitimate burlesque house in the city’s ‘red light
district.”</span></span></div>
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 16pt;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhi9pX8U8jqpyRINricYQ51VU0wv-EyB3npaWOxXCS1ueOfoO3U5vhgvItArVR-c16hLAhidv7C9Zb_FqQYkOWVHWc2vnbZ2anmhMupwKf0T6a5BTyWLT0DUTvChWV1Xs0TLvt2ykH4EvQ/s1600/Jake+Wells.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhi9pX8U8jqpyRINricYQ51VU0wv-EyB3npaWOxXCS1ueOfoO3U5vhgvItArVR-c16hLAhidv7C9Zb_FqQYkOWVHWc2vnbZ2anmhMupwKf0T6a5BTyWLT0DUTvChWV1Xs0TLvt2ykH4EvQ/s1600/Jake+Wells.png" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Jake Wells</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">
</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Jake Wells assisted, locally and
regionally, through his business and organizational energy, to the transformation of
Southern theatrical habits during the period when popular entertainment was
changed from variety shows appealing mostly to adult males into programs that
attracted families. Eric Dewberry, in his excellent dissertation based around
the figure of Jake Wells, has cast much valuable light Richmond’s theatrical
history, some of which is incorporated here [Eric Dewberry, “Jake Wells
Enterprises and the Development of Urban Entertainments in the South, 1890-1925,”
diss, Georgia State University, 2010].<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 16pt;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwwkCAum2Cov0AbVc2e3CsKqZrhXqopEqWpqMA-Lhi-uqbgevkbf2l-V7puQvYuxqtkldiMSasPua2FZVoAAUwSclr_vvfsl-Hrkwz0t6sLgDem6cRbGqW4RMljBcmH38NweDE14q8n3s/s1600/Bijou.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="398" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwwkCAum2Cov0AbVc2e3CsKqZrhXqopEqWpqMA-Lhi-uqbgevkbf2l-V7puQvYuxqtkldiMSasPua2FZVoAAUwSclr_vvfsl-Hrkwz0t6sLgDem6cRbGqW4RMljBcmH38NweDE14q8n3s/s640/Bijou.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 16pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: small;">The
new Bijou Theatre of 1905 together with the Lubin Theatre of 1909 (later
Regent, Isis, and Park) on Theatre Row.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">In 1905, Wells, with significant financial backing,
built a new Bijou, a large and architecturally significant theater. He also
transformed the previous Bijou, located on the same block, into the Colonial,
the city’s first theater to combine vaudeville and film. Unlike the older
theater, the new Bijou presented a highly ornamented facade encrusted with
shallow balconies, applied sculpture, and electric lights. For all of its naive
details, it looked much more like the Jefferson Hotel of 1893― the city’s grandest exercise in academic
classicism― than the dowdy Academy of
Music Theater of 1882 or the much older Richmond Theater, by this time hoary
with age. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Theaters advertised good ventilation, an asset in the humid Richmond
climate. The circular openings across the tall frieze at the top of the Bijou’s
facade were part of a convection exhaust design to remove heated air
from the interior. Thanks to Jake Well’s championing of “clean entertainment,”
the new Bijou and a few other vaudeville houses were given equal treatment with
the Academy by theater reviewers and their advertisements mingled with those
for plays and concerts at the Academy.</span> </span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 16pt;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEH9FE-j7P3MeyuUHQ1GHEGm6r_n-dWd5qMcZw-KfxXObP31wnEoSzrIk6blbnBG7JSsNbINwZZqGtlcdYFL1-DkuoBGH3V5si4KA3C6ETQb2fnXjhcbt-5Z9VVZnG-sVMGEasNNgRaHc/s1600/Keith+Theatre+Interior+NY.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEH9FE-j7P3MeyuUHQ1GHEGm6r_n-dWd5qMcZw-KfxXObP31wnEoSzrIk6blbnBG7JSsNbINwZZqGtlcdYFL1-DkuoBGH3V5si4KA3C6ETQb2fnXjhcbt-5Z9VVZnG-sVMGEasNNgRaHc/s640/Keith+Theatre+Interior+NY.jpg" width="472" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 16pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></span> </div>
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 16pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: small;">New Keith Theatre, Boston, 1893<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQuNkJ3gAsDOeeN2ipqhsZoYTlVpEtgHWx8aF9dlC_y644P6d8ba6tjHKnZDSnufqlb_7x-WokT82YPGxuTW8Np4jM0PeJGM-uFdFC25RreGwE07nRTgGkGSiyEPloEuzoVcqy6Dmk7eI/s1600/Benjamin-Franklin-Keith-portrait.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="207" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQuNkJ3gAsDOeeN2ipqhsZoYTlVpEtgHWx8aF9dlC_y644P6d8ba6tjHKnZDSnufqlb_7x-WokT82YPGxuTW8Np4jM0PeJGM-uFdFC25RreGwE07nRTgGkGSiyEPloEuzoVcqy6Dmk7eI/s400/Benjamin-Franklin-Keith-portrait.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Benjamin Franklin Keith, a small-time huckster who pioneered a clean version of variety in Boston in the 1880s and eventually, with his partner, Edward Franklin Albee, controlled the nation's top vaudeville acts by his death in 1910..</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: large;"></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">As the popularity and
affordability of popular theatrical entertainment spread across the nation,
increased capital became available for theater construction. Vaudeville theater
owners were able to present a heightened level of seriousness to the public, rivaling
that of conventional theaters and concert halls. The “founder” of respectable
vaudeville, Benjamin Franklin Keith, opened the New Keith Theatre in Boston in
1894 to give new legitimacy to vaudeville performances. The theatre used the
opulent styles of European opera houses to create a sense of vaudeville as
spectacle. He employed marble, mural paintings, and gold leaf to transport the
patron beyond the everyday experience of urban life.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These theaters still, however, resembled
earlier American (and traditional European) houses in the use of a central
floor― now furnished with seats and called the orchestra― surrounded by stacked
galleries and boxes arranged in a horseshoe form. Richmond vaudeville theaters
like the Empire and the Lyric were not as opulent as the New York houses, but
managed to add comparable features such as decorative sculpture that would
help raise the local profile of popular entertainment.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 16pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">
</span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The seating prices at vaudeville
houses were lower than those at legitimate theaters and the range of prices was
tighter, but there was still a hierarchy of seating. Vaudeville appears to have
appealed to customers from a wide variety of income levels, with a special
appeal to white-collar workers. The boxes and orchestra were the best places
and the gallery or upper balcony held the cheapest seats and the most raucous
patrons. At this time, in both Northern and Southern cities, the highest seats
were reserved for African-Americans [M. Alison Kibler, <i>Rank Ladies: Gender
and Cultural Hierarchy in American Vaudeville </i>(Chapel Hill: U of North
Carolina Press, 1999) 27-28]. </span></span></div>
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 16pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">
</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Ticket prices for plays at the
Academy of Music in Richmond were higher than for vaudeville, but varied with
the fame of the performer. On 23 March 1899, the Academy reserved seats were $1
for a Lyceum lecture on “Manila and the Philippines. The Bijou, the Academy’s
only competitor, was showing a number of vaudeville acts at a range between 15
cents and 50 cents. On Saturday January 5, 1905, Richard Mansfield in the title
role in <i>Beau Brummel</i> commanded a wide range of ticket prices- from $3 in
the orchestra to 50 cents in the gallery [while tickets to see Howard Kyle in
“the Charming Poetic Drama, Mozart” on Friday ranged from 25 to 50 cents]. One
the same day, Jake Wells’ Bijou was offering the “Scenic Melo-Drama, <i>The
Ninety and Nine</i>, Introducing a Full-Size Locomotive in Flight Through a
Forest of Fire,” presumably for a somewhat smaller admission scale [Richmond <i>Times-Dispatch</i>
31 December 1905].</span> </span></div>
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 16pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Film Challenges Vaudeville</span></span></div>
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 16pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The first movie theatre in the
city was the Dixie, a nickelodeon at 300 E. Broad, which was opened in 1907 by
entrepreneur and “Picture Queen” Amanda Thorpe. Affiliated with her at the
beginning of cinema in Richmond was the young Walter J. Coulter, whose theater
experience began in Charlottesville working for vaudeville<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>theater owner with F. W. Twyman [National
Exhibitor 20 Dec. 1928]. Coulter went on from this modest background to develop
increasingly important Richmond entertainment venues, including the Byrd
Theatre (1928) and the well-known Tantilla Garden ballroom (1934). As many as
twenty small theaters had joined the Dixie on Richmond streets within the next
two years. In 1909, the same team opened the Rex Theatre on the NE corner of
Broad and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Seventh streets [Dewberry
2010, 84]. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 16pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">
</span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Wells’ Bijou wasn’t the only
film/vaudeville combination theater in town. Siegmund Lubin (1852-1923), an
early film pioneer, equipment manufacturer, and distributor, opened the small
Lubin Theatre in 1909. Its exuberant appearance was typical of the more than
100 theaters that made up his east coast theater chain. His theaters tended to
have cheaply made but very elaborate facades with inexpensively produced
sculpture, ornamented with extensive bands of electrical lights. The ornamental elements of these kinds of theaters could be ordered from catalogs. The Richmond
Lubin featured a semi-circular pediment flanked by female forms and surmounted
by a large head emitting rays of light. The theaters featured, besides live
acts, films made by Lubin’s studio in Philadelphia and (often pirated) films of
other emerging studios.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 16pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">
</span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">In 1912, the Bijou and Lubin’s, featured acts (such as a comedy sketch or blackface act, a comic song or
dance, and a juggler or funmaker”) interspersed with film shorts, could be seen
by purchasing tickets ranging in price from 5 to 10 cents. Jake Well’s Colonial
and Empire theaters charged 10 and 20 cents and offered five acts and films
with several short films [Richmond <i>TImes Dispatch</i> 16 June 1912]. The Bijou,
which charged 5 cents for all seats at evening shows, might be seen as a
harbinger of the single-rate movie theaters to appear in the next decade. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: large;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: large;">From its base in Richmond, the Wells, Wilmer, and Vincent Corporation developed a large circuit of theaters across the South, emulating the success of powerful Northern vaudeville theatre barons. Most of their performers came via an agreement with the popular Keith-Albee vaudeville circuit. In spite of difficulties in obtaining high quality performers in the South, Wells became a force at the national level. The transition from live entertainment to film took years, but the development of the feature-length film in 1913-1914 hastened the change. In the words of Eric Dewberry, Wells’ theaters “paved the way for the 'picture palaces’s' emergence in the region- a signal that film had become the preeminent form of popular culture and applying a coup de grace to the dominance of live theater” [Dewberry, 2010, 80].</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span></span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUplEGuCIH65r9QwqbExSMKhPjkUMbVftCr8EcGTnVlQ0ZjHcKLJXYLyAGZ_RLQRB235MCQAvvuPVP0fEv4fS69Zcl8nGr49zDBVClXy9eoSZw005SWY-DzdOIWzlVxEq3aL-Hrbo9CSQ/s1600/Strand+%2528Empire%2529+c+1929+Dementi.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="490" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUplEGuCIH65r9QwqbExSMKhPjkUMbVftCr8EcGTnVlQ0ZjHcKLJXYLyAGZ_RLQRB235MCQAvvuPVP0fEv4fS69Zcl8nGr49zDBVClXy9eoSZw005SWY-DzdOIWzlVxEq3aL-Hrbo9CSQ/s640/Strand+%2528Empire%2529+c+1929+Dementi.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Empire Theatre (later Stand) exterior c. 1929 [Dementi]</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrQfcpAfm2nClrbaSCiYMSKeWj3QRuZ86e9nBz8ckNnZUAelDkVcxY6u0yPVeL2DGbHWZwLvxvJuy7dOxMopRwXRUfWLxPSCYSgKIyoiRZkmrkXI6rU6v0UUyi0A2QgPgJ1x8LawAlOWE/s1600/Interior+Empire.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="512" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrQfcpAfm2nClrbaSCiYMSKeWj3QRuZ86e9nBz8ckNnZUAelDkVcxY6u0yPVeL2DGbHWZwLvxvJuy7dOxMopRwXRUfWLxPSCYSgKIyoiRZkmrkXI6rU6v0UUyi0A2QgPgJ1x8LawAlOWE/s640/Interior+Empire.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Empire Theatre interior today [Virginia Rep]</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;">Jake Wells was joined by other
entrepreneurs looking for a profit from theatrical productions. The Empire
Theatre of 1911 presented both legitimate theater and vaudeville, perhaps
because the Academy of Music seemed out of date by this time. The Empire, opened by Moses
Hoffheimer on West Broad, was the scene of appearances by well-known actors and
companies. Contemporary advertisements show that it also featured film and
vaudeville as early as 1912. Hoffheimer also opened a small motion picture
theatre next door next door in 1912, called the Little Theatre [Library of
Virginia, Richmond building permit files]. <o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 16pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;">Like the Bijou, the Empire’s
exterior, conceived as a triumphal arch executed in wood and stucco and flanked
by winged figures, incorporated isolated classical details less as a considered
design than as part of an applied advertising scheme. The pedimented window
surrounds and the paired Composite columns supporting a pediment were outlined
in electric lights bulbs. The interior was elegant, with a traditional horseshoe
plan ornamented with Adamesque relief panels. The theater is said to have had
an early air conditioning system supplied by blocks of ice, probably aided by the large
circular ventilators seen open at the top of the house above the main cornice.
The Empire closed and was reopened in 1915 under Jake Well’s control as the
Strand Theatre, a vaudeville/film combination venue. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 16pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: large;">
</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;">The construction and decoration
of theaters for vaudeville and film was largely governed by commercial
considerations. An article in <i>Architecture and Building</i> in May, 1911
detailed the design criteria for small and medium-sized motion picture and
vaud-film houses. For the larger houses, heating and cooling should be provided
by means of a “blower system of the plenum type.” This system, in which
underfloor ducts exhausted the air through floor openings placed under the
seats, was used in the Empire and in most theaters built thereafter. The writer
advised that, “since the spectators will be passing in and out at all times,”
the floor should not be stepped.” According to the author, “the exterior
decorations are generally made very gaudy, in order to attract attention; and
as a rule, this is one of the requirements fixed by the owners. . . and a
highly ornamental proscenium is desirable.” Owners required brilliant exterior
illumination, and the article recommended “outlining the mouldings with lights,
spaced 8, 10, 0r 12 inches apart” just as at the Bijou, Lubin, and Empire.
After WW I, as film increased its respectability as an art form, movie theater
owners adopted more sober facades and more expensive and elaborate interior
forms and decorations. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 16pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: large;">
</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;">In 1908, Wells had entered into
partnership with vaudeville promoters Sydney Wilmer and Walter Vincent.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>By 1912, the Bijou, the adjacent Lubin’s
Theater, the Empire, and the Colonial had become the city’s principal mixed
“vaude-film” venues. During this period, however, Wells' dominance of the local
scene made it possible for him use theaters interchangeably for stock theater,
burlesque, and vaudeville, as he decided how he would respond to the changes in the
larger entertainment industry. The resulting unpredictability produced some
frustration. A local reviewer summed up the future of local theater at the end
of the season of 1913-14:</span></span></div>
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0.25in 16pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;"><em>It may, of course, be assumed that the Academy of Music
[apparently closed] will be opened again in due time to road attractions of the
higher class, but no other assumption may be relied upon with any degree of
confidence. It is not certain which theatre will be occupied [next season] by
Mr. Newing’s company [a stock company just ending a record-breaking run in the
city]: probably the Bijou will again be its home, possibly the Colonial. If the
Colonial is used as a stock house, in all probability the Lyric will offer
popular vaudeville. If popular vaudeville is again presented at the Colonial,
it is possible- not probable, but possible- that the Lyric will be utilized as
the home of that artistic and elevating form of entertainment known as
“burlesque.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></em></span></span></div>
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0.25in 16pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;"><em>If burlesque is not introduced, if popular vaudeville is
shifted to the Lyric and the stock company is housed in the Colonial, what will
be done with the Bijou? Nobody knows, except Jake and Otto Wells ad Mr. Neal,
and they won’t tell</em> [Richmond <i>Times Dispatch</i> 28 June, 1914].<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 16pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: large;">
</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;">Apparently, the stages of
Richmond theaters were interchangeable. Burlesque was introduced by Wells at
the Bijou later in 1914, and it caused a sensation. At the end of the run,
Wells, weary of the complaints and investigations, was understood to have declared
that it would not return. The Times Dispatch’s reviewer gave them a bitter
send-off:</span></span></div>
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0.25in 16pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;"><em>Gone will be the fearful dialect that formed the chief stock
in trade of the men who formed triangle of slapstick comedians; departed will
be the prima donna with the voice of a siren- a steam siren; no more will be
seen the soubrette singer of adapted rags. And - woe! woe! - vanished from the
groaning stage will be the sixteen maidens of the “beauty chorus” and all their
bathing-girl and Salome costumes. Packed away in their little hand-bags will be
their ball gowns, their fish-scale suits of armor and their red wigs; into
their make-up boxes will go their gorgeous complexions, and hidden away in
little chamois bags will blink unseen the near-glitter of their phony jewels. .
. And the name of the Bijou shall be Ichabod, for its glory has nearly
departed.</em> [Richmond <i>Times Dispatch</i> 2 December 1914]. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 16pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: large;">
</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;">By 1915, Wells had converted
most the theaters in his chain to strictly feature-film venues, where the newly
developed multiple-reel film became the central item in the program that still
included live music, either by an orchestra or a theater organ [Dewberry 2010,
113]. In 1916, his company controlled the Bijou, Isis (formerly the Lubin),
Colonial, Strand (formerly the Empire), and Little theaters, all showing
feature films, in addition to both the Lyric and the Academy of Music, which
continued to show stage productions.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfGRb6vS8P6U8lz-XynjVQRLNvpi8Kzy-LtoY-KQwX0Y96iUOFAi8a189XKSjCozSr-DIs_nIFLxS_5NBCTH2UmOHf30dzjR-wKkFj1XnIqorBiD5YfVT-nZAQROzwvRmvRgtfzhzVygs/s1600/Lyric+Theatre.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="494" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfGRb6vS8P6U8lz-XynjVQRLNvpi8Kzy-LtoY-KQwX0Y96iUOFAi8a189XKSjCozSr-DIs_nIFLxS_5NBCTH2UmOHf30dzjR-wKkFj1XnIqorBiD5YfVT-nZAQROzwvRmvRgtfzhzVygs/s640/Lyric+Theatre.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 16pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></span></span> </div>
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 16pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
Lyric Theatre, 1913</span>.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;"><o:p>Jake Wells constructed the Lyric
Theatre in 1913 at 9th and Broad streets to serve as the main venue for the
big-time variety acts controlled by the Keith-Albee vaudeville circuit. The
architecturally undistinguished exterior made little attempt at monumental
detailing, unlike like its predecessors the Richmond and Lyric theaters or its
successors among the city’s motion picture palaces. It was concealed behind an
office building built at the same time. The theatre and office section were
both designed by architect Claude Howell. The interior was more lavish than the exterior
and included a classic layout with two balconies wrapped around a central
orchestra, box seats flanking an arched proscenium, and lavish applied
ornament. <o:p></o:p><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">
</span><br />
</o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;"><o:p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeb3_jft9r59HzHRKO8iQtrpgftUAeFXCHA4IliEPEvuW-xCl-JSQhnIceOHKeM9IKcqdThYJclx8dXoiRxBMQR13htSRfgpRdIdovN8rqxyx-1Vnbo390EbVfyMo_YPwaCTVRxKOw_6w/s1600/opening+night+at+the+lyric+next+day+RTD+24+August+1913.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeb3_jft9r59HzHRKO8iQtrpgftUAeFXCHA4IliEPEvuW-xCl-JSQhnIceOHKeM9IKcqdThYJclx8dXoiRxBMQR13htSRfgpRdIdovN8rqxyx-1Vnbo390EbVfyMo_YPwaCTVRxKOw_6w/s640/opening+night+at+the+lyric+next+day+RTD+24+August+1913.jpg" width="428" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Grand Opening of the Lyric Theatre, 1913</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</o:p></span></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;"><o:p>
At its opening on August 25,
1913, the Lyric featured a Keith vaudeville lineup of comedians, singers, blackface
artists, trained dogs, and female acrobats.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The Lyric charged evening ticket prices ranging from 15 to 75 cents. The
show included a film newsreel for the week, produced by Pathe News in England
[Richmond <i>Times Dispatch</i> August 24, 1913].</o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;"><o:p><o:p></o:p><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">
</span></o:p></span></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;">Segregated Theaters</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></span><br />
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 16pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;">The first major theatre for
black audiences in the nation was the Howard Theatre, built in Washington, DC
in 1910. For Richmond, it appears likely that most theaters permitted African-Americans to be seated in balconies. Segregated seating was probably available at most Richmond theaters during the period leading up to the Civil War. The Amusement Theatre, under the direction of J. A. Allen, put on a minstrel show in the spring of 1853. Admission included Dress Circle (25c), Second Tier (12c), Centre Gallery (25c), Eastern Gallery (12c), and Colored Gallery (12c) [<em>Daily Dispatch</em> 3:197 (4 Junee 1853), p 3]. Slaves and free Blacks did attend plays at the Richmond Theatre of 1806, and probably sat in the gallery of the Richmond Theatre of 1863 after the Civil War. The Empire Theatre, built on the
edge of the Jackson Ward neighborhood to house first-rate stage plays
(although it was used for vaudeville as well from an early date), seated
black patrons in the balcony after its opening in 1911. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;">Interestingly, the Empire (by this time known as the
Strand) had been purchased by 1921 by a group of African Americans associated
with <i>Richmond Planet</i> newspaper editor John Mitchell, Jr. for $113,000 in
cash [Monroe N. Work, ed, <i>The Negro Year Book: An Annual Encyclopedia of the
Negro, 1919-1921</i>. Tuskegee Institute, 1922]. Although they probably hoped to develop it as a black community resource, they leased it to Jake Wells
chiefly as a venue for white audiences. Under Jake Wells’ management (as the
Strand), the theater did hold some private events for the black community organizations to
which whites were invited [Dewberry 2010, 192].<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">
</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">I</span>n the light of their
purchasing power and pent-up demand for access to popular entertainment, white
theatre developers were quick to provide separate theaters<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>for African-Americans. The Second Street area
evolved at the turn of the century into a segregated business district catering
to the African-American population, sometimes called “the Harlem of the South.”
Nickelodeons on Broad and Second Street catered to black patrons at an early
date, and white theater-owners provided vaudeville and films for segregated
audiences in several downtown and later suburban theaters. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">
</span>According to movie theater
pioneer Walter J. Coulter, he was responsible for relocating the city’s first
nickelodeon, the Dixie, from its leased storefront accommodations to a new site
on Broad Street at Brook Turnpike soon after 1909 [Richmond <i>News Leader</i>,
Dec 22, 1928]. At its new location, the Dixie became “the oldest and best
located colored vaudeville and picture house in the city” [Richmond <i>Times
Dispatch</i> 1 Aug 1913]. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">
</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;">Amanda Thorpe, in association
with Walter Coulter, built the Hippodrome Theatre on Second Street in 1914,
which featured both vaudevillle and motion pictures. It appears to have been
built to replace the Dixie as the flagship theater catering to Richmond’s
African-American population, since Walter Coulter advertised the Dixie, a
“colored vaudeville and picture theatre. . . now running and making money,” for
sale at the same time that they were building the Hippodrome [Richmond <i>Times
Dispatch</i> 1 Aug 1913]. The Hippodrome, for which the plans were drawn by Fisher
and Rabenstein, Architects, featured a handsome pedimented facade. It was a
major stop for popular entertainers such as Billie Holliday, Duke Ellington,
Ray Charles, and Louis Armstrong. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">
</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQ7n3I5RfUAKoZww77HED8VlCR8QycoFe4KJCeLlPVKtME1rgIYNqibOjWT4gO4g_0CEkh1L6Xo8y7LCmdpup4kLNoaeel-yPiD3ALi2gvVpg6Ew0CuS0o2heQQcBKPktiwb6G_5xCS-o/s1600/Hippodrome.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="424" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQ7n3I5RfUAKoZww77HED8VlCR8QycoFe4KJCeLlPVKtME1rgIYNqibOjWT4gO4g_0CEkh1L6Xo8y7LCmdpup4kLNoaeel-yPiD3ALi2gvVpg6Ew0CuS0o2heQQcBKPktiwb6G_5xCS-o/s640/Hippodrome.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The Hippodrome in 1959</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;">The<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hippodrome was purchased, along with the
Dixie, from Coulter (who had acquired full ownership) by Charles A. Somma in about 1918. He operated it until 1937
as part a local chain of African-American theaters. The Globe, which operated
on Second Street from 1909 to 1955, was another important stop on the black
vaudeville circuit. Somma owned several other theaters, including the Rayo and
Fifth Street theaters and the Casino Theatre in South Richmond. Coulter and
Somma went into business as the Bluebird Theatre Company after 1918 [<i>The
National Exhibitor</i>, December 20, 1928]. Films and acts were booked by the
Coulter-Somma Circuit, for which Somma arranged the productions at four
Richmond theaters- the Brookland, Byrd, Hippodrome, and Globe [<i>Yearbook of
Motion Pictures</i>, 1935].<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_YP9G0XMkCbSunMTjN7C1VlbEvGe38pf5TE5qD3dWWD4N2l0IkrYSdIuO7a5OLHUblF0ly84tIqcSkqLqYjQuXxajkC1pBaN_ZHGQ2wA9EUffitJZwfaJcdYnwCISdO0NF6ao07akx4c/s1600/Hippodrome+today.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_YP9G0XMkCbSunMTjN7C1VlbEvGe38pf5TE5qD3dWWD4N2l0IkrYSdIuO7a5OLHUblF0ly84tIqcSkqLqYjQuXxajkC1pBaN_ZHGQ2wA9EUffitJZwfaJcdYnwCISdO0NF6ao07akx4c/s640/Hippodrome+today.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Hippodrome today (1914, rebuilt 1947)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 16pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;">The city’s practice of racial segregation was
reinforced in 1926 by the Virginia Public Assemblages Act, which required the
“separation of white and colored persons at public halls, theaters, opera
houses, motion picture shows, and places of public entertainment and public
assemblages.” By that time, few theaters in Richmond were permitting mixed race
audiences in any form. </span></span><br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirfgm_sI3bTEBiMUEKkPGRCN9TkL3aRa3WqYkf9bH5ZCWNrzTxBCCb9ExqfF7wgjLZhGHB6G4a4v4R7EbEcrRijrM6BlVGyes6IbPITPU1Hlhmt_WaI-5B6Yhdz1VxdFRg8sEnUM6Ml64/s1600/Booker+T+facade-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="496" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirfgm_sI3bTEBiMUEKkPGRCN9TkL3aRa3WqYkf9bH5ZCWNrzTxBCCb9ExqfF7wgjLZhGHB6G4a4v4R7EbEcrRijrM6BlVGyes6IbPITPU1Hlhmt_WaI-5B6Yhdz1VxdFRg8sEnUM6Ml64/s640/Booker+T+facade-1.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Empire -Strand Theatre reborn as the Booker T Theatre in 1933.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;">As movies took over from vaudeville, the Strand Theatre,
which had been damaged by fire in 1927, reopened in 1933 as the Booker T. It
was operated as a movie house for African-American audiences by the Lichtman organization,
District Theatres, Inc., based in Washington DC. The Little Theatre next door
was reopened in 1936 by Lichtman as the Maggie Walker Theatre. By the late
1930s, Lichtman which operated at least four movie houses in downtown Richmond,
including the Booker T., the Walker, the Robinson, and the
Hippodrome [Edward F. Sinnott, Jr.<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75"
coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe"
filled="f" stroked="f">
<v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/>
<v:formulas>
<v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/>
<v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/>
</v:formulas>
<v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/>
<o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/>
</v:shapetype><v:shape id="officeArt_x0020_object" o:spid="_x0000_s1026"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='position:absolute;margin-left:-.5pt;margin-top:28pt;
width:238.95pt;height:159.1pt;z-index:251642368;visibility:visible;
mso-wrap-style:square;mso-wrap-distance-left:12pt;mso-wrap-distance-top:12pt;
mso-wrap-distance-right:12pt;mso-wrap-distance-bottom:12pt;
mso-position-horizontal:absolute;mso-position-horizontal-relative:margin;
mso-position-vertical:absolute;mso-position-vertical-relative:line'
wrapcoords="0 0 0 21593 21595 21593 21595 0 0 0" strokeweight="1pt">
<v:stroke miterlimit="4"/>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\gworsham\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.png"
o:title=""/>
<w:wrap type="through" anchorx="margin" anchory="line"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]-->
papers, Virginia Historical Society].</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;">
This account is continued in Part Three, located <a href="http://urbanscalerichmondvirginia.blogspot.com/2016/11/richmond-theater-part-iii.html">here</a>.</span></span><br />
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 16pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;">
<o:p></o:p></span></span><div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 16pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;">
</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;">
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 16pt;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;">
</span> </span> </span><br />
</div>
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 16pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">
</span></div>
</span><div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 16pt;">
<br /></div>
</span><br />Gibson Worshamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17914252671575229780noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-284912172590016102.post-15657328013533819192016-08-01T00:17:00.000-04:002020-07-22T11:25:30.742-04:00Richmond Theater Part One- "An Edifice Devoted to the Tragic and Comic Muses:" the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries<br />
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 1in 0pt 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><em><span style="font-size: large;">The <span style="mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">‘</span>old Theatre near the Capital<span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">’…</span>was so far old, that the walls were
well browned by time, and the shutters to the windows of a pleasant neutral
tint between rust and dust colored<span style="mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">…
</span>Within, the play-house presented a somewhat more attractive appearance.
There was <span style="mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">‘</span>box,<span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">’ ‘</span>pit,<span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">’ </span>and
<span style="mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">‘</span>gallery,<span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">’ </span>as in our
day; and the relative prices were arranged in much the same manner.</span></em></span></div>
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 1in 0pt 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span>—
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;">John Esten Cooke, 1854</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br />
<o:p><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica"; font-size: large;"><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiujJTdIa8y3-WjOW2qvH5hLGDzLnDkY1CJ5ef55ToskVnvYbwwMPEE64iuHlJH7W1Jvw1nosnfMJ130khuglD5SQ-OYVcZV-50l28mcUJUNMvqTkiDwfbvEjGbCCj0lrVfRd6d05SVrE/s1600/Theater+Royal+1813.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="568" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiujJTdIa8y3-WjOW2qvH5hLGDzLnDkY1CJ5ef55ToskVnvYbwwMPEE64iuHlJH7W1Jvw1nosnfMJ130khuglD5SQ-OYVcZV-50l28mcUJUNMvqTkiDwfbvEjGbCCj0lrVfRd6d05SVrE/s640/Theater+Royal+1813.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-size: small;">Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, London,</span> 1813</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLB5C3mPbNvnsVv4709n3DOOp3JB1Awhm0zv8rsAixJJwu2ysK2Y9YVSTgEiEtXH3LXwLEp-RAsGywLI2mHR8Ivl09_Uhn6j19gT_zXt8W-R8IYWww55llOz9lTL_qTTYET1ejEVmQ8OQ/s1600/Theater+Royal+plan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLB5C3mPbNvnsVv4709n3DOOp3JB1Awhm0zv8rsAixJJwu2ysK2Y9YVSTgEiEtXH3LXwLEp-RAsGywLI2mHR8Ivl09_Uhn6j19gT_zXt8W-R8IYWww55llOz9lTL_qTTYET1ejEVmQ8OQ/s640/Theater+Royal+plan.jpg" width="352" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-size: small;">Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, London,</span> </span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></o:p><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica"; font-size: large;">
<br />
</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;">The ancient building type
known as the theater is, in the most general sense, where the community gathers
to remember the great deeds of the past and to imagine the future. From the Renaissance to the early twentieth century theatres incorporated tightly curving plans and raked stages derived from what was known of the ancient theaters of the Greeks and Romans. This tight arrangement allowed each theater-goer present
not only to enjoy the spectacle of an opera or play, but to </span></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;">participate in the collective experience of a gathered company.
The Renaissance interpreted the form and content of classical drama in ways that continue to affect theater design today, basing their work on surviving texts and the accessible physical fabric of actual theaters. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica"; font-size: large;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica"; font-size: large;">The theaters of the continental Renaissance had virtually no exterior presence, since they served the court and were located within the princely palace. As drama became democratized in the seventeenth and eighteenth century, the theater emerged from the palace to take its place as a civic building, equipped for this role with the elements of the classical orders.</span></div>
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;">On the interior, the intention was not to produce a realistic illusion, but instead, through
sumptuous music and art to transform and inform the vision of an entire
community. American theaters by the mid-nineteenth-century were well equipped,
spacious, and architecturally sophisticated. Never simply a place of amusement,
theater managers followed a conventional program incorporating in the same evening popular entertainment and dramatic works that stimulated the moral imagination. In order to take
its place in the civic order, the theater was given a prominent
location and a high level of architectural finish, often including a fully
articulated architectural order.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;">Background<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;">Most American theaters in the eighteenth and nineteenth
centuries, like their European models, were urban buildings in which the
height of the stage and auditorium were concealed behind a classical streetfront.
While stages tended to be very deep, they did not have tall fly lofts. Lobbies
were often<span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL;"> minimal in </span>size
and <span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT;">scale.</span> Demands associated
with the development of the dramatic art and the expansion of building
amenities caused a gradual bloating of the structure housing the theater, which
continues to this day. The nineteenth-century impulse to present theaters and other
buildings as singular temple-form structures became problematic as the
secondary features of the theater form, such as the fly loft and lobby,
expanded. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;">The interiors of many of the nation’s most sophisticated
nineteenth-century theatres were inspired by London<span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;">’</span>s
Theatre Royal, Drury Lane. This famous building, as rebuilt in 1812, utilized
the baroque horseshoe theater or opera house plan, with several tiers of boxes
and sloping seats arranged in a horseshoe shape around a central f<span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL;">loor or pit.</span></span></span><br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhavvfBoCbSxHnjH1fs3SuQdiF0n60moYTJ84DtefdAsGCy3JSfvYSYYHJYLIIrluqoo19vK2vUYUP7CUNUayXm5hMO16huqKlgU1M9k8CM-bWs6purm4bmXygWv-v7mqZtg7gQbZ3ly2o/s1600/St.+Charles+Theatre+N.O..jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="358" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhavvfBoCbSxHnjH1fs3SuQdiF0n60moYTJ84DtefdAsGCy3JSfvYSYYHJYLIIrluqoo19vK2vUYUP7CUNUayXm5hMO16huqKlgU1M9k8CM-bWs6purm4bmXygWv-v7mqZtg7gQbZ3ly2o/s640/St.+Charles+Theatre+N.O..jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 8pt;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: small;">St. Charles Theater, New
Orleans of 1843 shows the familiar form derived from the Theatre Royal, Drury lane.</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><o:p>Theater in Early Virginia<o:p></o:p><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">
</span><br />
</o:p></span></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;">The first
documented theater in British North America stood on the east side of the Palace
Green in Williamsburg. It was built between 1716 and 1718 and was used for
amateur and student plays until it was sold to serve as a city court building.
It was replaced by a new structure just beyond the eastern end of town in 1751.
This new theater was built for the Murray-Kean Company, a troop of actors whose
first performance in Williamsburg was of Shakespeare<span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">’</span>s <i><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;">Richard
III</span></i>. A new group of actors, probably the first
professional theater troop in the colonies, arrived in Williamsburg in 1752. The London Company of Comedians,
managed by Lewis Hallam, arrived in the colony and purchased and improved Williamsburg's theater building. After a season of plays, including the <i>Merchant of
Venice </i>and the <i>Anatomist, or Sham Doctor</i>, the troop departed. Soon after the
theater was seized to satisfy Hallam<span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">’</span>s
debts and converted into a house. The troop returned under different management
in 1760 and built a new theater, used sporadically by the London Company and
others over the following twelve years. The theater or <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">“</span>playhouse<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">”</span><span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">
</span>became a popular social center and was patronized by colonial leaders
like Thomas Jefferson and George Washington.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>There is no evidence that the theater was used after 1772 and by 1780 it
had been demolished. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica"; font-size: large;"></span><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9X7xxg0b15JHx4xgzI2cBtCqKigEkiv4-3nH9pfG_Pog1yOjsfwrdEEG_8Ku3DiS6lkoYLw3igYn-eWD812n24nML5dZOMLVlv0MSb3lutTqWapenGJSu3JwVQUv0Aim4Y5EpFQJtd8w/s1600/Williamsburg+Study+Model.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9X7xxg0b15JHx4xgzI2cBtCqKigEkiv4-3nH9pfG_Pog1yOjsfwrdEEG_8Ku3DiS6lkoYLw3igYn-eWD812n24nML5dZOMLVlv0MSb3lutTqWapenGJSu3JwVQUv0Aim4Y5EpFQJtd8w/s640/Williamsburg+Study+Model.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Study Model of The Old Theater, Williamsburg, from <a href="http://research.history.org/vw1776/revcity/">http://research.history.org/vw1776/revcity/</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;">Archeology at the site of the 1752 theater shows it to have been
an earthfast frame structure measuring about 72 feet in length and 44 feet in
width and built of posts spaced about eight feet apart. Traces of a brick
foundation at the west end indicated some sort of brick entrance. A large
excavation at the center, bounded by a low brick wall near the center of the
building, would have been the <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">“</span>pit<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">”</span><span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>which held much of the theater<span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">’</span>s audience. The stage took up
approximately half of the theater<span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">’</span>s
volume,
</span></span><br />
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;">According to Lisa E. Fischer, whose "Douglass-Hallam Theater: Excavation of an
Eighteenth-Century Playhouse," produced for Colonial Williamsburg, documented the early theater,</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">
</span></span></span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;"><em>These itinerant companies developed a touring
circuit and, whenever possible, presented their plays in actual theater
buildings, sometimes even constructing their own prior to their first scheduled
performances in a city. Typical Colonial theaters were relatively large
structures, measuring at least 70′x30′, and resembled provincial theaters found
in England at the time. The interior of the theater would have exhibited a
large stage area on one end, possibly taking up as much as half of the
building. An unusual characteristic of eighteenth-century stages was that they
were commonly lined with a set of iron spikes designed to discourage audience
members from getting onto the stage to disrupt the performance. The seating
within the theater was divided into three sections. In front of the stage, sunk
below the ground would have been the pit, crammed with benches. The most
expensive seating was in the boxes around the sides and back of the theater.
The cheapest seating was in the gallery located around the theater above the
boxes. . . .An evening at the theater in the eighteenth century would have
consisted of two plays, a longer opening play and a shorter and lighter
concluding one, and possibly several entr<span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;">’</span>actes.</em> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></span></span></blockquote>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;">
Virginians were never long without access to theatrical
performances.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A single thread of
theatrical endeavor was nearly continuous with the colony<span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">’</span>s urban history, beginning in 1718 and
corresponding closely to the annual gathering of leaders associated with the
legislative function. Theater was, however, temporarily discouraged by the authorities as frivolous
during the Revolutionary War. <o:p></o:p><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">
</span><br />
Theater in Early and Antebellum Richmond<o:p></o:p>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">
</span><br />
<br />
The capital was moved to Richmond in 1779.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Clearly, one of the essential urban building types that moved
with the capital to Richmond was the theater, direct heir of its predecessors
in Williamsburg. Indeed, the second act of the <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">“</span>Common Council<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">”</span><span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">
</span>of the newly formed City of Richmond at its meeting on July 3, 1782 was
to require that Mr. Ryan, the theatre manager, account for the number of
performances <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">“</span>since the last settlement<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">”</span><span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">
</span>and pay the required tax. The first theater building for which there is
a record stood on Main Street near the market. This <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">“</span>old theater<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">”</span><span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">
</span>was mentioned in 1788 [Christian, 1912]. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;">A large frame school building
was built in 1785 on the <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">“</span><span lang="PT" style="mso-ansi-language: PT;">Academy Square,</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">”</span><span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;"> i</span>n <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">“</span>Turpin<span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">’</span>s Addition<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">”</span><span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">
</span>on the eastern slope of Shockoe Hill. It faced west, fronting on Twelfth Street. After the academy failed to
prosper, the building, known as the <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">“</span>New Theatre,<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">”</span><span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">
</span>was leased to Hallam and Henry, a
successor to the English company that had previously put on plays in
Williamsburg. According to early historian Samuel Mordecai, Hallam and Henry <span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: large;">converted the
Academy into a theater, "and here the tragic and
the comic muses first bestowed their tears and
smiles — in an edifice devoted to them — on a Richmond audience." <em>The Beggars</em><i><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">’</span></i><i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;"> </span>Opera</i> was performed in 1787.</span>
</span>This building served for
theatrical purposes until it burned in 1798.
<br />
<o:p><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjtBlV8cUu_Mu3a6HYJ1DpsZ14kd36TRvrH39qfobqggN6xn-pm2teIUhwZ0REjJJI9EzheOxjl-tWZe_SAM9kzHgQaOBU10tBUC9mmKISw5a6PY8yh4HcdK2O6NWhpuJ64JVe918Q3Ag/s1600/1809+map+detail-Quesnay+Academy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjtBlV8cUu_Mu3a6HYJ1DpsZ14kd36TRvrH39qfobqggN6xn-pm2teIUhwZ0REjJJI9EzheOxjl-tWZe_SAM9kzHgQaOBU10tBUC9mmKISw5a6PY8yh4HcdK2O6NWhpuJ64JVe918Q3Ag/s640/1809+map+detail-Quesnay+Academy.jpg" width="538" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: small;">The new Richmond Theater of 1808 at the back of the Academy lot, shown at the letter "P" on the Young Map
of 1809.</span> </span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidB0Da_AjPMTVaFm-9ZQEcRVORHk2mNdXjxKAnV3olJm2YJd6UX-1EdCqaC84sBi2oI73OJ8xcBshHW8_z2Q9uVNhg0JdhWwtCrH72JqB0J7VesLjbF45DjPpsnSdT5eEaQyxG7W-ipIY/s1600/English+provincial+theater.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="391" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidB0Da_AjPMTVaFm-9ZQEcRVORHk2mNdXjxKAnV3olJm2YJd6UX-1EdCqaC84sBi2oI73OJ8xcBshHW8_z2Q9uVNhg0JdhWwtCrH72JqB0J7VesLjbF45DjPpsnSdT5eEaQyxG7W-ipIY/s400/English+provincial+theater.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">This diagram of a 1788 English
theater (The Theatre Royal in Richmond, Yorkshire)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;">
</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: small;">shows the typical relationships
between stage, boxes, and pit seating in a provincial theater of the period
[Richard Leacock, <i>Development of the English Playhouse</i>. Methuen, 1973].
Trap doors provided entries for supernatural effects and tracks in the floor
permit the sliding of set panels into place.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</o:p></span></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;">In 1798, Benjamin Henry Latrobe </span><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">prepared a design for a ground-breaking theater/hotel to replace
the academy building at this key nodal location where the main route (Broad
Street) turned to descend the hill. The plan was never executed. Had it been built, it would have represented a new and unique building type, but it still employed a pit, boxes, and a gallery as seen in the section below.</span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;"></span></span></span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVIlv7swozQaLqUv0Qu6Hj7T2ABVYdmV0AUDo149goURJ8k2qXla6Ddx6Q7LkU202o1MDB5LvmrFLymVPMrjPCg0ts11SWHREEThmELBGgPoe-F6mtrrenaTP5_nJhCDH2jpPbJEpdfn8/s1600/Latrobe-Green+Room-LOC_tif.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="299" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVIlv7swozQaLqUv0Qu6Hj7T2ABVYdmV0AUDo149goURJ8k2qXla6Ddx6Q7LkU202o1MDB5LvmrFLymVPMrjPCg0ts11SWHREEThmELBGgPoe-F6mtrrenaTP5_nJhCDH2jpPbJEpdfn8/s640/Latrobe-Green+Room-LOC_tif.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Latrobe's extraordinary drawing of the disorderly state of the Green Room at the Richmond Theatre in 1798</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica"; font-size: large;"></span></span></span></span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijKrdwoZySex2LrtBu3WS7JakYzIF7CRGjYthWFqOUhYwZwVcqyQOV7SlttQYQil8nn74KkY48lBGaOERu4xwwUf8gBdgUewGAWODB85RrJGKlvk3pPq8JdLukjtYVpXKivmxRyUnNp2I/s1600/Latrobe%2527s+Theater.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="454" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijKrdwoZySex2LrtBu3WS7JakYzIF7CRGjYthWFqOUhYwZwVcqyQOV7SlttQYQil8nn74KkY48lBGaOERu4xwwUf8gBdgUewGAWODB85RrJGKlvk3pPq8JdLukjtYVpXKivmxRyUnNp2I/s640/Latrobe%2527s+Theater.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Section through Latrobe's Theater</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;">
</span></span></span>
<br />
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;">
</span></span></span>
<br />
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;">After 1802, plays were performed in the hall over the market
house and in <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">“</span>Quarrier<span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">’</span>s Coach-shop<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">”</span><span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">
</span>at Cary and Seventh streets until a new brick theater was built in the
rear of the <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">“</span>Academy or Theater Square<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">”</span><span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">
</span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: large;">in 1806. It was this three-story building that burned, with terrible
loss of life, in 1811 and was memorialized by the construction of Monumental
Church on the site.</span> <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkrCpMYi_5FXe8sKlcri2RvZ34pokVlNeupansGwbFhiRxuSI_SCJZ6rbT2pTHwiM5_4Pvo-A7NDzgwvTOruJM2lGPiMgt2W-srbrGU5ZHSXFGxxMP-W2t4dRFQgc-8cOotHnECaCFuIg/s1600/Richmond+Theatre+Fire.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="412" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkrCpMYi_5FXe8sKlcri2RvZ34pokVlNeupansGwbFhiRxuSI_SCJZ6rbT2pTHwiM5_4Pvo-A7NDzgwvTOruJM2lGPiMgt2W-srbrGU5ZHSXFGxxMP-W2t4dRFQgc-8cOotHnECaCFuIg/s640/Richmond+Theatre+Fire.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: small;">Engraving of the Richmond Theater
Fire. The theater is depicted as a three-story building with windows in the
front area. A central door is apparently flanked by doors to the upper floors,
while windows in the body of the building are few. The building to the rear
(the west front of First Baptist Church) is shown inaccurately, so the drawing
cannot be treated as completely reliable, but the form is similar to theaters
from the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;">
According to several accounts, Richmonders abandoned theatrical
endeavors for a time after the disastrous 1811 fire. A new theater was built in 1818 on the
southeastern corner of Seventh and Broad on Shockoe Hill. In 1838, it was
remodeled and named after Chief Justice John Marshall [Kathryn Fuller-Seeley, <i>Celebrate
Richmond Theater</i><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;"> (Richmond: The
Dietz Press, 2002)</span>]. An evening there was remembered by the editor of
the Richmond <i>Daily Dispatch</i>. His description of the night provides clues
to the form and fittings of the theater, which seems similar to that of the
eighteenth-century examples mentioned earlier. A evening at the theater in 1820
included a performance of <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">“</span>Virginius,<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">”</span><span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">
</span>followed by a farce called <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">“</span>High Life Below Stairs.<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">”</span><span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">
</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">“</span>We believe we half exhausted our power of laughing that
night; for we never have been able to laugh as we did then, from that time to
this. We roared, we shouted, we screamed, we fairly danced in the box, until we
attracted the attention of everybody in the house. We leant over, as though we
were ready to jump into the pit<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">”</span> [<i>Daily Dispatch</i> on 5 Jan
1862]. <o:p></o:p>
</span></span><br />
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">
</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Management and funding for the theater were always a problem, but in spite of that Richmond saw about three hundred different plays, some repeatedly, in the years between 1819 and 1838, including fourteen of Shakespeare's. Twelve of these were written in Richmond [Agnes Bondurant, <em>Poe's Richmond</em>, 1942]. During this period Richmond was a major theatrical center, typical in its tastes and requirements to other cities up and down the eastern seaboard.</span> </span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;">The Marshall Theatre, of which no image survives, burned in
1862, likely as a result of arson. Losses included <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">“</span>the valuable
scenery, painted by the elder Grain, Getz, Heilge, and Italian artists employed
by George Jones; all the wardrobe and "property," including some
costly furniture and decorations; rich oil paintings and steel portraits of
celebrated dramatists; manuscript plays, operas, and oratorios, all are
involved in the common destruction. . . in addition to the whole stock
wardrobe. . . [while] the orchestra lost between $300 and $400 in instruments
and sheet music<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">”</span><span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;"> </span>[Richmond <i>Daily Dispatch</i>, 6 Jan
1862]. The company and theater were managed by Gilbert. Junius Brutus Booth
appeared there in 1821 in his first appearance on the America stage. The
Marshall saw appearances by many of the great actors of the day, including
Edwin Forrest, Charlotte Cushman, John Drew, and Joseph Jefferson, as well as
Edwin and John Wilkes Booth.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">
</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;">Although no image of either the interior or the exterior
survives, it seems likely, based on examples in other cities, that the
auditorium included, in addition to the central pit filled with benches, a
proscenium flanked by classical columns, perhaps similar to the 1798 Park
Theater in New York, seen below.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-THLmWLsI4QFU1rrUNrTJmyFPzIw09Jw8GFXQq8vCIr6X6ahzVUVcdgKkqYJsq2gefGLsGcm-6gXRDZDbmfX2q3sO6y-qzSBLJZpTO07br1LLC_8AU75cr469vcAGq8NAAdHNH4JhEzw/s1600/Park+Theatre%252C+New+York.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="362" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-THLmWLsI4QFU1rrUNrTJmyFPzIw09Jw8GFXQq8vCIr6X6ahzVUVcdgKkqYJsq2gefGLsGcm-6gXRDZDbmfX2q3sO6y-qzSBLJZpTO07br1LLC_8AU75cr469vcAGq8NAAdHNH4JhEzw/s640/Park+Theatre%252C+New+York.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">The Park Theatre in New York, built in 1798, occupied a stone
structure. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0NRg5yVMH3eFOnRaBgA5mzB13SbwXdmADz4Ou13823LbuVJsOPy9azLA4iP75tZy7GhPzKq9wVMh1sFybhq8LDjrkrRbF3ur4xzcNpyE8C0uvCeOL2bv8dtLqEKanucHiPTLzjASyCkQ/s1600/Richmond+theater+drawing.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0NRg5yVMH3eFOnRaBgA5mzB13SbwXdmADz4Ou13823LbuVJsOPy9azLA4iP75tZy7GhPzKq9wVMh1sFybhq8LDjrkrRbF3ur4xzcNpyE8C0uvCeOL2bv8dtLqEKanucHiPTLzjASyCkQ/s640/Richmond+theater+drawing.jpg" width="390" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL;"><span style="font-size: small;">Richmond
Times-Dispatch, 9 Oct<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1938</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;">While there was enough business for only one theater for the city's first century-- from about 1782 until 1886, it was not the only assembly hall. At first, public events were held mostly in the Masons' Hall of 1787 or the Market Hall of 1794. As the nineteenth century progressed, other venues for shows, concerts, lectures, and meetings were
built across the city, often on upper floors to serve a primary purpose as
meeting rooms for various organizations. Corinthian Hall on Main Street was the
site of Adelina Patti<span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">’</span>s concert in
1860. Odd Fellows Hall was used for public events from 1842 to 1858.
Metropolitan Hall was opened in 1853 with the adaptation of the former First
Presbyterian Church building of 1828 for secular audiences. It stood on the northeast corner of
Fourteenth and Franklin streets. According to Mary Wingfield Scott, it was used
for <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">“</span>lectures, theatrical entertainments and political conventions,
and later as a rather questionable variety-house.<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">”</span><span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">
</span>Mechanics' Hall included a lecture room in 1857 to assist young men
learning <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">“</span>the useful arts.<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="font-size: large;">”</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms";"></span></span><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;">Drama was important to the doomed, crowded Confederate capital
city. The burned Marshall Theater was rebuilt as the Richmond or New Richmond Theater
at the height of the Civil War, opening in 1863. It closed in 1896 [Christian
452], a tired and down-at-heel veteran of many scenes. It seems likely that the Richmond Theatre reused at least a portion of
the walls of the Marshall, since few structures were built in the city in 1863.
The Greek Revival elements of the building are, however, unlikely to have been
features of the previous theatre, built in 1819. Other theatrical venues
prospered as well during the years that Richmond served as the Confederate
capital. According to one source, these more popular venues included the
Metropolitan Hall, the Richmond Varieties, a bawdy precursor to vaudeville, and
the Richmond Lyceum [Kathyrn Fuller-Seeley. Celebrate Richmond Theater
(Richmond: The Dietz Press, 2002).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;">
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjs42sQp2g-rUat5Ns9sZOZ_QJmcJeY24GKRdQuf5oeYkDS8lnGe6O9DrjgPzolDQZ3eQOgsCPOJ72k4dL41pbfdKS1l9yHKwD34H2BYN7zLD84CUkYCiEA0KhJH6VTlLhH9RkszoLXfEk/s1600/Richmond+Theatre+on+Beers+Map+of+1876.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="518" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjs42sQp2g-rUat5Ns9sZOZ_QJmcJeY24GKRdQuf5oeYkDS8lnGe6O9DrjgPzolDQZ3eQOgsCPOJ72k4dL41pbfdKS1l9yHKwD34H2BYN7zLD84CUkYCiEA0KhJH6VTlLhH9RkszoLXfEk/s640/Richmond+Theatre+on+Beers+Map+of+1876.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: small;">Richmond Theatre seen on the
1876 Beers Map of Richmond.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
The Richmond Theatre, which was about 160 feet deep (the size
of a Richmond lot),<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>stood four stories
tall. The regular windows on the front and west side do not give any clue of
the varied rooms within (some windows on the west side may be false windows, but light was needed on the interior for work associated with preparing for the plays). Like most fully equipped
theaters of the time, the Richmond Theater did not have a fly loft for raising
sets above the stage. <o:p></o:p>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">
</span></div>
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUzIV5GDU9Idszoizy3jSM17ZDygFVlofivezwdghxYYxzS8D1Z7bTWhhugURye1CatQ6mT6kAv3L5W-HkDc8qQjFIG1-3q5bfmQtJbjs3L1TzCxLuKEUAtKd_8DETT4pl2j8vq5Gujks/s1600/Richmond+Theater.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="474" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUzIV5GDU9Idszoizy3jSM17ZDygFVlofivezwdghxYYxzS8D1Z7bTWhhugURye1CatQ6mT6kAv3L5W-HkDc8qQjFIG1-3q5bfmQtJbjs3L1TzCxLuKEUAtKd_8DETT4pl2j8vq5Gujks/s640/Richmond+Theater.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: small;">Richmond Theater shortly before
demolition in the 1890s.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
As an important civic building, the Marshall Theater was
given the full form of a temple. The building was detailed in the Greek “Tower of
the Winds” Corinthian order with fluted three-quarter engaged columns on the
inset front flanked by pilasters called “antae,” which continue along the west
side separating every second window bay. The ornate Corinthian order was
appropriate for a building used in the pleasurable festivities associated with
drama. Entrance was through five openings in the first floor front, which was detailed to provide a basement to the temple front above. <br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjr9sZBDmQbZi8caH5d91KiNoxmH3ORfpdInQxnW_o9u7_oplkzFApfWDPhSmeWDaAs7V4_H63zyStlT2WcxizjE-IFivz1cMcFNaQgmX1gZMGAC8hJ8vVfbHyf1FmX437R2RVBsESqFWs/s1600/Richmond+Theatre+interior.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="434" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjr9sZBDmQbZi8caH5d91KiNoxmH3ORfpdInQxnW_o9u7_oplkzFApfWDPhSmeWDaAs7V4_H63zyStlT2WcxizjE-IFivz1cMcFNaQgmX1gZMGAC8hJ8vVfbHyf1FmX437R2RVBsESqFWs/s640/Richmond+Theatre+interior.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-size: small;">The interior of the Richmond Theatre soon after
the Civil War. The illustrator appears to have increased </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-size: small;">the dramatic value of the political meeting
depicted by combining <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">a view of the proscenium and boxes from the
seats with a view of the auditorium from the stage.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><a href="http://richmondtheatres.tripod.com/"><span style="color: black;">http://richmondtheatres.tripod.com</span></a></span></span> </span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
The images of the interior shows that it was similar to other antebellum
American theaters and that it continued the tradition of a central pit
surrounded by raised horseshoe seating. Like other theaters derived from English
models such as the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, the angled boxes to either side
to the stage were flanked by colossal fluted Corinthian columns.<o:p></o:p></div>
<br /><span style="font-size: small;"><div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 16pt;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFwEF7xpdUYRcnGnW-3yheRgsgdvdt4XRrZz0TqkiaXp7SXNKGVyukcbMk6wV0Fiq_8nTiYJHtn4-3T2F6l0qzlA4hA1DHrJkK_mTIcIURO_xYeUbIQQpZvWcaGvuUDMmSuQunVSoYW4s/s1600/Interior+of+Richmond+Theatre%252C+1890%252C+Valentine.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFwEF7xpdUYRcnGnW-3yheRgsgdvdt4XRrZz0TqkiaXp7SXNKGVyukcbMk6wV0Fiq_8nTiYJHtn4-3T2F6l0qzlA4hA1DHrJkK_mTIcIURO_xYeUbIQQpZvWcaGvuUDMmSuQunVSoYW4s/s640/Interior+of+Richmond+Theatre%252C+1890%252C+Valentine.jpg" width="430" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: small;">Interior of the Richmond Theatre,
1890, Valentine Museum. The flats for the scenery can be seen behind the
painted stage curtain. Before electricity, theaters needed windows for
illumination when a play was actually not being staged.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: large;">The history of theater in Richmond did not end with the burning of a significant portion of the city, in fact the Richmond Theatre wasn't harmed at all and the plays continued. The late nineteenth century saw the further diversification of entertainment. Increased disposable income among the urban working class encouraged the breakdown of theatrical productions into high- and low-brow and the introduction of competition among a growing number of theaters, although entertainment in Richmond at all levels continued to have a decidedly "Southern" plot and cast of characters.</span></div>
</span><div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 16pt;">
This account is continued in Part Two, located <a href="http://urbanscalerichmondvirginia.blogspot.com/2016/09/richmond-theater-ii-diversification-in.html">here</a>.</div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;">
</span> </span> </span>Gibson Worshamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17914252671575229780noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-284912172590016102.post-30721158799107433572016-05-29T23:04:00.002-04:002016-05-30T00:15:26.340-04:00Richmond, Virginia's City Docks: Antebellum Gateway to the City's Commerce<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_iIAXDpHElNkGalHBEDDMH-Dz11Djsa57RV1xm26qq2hnkivzm-04zTTwdwPkuSBuczSESsdWz1uKLmcT2XrhEp06hdxwtZb4Jo5uNu6JG9vG8SiX-7Xz0fibPi4mjF47jZWkyTGMp2g/s1600/The+City+Quay+by+Andrews.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_iIAXDpHElNkGalHBEDDMH-Dz11Djsa57RV1xm26qq2hnkivzm-04zTTwdwPkuSBuczSESsdWz1uKLmcT2XrhEp06hdxwtZb4Jo5uNu6JG9vG8SiX-7Xz0fibPi4mjF47jZWkyTGMp2g/s1600/The+City+Quay+by+Andrews.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="182" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_iIAXDpHElNkGalHBEDDMH-Dz11Djsa57RV1xm26qq2hnkivzm-04zTTwdwPkuSBuczSESsdWz1uKLmcT2XrhEp06hdxwtZb4Jo5uNu6JG9vG8SiX-7Xz0fibPi4mjF47jZWkyTGMp2g/s200/The+City+Quay+by+Andrews.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Richmond's City Docks, completed between 1816 and 1819, were a significant feat of engineering that provided the city with a large body of quiet water unaffected by tides, high water, and most storms, and that was accessible by ocean-going boats. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">This important civic improvement helped Richmond maintain its place as one of the world's sources of fine flour and tobacco. Both were renowned for their quality and shipped around the world. Part of the City Docks still survive near the Great Ship Lock Park along the route of the present-day Kanawha Canal tour boats.</span> <br />
<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDSv413Op623GxNCRZJ5AFBNLdcAwyJNqri1f-YCAJ4G0xaUCB7wYCJUA1BJpQxcAyPXOHdkIVlDMb3JogE-sqgEJhxdBXNcXu0_N1zXtSrXlYolcdMEeGWQkbduRGMAMWlfioSMSudCE/s1600/Liverpool+dock.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="368" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDSv413Op623GxNCRZJ5AFBNLdcAwyJNqri1f-YCAJ4G0xaUCB7wYCJUA1BJpQxcAyPXOHdkIVlDMb3JogE-sqgEJhxdBXNcXu0_N1zXtSrXlYolcdMEeGWQkbduRGMAMWlfioSMSudCE/s400/Liverpool+dock.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The
Old Dock at Liverpool (1709-1715), shown in 1723, protected from the tides by wooden gates, was built to the designs of engineer Thomas
Steers. It was the first commercial dock [</span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Dock"><span class="Hyperlink0"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #011ea9; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Dock</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">].<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">A dock in contemporary British use was an enclosed area of
water created by enclosing a natural tidal pool or stream mouth with an
embankment or by excavation. When the level of water was controlled, it
permitted quicker turn-around of cargo and dramatically increased the potential
volume of trade.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Such docks had<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>first appeared in Britain with the opening of
Thomas Steer<span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">’</span>s Dock (the Old
Dock) in Liverpool in 1715<span style="color: black;">. <span style="color: #323232;">This dock, key to the
city</span><span lang="FR" style="color: #323232; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">’</span><span style="color: #323232;">s commercial success, was the world's first commercial wet dock, It was
provided with gates at the entrance to keep the water level<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and protect ships as they were loaded and
unloaded. The dock was surrounded by warehouses and could hold as many as 100
ships.</span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhygzDv4opYZtnreth5GaihBtpNSKakzdMD6i93fDa6ytRPZYAfCmXsdTm96aeU22InQaShSTNnBjY-tkdBidmQWxzvhAh1C9gOZzn7faAECwoQiAUkOp9c4ueuqMbXOai3N9Mi4QnNquU/s1600/Town+Dock%252C+Boston%252C+1738.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="321" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhygzDv4opYZtnreth5GaihBtpNSKakzdMD6i93fDa6ytRPZYAfCmXsdTm96aeU22InQaShSTNnBjY-tkdBidmQWxzvhAh1C9gOZzn7faAECwoQiAUkOp9c4ueuqMbXOai3N9Mi4QnNquU/s400/Town+Dock%252C+Boston%252C+1738.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Detail of 1738 plan of Town Dock,
Boston, Mass., Boston Public Library.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="color: #323232;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">The idea caught on in the colonies. Boston, Massachusetts had</span> a </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="color: black;">“</span></span><span style="color: black;">Town Dock</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">”</span><span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;"> </span></span><span style="color: black;">provided </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="color: #323232;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: black;">with a wharf next to the market as early as 1738, created by partially enclosing an inset known as Bendell</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="color: black;">’</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">s Cove.</span> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="color: #323232;"></span></span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEio80NzLw7BSyHNNo7hTB_dv2Ndevqn8GAFVHNtm7hYC53Y0zQF8fk2fdkJP3Bb39FnRrjFUAxLICtVfZp_8PFRIIZZS4DOHqKyKPWA68gP3fU9iSEssl7Fz1FD3AB_9aep5YjRP_m1IfE/s1600/Hull+docks.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="379" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEio80NzLw7BSyHNNo7hTB_dv2Ndevqn8GAFVHNtm7hYC53Y0zQF8fk2fdkJP3Bb39FnRrjFUAxLICtVfZp_8PFRIIZZS4DOHqKyKPWA68gP3fU9iSEssl7Fz1FD3AB_9aep5YjRP_m1IfE/s640/Hull+docks.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span class="Hyperlink0"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "helvetica";"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Hull"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Hull</span></a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"># </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Maps
showing the Old Dock in the city of Hull (1774) and later interconnected docks
opening off the River Humber.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbMfBX2_LZt1miVz-UpqL6fVY1LOJa8PxkT13CuRJMBQUvYks9OseGxZ_0mVfTyMwfJc9SMsblO6tcFjFvTWVXDSwuIlaVTOOC2jq1TIS0LN0ON_wbSZ7N4ZtSovAWzZQXvA1nyVmx-SU/s1600/West+India+Docks.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="466" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbMfBX2_LZt1miVz-UpqL6fVY1LOJa8PxkT13CuRJMBQUvYks9OseGxZ_0mVfTyMwfJc9SMsblO6tcFjFvTWVXDSwuIlaVTOOC2jq1TIS0LN0ON_wbSZ7N4ZtSovAWzZQXvA1nyVmx-SU/s640/West+India+Docks.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">West India Docks: this engraving
was published as Plate 92 of <i>Microcosm of London</i> (1810). It shows one
side of one of the three large docks, lined with ships and five-story
warehouses [</span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_India_Docks"><span class="Hyperlink0"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="color: #011ea9; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_India_Docks</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="color: #0045af; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">].</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">In 1773, the Corporation of the City of Hull and city merchants
organized the "Dock Company" on the east coast of England. An act of Parliament gave the Hull organization
authority to raise capital, making it the earliest dock company in Britain
permitted by statute. Soon after, Georgian London and other British ports were marked by the expansion of docks, many of which were surrounded with walls to prevent theft of goods. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The Richmond Dock Company<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">As Richmond<span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">’</span>s position as a center for manufacturing and trade improved in late eighteenth century, conditions for shipping and warehousing goods remained primitive. </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">At early eighteenth-century Richmond, a miniscule port in comparison to Boston, small boats had long been accommodated at the well-known Rock
Landing, located on the upstream side of Shockoe Creek just below the falls.
Boats probably also could land behind the shelter of Chapel Island in the old
channel of Shockoe Creek, which was reserved for the use of citizens as the <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">“</span>commons
of the city.<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">”</span><span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;"> </span>The principal deep-water port was at Rocketts,
immediately downstream from the city.</span> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";">
</span><br />
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"> </span></div>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhed1SZcqzI2xw1q1iCmZUDIRulPYzIPynJyDsADT6Jc2JuHZtYvjFvypQ_nl2ldYKwyr-Pdj_T4wdThwrC6gbcsNRLrqjSt5CbQKRXQlyrxRA4Ly51GbYT75Q9qGduCUkRXs4cK9EZbt0/s1600/1737+plat.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="332" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhed1SZcqzI2xw1q1iCmZUDIRulPYzIPynJyDsADT6Jc2JuHZtYvjFvypQ_nl2ldYKwyr-Pdj_T4wdThwrC6gbcsNRLrqjSt5CbQKRXQlyrxRA4Ly51GbYT75Q9qGduCUkRXs4cK9EZbt0/s400/1737+plat.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The Byrd Plat of 1737 shows
Shockoe Creek (the narrow creek to the left of the town) flowing parallel to Cary Street, following the channel that would
later be enclosed and edged with a stone embankment to form the City Dock of
Richmond.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><br />
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"> </span></div>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";">
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8jLR3gvNgcNDDho3UjFCptQvmMm8YhV4VU-i0ztsMb7UFHN1pDyAvfJfyXXi0aLsW8TLl_yEE9Txwz-a-jLM6X8BWVawCKlXMWNsktTBnVcSNmNNqvKF07jZGvXRWrb8kgAeIOwk1FOA/s1600/Young%2527s+Map%252C+1819.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="304" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8jLR3gvNgcNDDho3UjFCptQvmMm8YhV4VU-i0ztsMb7UFHN1pDyAvfJfyXXi0aLsW8TLl_yEE9Txwz-a-jLM6X8BWVawCKlXMWNsktTBnVcSNmNNqvKF07jZGvXRWrb8kgAeIOwk1FOA/s640/Young%2527s+Map%252C+1819.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 9pt;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Young</span><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 9pt;">’</span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">s Map of Richmond, 1809. The map shows the mouth of
Shockoe Creek near the west end of Chapel Island at the Rock Landing, the
highest point where boats could land in the period before the construction of
the City Dock. Here, boats were loaded with tobacco from William Byrd</span><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 9pt;">’</span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">s warehouses, located on the west side of the
creek, beginning in the 1720s. The 1737 section of the city seen above is to the right side of this image.</span> </span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica";">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Richmond<span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">’</span>s
smooth functioning as a port was foremost in the mind of the Virginia General Assembly
when it adjusted and expanded the rules governing the trustees of the town in
1773. The first duty of the trustees was <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">“</span>to meet as often as
they shall think necessary for appointing a public quay, and such places upon
the river for public landings as they shall think most convenient, and if the
same shall be necessary, shall direct the making of wharfs and cranes at such public
landings for the public use<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">”</span><span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;"> </span>[An Act, to establish and enlarge the
power of the trustees of the town of Richmond, in the county of Henrico, and
for other purposes. March, 1773, Ch. 6, 8 Stat. Lar. 65.5.]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br />
</span></span><br />
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">In 1780, the same patterns held: access to
the Rock Landing, referred to variously as the <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">“</span>Shockoe,<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">”</span><span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">
</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">“</span>upper,<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">”</span><span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;"> </span>or <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">“</span><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL;">Warehouse</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">”</span><span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">
</span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;">Landing, </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">“</span>much
obstructed of late by freshes, and by the natural course of Shockoe Creek being
altered<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">”</span><span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>by
banks of sand <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">“</span>which, if not quickly removed, may render the navigation to
the upper landing useless<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">”</span><span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;"> </span>for the profit of both the citizens of
the town and the agricultural producers of the back country, was to be reopened
by a company authorized to raise private investment for that purpose [An Act,
for locating the Publick Squares, to enlarge the Town of Richmond, and for
other purposes. May, 1780]. <o:p></o:p></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">
</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">After the opening of the James River Canal in 1790 expanding the potential for shipping through the city, the limitations of the arrangements for loading the produce directly onto ships became increasingly apparent.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">
</span></span></span></span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYRKs_a_GQadB-e3yTtqVnqwvzkk3h716Be9Je8knpbH7ox9idfuG8ZBU0NrCQf7iL3ZNIzp1OCjlRnB555_8G2y60g9cS2DkV3oM1WWI88aSAFpIYuJVPlw1mlnLYs35MyKvMjDbCK0M/s1600/Williamson.+Part+of+plan+of+City%252C+1793.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="248" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYRKs_a_GQadB-e3yTtqVnqwvzkk3h716Be9Je8knpbH7ox9idfuG8ZBU0NrCQf7iL3ZNIzp1OCjlRnB555_8G2y60g9cS2DkV3oM1WWI88aSAFpIYuJVPlw1mlnLYs35MyKvMjDbCK0M/s640/Williamson.+Part+of+plan+of+City%252C+1793.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-size: x-small;">John Williamson, </span><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Part of plan of the city of Richmond embracing lots in basin of James River Canal and adjoining lots</span></i></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">, 1793. Board of Public Works, Library of Virginia. This shows alternate paths for the canal to the new basin below Shockoe Hill and the steep outfall, not long before it was utilized as a power source by the Haxall Mills.</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "georgia"; font-size: medium;"></span> <span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The James River Company, chartered in 1785, ensured that tobacco, iron, coal, wheat, stone, lumber, and pork from the plantations to the west could be brought by boat directly into the heart of the city at the Great Basin. The canal permitted direct transport around the Falls of the James River for the special cargo boats called "batteaux". All produce that was brought around the falls was unloaded here and placed in warehouses, from which it could be taken by wagon through the city to the wharves downstream where larger ships could be tied up. </span></span><br />
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Addition of a great canal basin in 1793-95 had not only provided a location for shipping warehouses and wharves, but also supplied water to what would soon become a series of huge merchant flour and lumber mills, beginning with the opening of the massive Haxall Flour Mills in 1798. These produced fine white flour transported around the world as a result of an increase in wheat production in competition with tobacco in the areas west of Richmond. <span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: small; mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span> </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">
</span></span></span></span><br />
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">In 1816, flush economic conditions at the close of the war with Great Britain encouraged the city to consider improving access by sea-going ships, most of which at this time anchored just downstream at the city seagoing port of Rockets. Direct transfer by water of the city<span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">’</span>s flour and tobacco products could only be assured by the creation of an artificial harbor or wet dock. <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">
</span></span></span></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">
</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: large;">
In the European tradition of building sheltered docks to
foster water transport, the Virginia Legislature passed a bill in 1816
permitting James River to be cleared from Rocketts as far as</span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> <span style="font-size: large;">Mayo</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">’</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">s Bridge, and to admit boats into Shockoe Creek and as
high in the river as Haxall</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">’</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">s Mills [Christian 93]. </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">At this time Ariel
Cooley, a canal builder from Springfield, Massachusetts, who had been involved
in developing navigation along the the Schulkyll in Philadelphia, was engaged
to make locks between the basin and the river. According to Samuel Mordecai, he
underestimated the power of the water that he set loose to open a channel to
the river and the 13 rubble stone and wooden locks and gates for which he was
paid $49,000 were so poorly made that they were sealed shut. New stone locks
were opened in 1854 [Mordecai, <i>Richmond in Bygone Days</i>, 1856, 235-6].</span></span>
</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">
</span></span>
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p>T</o:p>he Richmond Dock Company opened its books to investors that
same year, 1816, a year of great economic excitement in the city. The city<span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">’</span>s Common Hall purchased 1,000 shares in
the company at a cost of fifty dollars per share. The dock appears to have been
completed by 1819. Although the original vision of the James River Canal had
been to link the canal terminus at the basin between Eighth and Eleventh
Streets with the tidal river and the sea, this was not accomplished right away.
The north-south streets of the city were extended south to the docks and a row
of new squares laid out on the former city common, suitable for the
construction of warehouses on the edge of the wharf. These were named for local
and national figures such as Byrd, Washington, Franklin, Carrington, and Henry.</span></span></span>
<br />
<br />
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiz_qzTAaaI2FYdY_8Ha1HvLJx0fDoLsFGoW_xrjMsf85zzLkiNCVJUyTMMdeZcrKnN52ViHxxMSEdZwoSXUxpdAQp11V2KNhZ4kc9DWK_kz7rjXw_L6lS1HS4ZK6YHbf8CF-NYotLzHW4/s1600/Plan+of+Docks%252C+1818.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="344" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiz_qzTAaaI2FYdY_8Ha1HvLJx0fDoLsFGoW_xrjMsf85zzLkiNCVJUyTMMdeZcrKnN52ViHxxMSEdZwoSXUxpdAQp11V2KNhZ4kc9DWK_kz7rjXw_L6lS1HS4ZK6YHbf8CF-NYotLzHW4/s640/Plan+of+Docks%252C+1818.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"></span> </div>
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Detail, <i>Plan of the
Richmond Docks and James River from Rocketts to Warwick</i>, 1818, Virginia
Board of Public Works, Library of Virginia. The design for the new city dock is
at the top and the port of Rockets at the bottom.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mayos Bridge can be seen crossing the basin
on its way to the south. Shockoe Creek appears to run under the basin and 18th
Street passes over it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The lower lock is
parallel with 24th Street. North is to the right. The plan varies somewhat from
what was built.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<o:p><div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The new City Dock was laid out by an expert in canal
construction who was personally familiar with the latest developments in
British dock design. It was designed by the Board of Public Works<span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">’</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;"> </span>Principal Civil
Engineer Loammi Baldwin, Jr. (1780-1838). Baldwin was the son of Loammi Baldwin
(1744-1807), an important early figure in American civil engineering and
especially canal building. He designed and built the Middlesex Canal in
Massachusetts between 1794 and 1803. Loammi Baldwin, Jr. assisted his father
with the Middlesex Canal and soon after 1807 traveled to England to view public
projects. He was active in Virginia between 1817 and 1820. The plan seen here
was prepared by Baldwin in 1818 for the Board of Public Works shows the dock
before construction began.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The dock
consisted of two basins fed by a <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">“</span><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL;">feeder</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">”</span><span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;"> </span>from upstream and a canal to the south
that entered the river by a series of locks. The was created by placing earthen
embankments around the former route of Shockoe Creek on the north side of a
strip of land known as Chapel Island, but originally connected at it west end
to the north bank of the river.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Three
basins, Upper, Middle, and Lower, were extended to the east and west with canals
connecting to the Haxall Mill race above and the James River Below. A great
deal of fill was required to extend the main dock basins out into the river in
front of the old Rock Landing.</span> <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"></span> </div>
</o:p><div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"></span> </div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1nGhXpceyh9irOsLvPwP7Tifc19U5doP4CQ5he7MXAFgy11p93axk4Kz3l_B8eQFOHmCwvHYd6XJpRd3It1WLGsiDqSSEHs7L0_Vwpz9CBIRU-3-rX7IT9mnNcGXHoXlvus3_YQzDuXg/s1600/Youngs+Map+of+1817.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1nGhXpceyh9irOsLvPwP7Tifc19U5doP4CQ5he7MXAFgy11p93axk4Kz3l_B8eQFOHmCwvHYd6XJpRd3It1WLGsiDqSSEHs7L0_Vwpz9CBIRU-3-rX7IT9mnNcGXHoXlvus3_YQzDuXg/s640/Youngs+Map+of+1817.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"></span> </div>
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Young</span><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">’</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">s Map of c 1817 showing the proposed canal locks (at
bottom center left) connecting the Upper, Middle, and Lower Basins of the City
Dock (seen at left) with the Haxall Mill Canal, bringing water into the docks
and permitting access to the flour production of the city</span><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">’</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">s principal mill. The old (curved) and new (straight)
paths of Shockoe Creek are both shown.</span> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgztB0-DgMKmHHipH7RJTDRmpfI5mtQMX50q-glq0A8kwNcHUwjtxan1ebMUFiIQhyWz898RTYF05vYb292LyolU190AMrxJjbDKN7PZa9SL3Lk7nJwZhjF2Wr7hk8itIBaFHHieqGjv68/s1600/Canal+Basin+and+dock+design%252C+1829.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="262" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgztB0-DgMKmHHipH7RJTDRmpfI5mtQMX50q-glq0A8kwNcHUwjtxan1ebMUFiIQhyWz898RTYF05vYb292LyolU190AMrxJjbDKN7PZa9SL3Lk7nJwZhjF2Wr7hk8itIBaFHHieqGjv68/s640/Canal+Basin+and+dock+design%252C+1829.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">This
proposed design for a new, larger dock between Mayo</span><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">’</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">s Island and the existing dock involves adding a new
locks [one is shown at right]. The drawing documents the existing City Dock,
the locks leading to the Canal Basin, and Mayo</span><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">’</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">s Bridge (and its bridge over the canal) in detail.
North is to the bottom.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[<i>Survey of
the James river between the dock and the island</i>, Virginia Board of Public
Works,1829, Library of Virginia]. North is to the bottom of the drawing.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKjYyeN4PlhGv_kPRCXDPGEgKJZR32NaG0bgs41m20QghgR4wwTPfKe1buf7GMF2HEkAuEvViVEAlGS5nYjmTg4UXM0RTABBKY0gGrHf7Q_lh7aJUe-4SWF8ezoDlD81wgt5Tio48nvWg/s1600/Detail+of+the+Canal+Basin+and+dock+design%252C+1829.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="296" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKjYyeN4PlhGv_kPRCXDPGEgKJZR32NaG0bgs41m20QghgR4wwTPfKe1buf7GMF2HEkAuEvViVEAlGS5nYjmTg4UXM0RTABBKY0gGrHf7Q_lh7aJUe-4SWF8ezoDlD81wgt5Tio48nvWg/s640/Detail+of+the+Canal+Basin+and+dock+design%252C+1829.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">Detail
of the City Dock as built showing how Shockoe Creek entered directly into the
dock basin (bottom center) but was provided with a spillway on the opposite
side for overflow during high water. [<i>Survey of the James river between the
dock and the island</i>, Virginia Board of Public Works,1829, Library of
Virginia].</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The James River and Kanawha
Company<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";">The state assumed control of the
James River Company in 1820. The James River and Kanawha Company, organized in
1835</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> to connect the trans-Appalachian West
with the Chesapeake Bay by means of a canal</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">,</span> took control of the canal
above the falls at Richmond. The canal was extended to Lynchburg in 1840 and
the Valley of Virginia in 1851.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
canal scheme was under constant pressure to expand the access for both shipping
and water power below the falls. The Virginia Board of Public Works undertook a
study for another unexecuted enlargement of the docks in 1836 to accommodate as
many as 120 ships in a great new dock beside Mayos Bridge. This dock, protected
by an earthen wall, was kept filled by ponding the entire river behind a dam
that extended across the river parallel to 16th Street. A wide ship canal led
from the south side of the pond to enter the river at Warwick, where the river
allowed passage for ships of greater size. The plan for a ship canal was never
executed.</span> <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">The canal was enlarged in several stages, from an
average initial depth of 3 1/2 feet and width of 40 feet. The canal as far as
Lynchburg and including the portion running through the city, was expanded in
the late 1830s to five feet in depth and fifty feet in width. Water management
and sufficient supply remained a contentious factor between the canal company
and the manufacturers who leased the rights [Michael Raber et al., </span><i><span style="font-size: large;">Historical
and Archeaological Assessment, Tredegar</span> <span style="font-size: large;">Iron Works Site, Richmond Virginia</span></i><span style="font-size: large;">,
report for the Valentine Museum and Ethyl Corp, 1992].</span></span></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWVQPAgZug2AOngW2cmquEASpsN8L7tUpQyABhjONM56Jw5zftUFIalxRzth6cYEz4GREka-jr1mkTgFMG-mDshVCnont9BTch3X_ED488Uol-YDN5yu9JGBs3YBzQK5wEklI-t-0frEw/s1600/Mao+and+Profile+of+a+Ship+Canal.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="384" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWVQPAgZug2AOngW2cmquEASpsN8L7tUpQyABhjONM56Jw5zftUFIalxRzth6cYEz4GREka-jr1mkTgFMG-mDshVCnont9BTch3X_ED488Uol-YDN5yu9JGBs3YBzQK5wEklI-t-0frEw/s640/Mao+and+Profile+of+a+Ship+Canal.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> <span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Detail,
<i>Map and Profile of a Ship Canal from Richmond to Warwick Being the Proposed
Plan for the Connexion of the James River and Kanawha Improvement with Tide
Water</i>, 1841.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Virginia Board of
Public Works. Library of Virginia.</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">In</span>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">1841,</span> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">the canal company purchased the Richmond Dock Company</span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">’</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">s property. </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">New plans drawn up
in 1841 called for a new canal to run from the arsenal along a new embankment
at the river edge, bypassing the old basin and suggesting that the north side
of the river would be extended far</span> <span style="font-size: large;">enough to the south to encompass Mayo<span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">’</span>s
Island.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This was never executed.</span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtCnU2fDd5phg7svTEBOZLaE-v_8jrtLOfLqI0vOioQQ3NmvvEpgVXVJBQQgJGBPNCfkNfRsH9_5xc2P_w8w91PNv2SByO3pzi0P9WuiYP1mN1kxXGsB0Z1cBYpwunh3Kp3Z822G9wIbQ/s1600/Map+1841.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="412" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtCnU2fDd5phg7svTEBOZLaE-v_8jrtLOfLqI0vOioQQ3NmvvEpgVXVJBQQgJGBPNCfkNfRsH9_5xc2P_w8w91PNv2SByO3pzi0P9WuiYP1mN1kxXGsB0Z1cBYpwunh3Kp3Z822G9wIbQ/s640/Map+1841.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">Map
of Part of the City of Richmond showing the James River and Kanawha Canal</span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">, 1841, Board of Public Works, Library of Virginia. A
proposed route for a branch of the canal is through Mayos Island.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Instead, </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">the
canal company improved and enlarged the city dock to accommodate larger ships
by 1845. The ship canal was lengthened and the lowest lock moved east to 26th
Street. From 1849 to 1851, the dock was greatly enlarged, five granite locks
replaced the old wooden locks in a line paralleling Canal Street up the steep
hill to the Great Basin of the canal (the fourth and fifth survive in place).
Turning basins were added between 9th and 14th streets; the Great Ship Lock was
built further east of the dock, in line with 28th Street, between 1850 and
1854. The new facilities greatly improved transportation to and from the city.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Between 1855 and 1860, the Richmond Dock
Company reported that the number of vessels leaving the dock increased from
1,377 to 2,337, including packets for New York, Boston, and Baltimore.</span> </span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzoFku8GnY5h1p_HMfQkd45-nmYdNsjVvEGpVBHIfpo4bvnrzFY4OwNV6IPJzejGK6NzC8u5Z2gJssyW7DmXKT4BprsZJfOmxeG5kK8QCeXekKVZXg1XDs6ZCWvEmxagJRhmAwbtjElDg/s1600/Bates+map+1835.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="612" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzoFku8GnY5h1p_HMfQkd45-nmYdNsjVvEGpVBHIfpo4bvnrzFY4OwNV6IPJzejGK6NzC8u5Z2gJssyW7DmXKT4BprsZJfOmxeG5kK8QCeXekKVZXg1XDs6ZCWvEmxagJRhmAwbtjElDg/s640/Bates+map+1835.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Mijacah Bates</span><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10pt;">’</span><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Map
shows the form of a portion of the City Dock in 1835., including the entry lock
next to 26th Street. Comparison with earlier maps indicates that the original
ship canal ended in a lock at 23rd Street, where the canal widens. This map
makes it clear that the canal was lengthened and the ship lock rebuilt between
the initial construction and the rebuilding about 1850 (see below).</span> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6pYUUxmVP3wRDK-exor_79x4WHKS3vHzB-T-bTM8Dtb_AWwnu5LDHV8ggncUZaSgvy3IKoW7oBR2TkPqUIjcuH5SOP6WRjGnNWvrQwcC7i9GnFAehXVIJhycvQ2C5P8mPGblFDVeBido/s1600/City+Dock+from+Adams+1858.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="536" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6pYUUxmVP3wRDK-exor_79x4WHKS3vHzB-T-bTM8Dtb_AWwnu5LDHV8ggncUZaSgvy3IKoW7oBR2TkPqUIjcuH5SOP6WRjGnNWvrQwcC7i9GnFAehXVIJhycvQ2C5P8mPGblFDVeBido/s640/City+Dock+from+Adams+1858.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span></div>
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Map showing the fully developed City
Dock complex of pools, locks, drawbridges, and basins just before the Civil War
[Adams, I.H. Map of the City of Richmond, Virginia, 1858, published 1864].</span> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">As
part of the new design, Shockoe Creek can be seen to pass in a culvert beneath
the canal. The former site of the Rock Landing is where the Gas Works is shown.
At about this time, the area at the north end of Chapel Island as far as the
mouth of Shockoe Creek was expanded into the river. It incorporated a small
island called Mayo Island and Toll House Island on the Board of Public Works
plans of 1818 and 1829, as well as the riverside ground occupied by the
Vauxhall pleasure garden. The edge of the reclaimed land was protected by a
substantial granite embankment and housed the Richmond and Danville Railroad
yard and terminal.</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">
</span></span><br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjh04so5IOZdOPiWGNtsal3vGQQ2DjafmQzQm3DWHRHJMUyRR1UxdDoqfFgOOXBxbhLKCtz7n0GxXEiKlqMAF1I5HQN-ah4q9iVjqSj9jVHxfeNVkmzx1mTsXsBKM3cE7247b-eDVGz5QQ/s1600/Warehouses+along+dock+photo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="390" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjh04so5IOZdOPiWGNtsal3vGQQ2DjafmQzQm3DWHRHJMUyRR1UxdDoqfFgOOXBxbhLKCtz7n0GxXEiKlqMAF1I5HQN-ah4q9iVjqSj9jVHxfeNVkmzx1mTsXsBKM3cE7247b-eDVGz5QQ/s640/Warehouses+along+dock+photo.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">New warehouses were built into
the bank beside the renovated stone wharf of the City Dock, beginning in the
mid-1840s, to receive goods and produce. In particular, a series of fourteen
large brick warehouses was built between the dock and Cary Street, just as in
other urban docks, by a private investor, John Enders, for lease or resale to
others. The three that were used for the famous Libby Prison were at one end of
the long block, most of which burned soon after they were built. Enders and
Gen. J.B. Harvie were active in the building of the dock. Other warehouses and
tobacco factories were constructed on nearby blocks, which was transformed into
an industrial district. When, after 1880, the train replaced the canal along
the north bank of the river, the industrial tissue was renewed on a larger
scale with the long row of tobacco factories filling the squares between Main
and Cary Street. <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNZMe3B4NA1Q3mdzL_nEWvJOdByjRCIo_Hr16cAm_o0bqqEdUrefoy66UUP6ENHkP6zBMSoKYX1pKXuO7z7fh5Nbzy-pytbeXUyc7v05XUcegLOvAtZ3jr_Q9URCWQWoaMqbqA44799Yo/s1600/Libby+Prison%252C+1912.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="394" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNZMe3B4NA1Q3mdzL_nEWvJOdByjRCIo_Hr16cAm_o0bqqEdUrefoy66UUP6ENHkP6zBMSoKYX1pKXuO7z7fh5Nbzy-pytbeXUyc7v05XUcegLOvAtZ3jr_Q9URCWQWoaMqbqA44799Yo/s640/Libby+Prison%252C+1912.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Libby Prison (one of Enders
Warehouses) and the City Dock from Benson J. Lossing. <em>Harper</em></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;"><em>’</em></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em>s Encyclopedia of the United States</em>,
vol. 7, 1912.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjH1jQGOQTnT6gV8PmYuMHsJIlRke_ZvPsLg-6_E5trwEDfm58s4Oj1_iZSjZK6rfYgoyAmss8fSEERfkdW_x70ow35xhCQpxKYIKvIK1UUjX4fCiLyYkVWrKUgU4hqnKbVSyD_iD3JGA/s1600/detail+of+view+from+Hoen%252C+1879.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="299" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjH1jQGOQTnT6gV8PmYuMHsJIlRke_ZvPsLg-6_E5trwEDfm58s4Oj1_iZSjZK6rfYgoyAmss8fSEERfkdW_x70ow35xhCQpxKYIKvIK1UUjX4fCiLyYkVWrKUgU4hqnKbVSyD_iD3JGA/s640/detail+of+view+from+Hoen%252C+1879.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Detail, A. Hoen and Co, <i>City
of Richmond, Virginia from Manchester</i> ,1876. A range of boats in various
positions are seen behind the embankment of the City Dock. The gap towards the
right is the outflow of Shockoe Creek during periods of high rainfall [Valentine Museum].</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjll-5_u6v02-dyLdYFvZ-NGX5StZjBC08TURcWqCmVrHjUDEC49dpSQboaFGoqQtnfNRRWK7TykiAbRfbVOJ2rQe2Uc38xderQ8fEhUCZmaplWN3ef24u8X8ZNgJwBgyX3-mONEKqMdX8/s1600/Enders+Warehouses+after+1865.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="326" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjll-5_u6v02-dyLdYFvZ-NGX5StZjBC08TURcWqCmVrHjUDEC49dpSQboaFGoqQtnfNRRWK7TykiAbRfbVOJ2rQe2Uc38xderQ8fEhUCZmaplWN3ef24u8X8ZNgJwBgyX3-mONEKqMdX8/s400/Enders+Warehouses+after+1865.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Enders Warehouses in the City Dock after the
Civil War.</span> </span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEKt9FZnVzc2NGIeW6IIWVjPn0PRUw5N5uVi3gfcYkMRJVb9_rcox4vtYT5dWj0KL-GQVze_DfryZK3z8Oow7Cw9L5g5PlcpkaxAwnfbCERLy7XSKSq5tmLas9mUNW948lJHB2eI0wxi0/s1600/Harpers+1863.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="258" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEKt9FZnVzc2NGIeW6IIWVjPn0PRUw5N5uVi3gfcYkMRJVb9_rcox4vtYT5dWj0KL-GQVze_DfryZK3z8Oow7Cw9L5g5PlcpkaxAwnfbCERLy7XSKSq5tmLas9mUNW948lJHB2eI0wxi0/s400/Harpers+1863.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">This view from Harper</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">’</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">s Magazine in 1863, shows the dramatic slowdown
in traffic during the war years. Mayos Bridge and the mills are seen in the
distance.</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBoi40x-rAf6djCpTruI6SZmoAGbj5Zxzcz_y3_8yn7vTwQNbXgvNYDyVZm_g4EWAzdsjtAA4JlUcSn5CETlXvlaM27obRyQMMSuWc1FfFkhGMz4eDe6jHqRDF-CZi5FnAmEQqr9UFIzw/s1600/The+City+Quay+by+Andrews.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="365" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBoi40x-rAf6djCpTruI6SZmoAGbj5Zxzcz_y3_8yn7vTwQNbXgvNYDyVZm_g4EWAzdsjtAA4JlUcSn5CETlXvlaM27obRyQMMSuWc1FfFkhGMz4eDe6jHqRDF-CZi5FnAmEQqr9UFIzw/s400/The+City+Quay+by+Andrews.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Another view of boats pulled
up at the wide wharf along the north side of the City Dock also shows the line
of warehouses to the north and the vast mill structures to the immediate west
[Richmond Quay, <i>London Illustrated News</i> 1862].<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9Rbv5q-pZ2vFg7obqYECKU672AHqDSYgjm7SwbeLAzhJKKZif_vztImvF1p5BROPwHsqoYSHEa4WUXVOboah2uyyJBRHtx9kHh7cbUN0LEnKZJkODPAAuyFmMp5NMV7g3fI88khMDssc/s1600/Virginia+Steam+Sugar+Refinery.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9Rbv5q-pZ2vFg7obqYECKU672AHqDSYgjm7SwbeLAzhJKKZif_vztImvF1p5BROPwHsqoYSHEa4WUXVOboah2uyyJBRHtx9kHh7cbUN0LEnKZJkODPAAuyFmMp5NMV7g3fI88khMDssc/s400/Virginia+Steam+Sugar+Refinery.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The Virginia Steam Sugar
Refinery was opened at 17th and Dock Street on the City Dock in 1860. Boats,
both steam- and sail-powered, are seen taking on cargo in this advertising card
published many years later in a city paper, c. 1938.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj02hRHMCkZi1UcCsH5T9MsIBvRzpoT5B86f53JuhEPvyN0m5ck2kWNVBCclC7v-1rZXJ5kkcEkRYHmPVNhR5wp5iEN0kNCp0iZ5ks5EAUNHZlBQgbbRhppQy0OjoY2v3M6rdnNYdFpak4/s1600/Beers+Map+detail.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="330" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj02hRHMCkZi1UcCsH5T9MsIBvRzpoT5B86f53JuhEPvyN0m5ck2kWNVBCclC7v-1rZXJ5kkcEkRYHmPVNhR5wp5iEN0kNCp0iZ5ks5EAUNHZlBQgbbRhppQy0OjoY2v3M6rdnNYdFpak4/s640/Beers+Map+detail.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Detail, Beers Map of Richmond,
1876. Mayo</span><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">’</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">s
Warehouse is seen here next to the railroad depot.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWPLoDNAG-7szVJ4al5ydV01bCLlBxjR5JvACDfSCgD6E0dcu1oXk1MnIux-Va84S7k4cvawNy9_4i9dHcfzeIUONf_3Wqx7w5BY5ptoZKDzdFMkG2DcsEIlqF6Tl6iyQrB01D-XA9OjA/s1600/Davenport+and+Morris+1893.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="311" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWPLoDNAG-7szVJ4al5ydV01bCLlBxjR5JvACDfSCgD6E0dcu1oXk1MnIux-Va84S7k4cvawNy9_4i9dHcfzeIUONf_3Wqx7w5BY5ptoZKDzdFMkG2DcsEIlqF6Tl6iyQrB01D-XA9OjA/s400/Davenport+and+Morris+1893.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The City Dock in the late
nineteenth century, showing a sea-going ship and the revolving bridge that
carried 17th Street over the canal [<i>City on the James,</i> 1893].<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDUlEk_Xh7t4gjs7HmS3fXNUJJNHuTkGySu6IkNXgKeA2DfSUyjDI4dgQS09XQ8jzBgLtub8RpSvU978yNt1Q2kM9xdtNB5DrVyz9W78B1KWA4W-6y9-sILMDTEvah9GNs8OQokGkCdXs/s1600/Kennebec+Ice+1893.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="424" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDUlEk_Xh7t4gjs7HmS3fXNUJJNHuTkGySu6IkNXgKeA2DfSUyjDI4dgQS09XQ8jzBgLtub8RpSvU978yNt1Q2kM9xdtNB5DrVyz9W78B1KWA4W-6y9-sILMDTEvah9GNs8OQokGkCdXs/s640/Kennebec+Ice+1893.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">This illustration shows the
opposite end of the 17th Street bridge and the railroad depot that was built on
added fill between the river and the dock. It permitted the ready movement of
goods between ships and trains [<i>City on the James</i>, 1893]. <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">With the closure of the canal in 1878, the City
Dock was acquired by the Richmond and Alleghany Railroad. The railroad later
sold it to the William R. Trigg Company, which developed a ship-building
industry along the south side of the dock on Chapel Island. The Trigg Compnay
specialized in the building of boats for industry and of torpedo boats and
destroyers for the government, which they launched from the side into the
canal. The company employed two thousand workers and occupied as much as a mile
of the ship canal. After the death of William R. Trigg in 1902, with three
boats under contract, the business failed and the company went into
receivership. The city acquired the dock facilities east of Seventeenth Street
in 1912, built new warehouses, and attempted unsuccessfully to re-establish the
city as a major port [Mordecai, John Brooke in <i>Richmond, Capital of
Virginia,</i> 1938, 274-275, 283-284].</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiV6Bip0T9qW72ZgwksDdHmJEDXn94MYnuKmDRCAFOAjHeFMiw-NOriVbDZ8Q9ngBFPRG3hyU8zc8wilaX-7kZVOd6-BIjFtn6i2GFMtdcRSAQ_kN9DRha7P0cezQ0nShvKGDIBsN6o7A8/s1600/US+Dale+1902.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img border="0" height="524" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiV6Bip0T9qW72ZgwksDdHmJEDXn94MYnuKmDRCAFOAjHeFMiw-NOriVbDZ8Q9ngBFPRG3hyU8zc8wilaX-7kZVOd6-BIjFtn6i2GFMtdcRSAQ_kN9DRha7P0cezQ0nShvKGDIBsN6o7A8/s640/US+Dale+1902.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">View on board deck of USS Dale
while bring outfitted at Trigg Shipyard, 1902 [Naval Historical Center]. The
three-masted schooner <i>John S. Beacham</i> is on the other side of <i>Dale</i>.
They appear to be located below the Great Ship Lock.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span><br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiC6ltU3NPwoG4Bs5c1h_CYcMaMTrLQW37lfPExhhvirF_jD7evKFt6kZwYLvcBXupMfZf4WCMUTnhgFhd0_QgPscsC_IwI8AtI5ILZtzpgEcg9Coi2Mgpk7FFd2RVjpaOzXLmaYZGfCK8/s1600/Trigg+Shipyard.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="361" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiC6ltU3NPwoG4Bs5c1h_CYcMaMTrLQW37lfPExhhvirF_jD7evKFt6kZwYLvcBXupMfZf4WCMUTnhgFhd0_QgPscsC_IwI8AtI5ILZtzpgEcg9Coi2Mgpk7FFd2RVjpaOzXLmaYZGfCK8/s400/Trigg+Shipyard.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="FreeForm" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Launching of a destroyer at
the Trigg Shipyards [VCU Library]. The launching of the USS Shubrick in 1899
brought President William McKinley to Richmond.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span>Gibson Worshamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17914252671575229780noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-284912172590016102.post-72011968372001174852016-03-24T08:56:00.002-04:002016-03-24T08:56:55.557-04:00Paths to Tradtional ArchitectureWe were pleased to find ourselves in company with some of our favorite architects, urbanists, and craftsmen this month, with the publication the month of an excellent set of profiles in Traditional Building Magazine. The <a href="http://www.traditionalbuilding.com/paths-to-traditional-architecture/">article</a>, compiled by architect Paul A. Ranogajec, details in brief the professional trajectories of a number of classical practitioners across the country. Here is the entry we submitted- we encourage you to read the others to see the variety of ways designers have rediscovered and revived aspects of the traditional and classical city.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqYPCci8ckkvgrDUFJ6aR0nDsfaOxNH94zUdEHnpF8uZhePduqlobngxofCmlhy31ZHYqPRDE6nv3pt8Qp5w4At4QtQ_MVl4mt_aN5_FmlawLmZnthkV4q81VJytrQfIVuMT_Iq1zD23M/s1600/Tradtional+Architecture%252C+March+2015.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="622" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqYPCci8ckkvgrDUFJ6aR0nDsfaOxNH94zUdEHnpF8uZhePduqlobngxofCmlhy31ZHYqPRDE6nv3pt8Qp5w4At4QtQ_MVl4mt_aN5_FmlawLmZnthkV4q81VJytrQfIVuMT_Iq1zD23M/s640/Tradtional+Architecture%252C+March+2015.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
Gibson Worshamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17914252671575229780noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-284912172590016102.post-18567085380090449042015-12-03T00:21:00.003-05:002020-06-21T21:02:04.127-04:00The Location of Richmond’s first African-American Burial Ground.<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRL15h36PEStt0Rx5Cr4lDhrOLQ-RcKBOcaC8pb7gCRViMARhV_iVKJejpYbjRSJnyuN7374ZhYYVZtA-9rP_DDSjXlKVyXKeqI3uQfhVoPuBUfFtzYi9ju6JsTv72HgWrYP7zGOw3RHs/s1600/Adams+Map+of+1858.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="315" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRL15h36PEStt0Rx5Cr4lDhrOLQ-RcKBOcaC8pb7gCRViMARhV_iVKJejpYbjRSJnyuN7374ZhYYVZtA-9rP_DDSjXlKVyXKeqI3uQfhVoPuBUfFtzYi9ju6JsTv72HgWrYP7zGOw3RHs/s400/Adams+Map+of+1858.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Detail, Adams Map of Richmond, 1858, showing the area formerly <br />
the site of the African Burial Ground</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<em><span style="font-size: large;"></span></em><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<em><span style="font-size: large;">The question of the location and boundaries of the Richmond's
historic first African-American Burial Ground has generated a series of conflicting
reports, amplified by the undoubted sensitivity of the topic and the
unpopular attempt to build a new ballpark in its immediate vicinity. Attempts at resolving the question have assisted in focusing attention on the small tract of land that condensed the
realities of degradation and death for Richmond's enslaved and free black population in the first
half of the nineteenth century.</span></em><em> </em></blockquote>
</blockquote>
<em>
</em>
<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;">This study purports to show that the first Burial Ground for
Negroes very likely shared a portion of its boundaries with a busy tract of
publically owned land on the edge of the Shockoe Valley settlement. Careful consideration of the ownership of land in the area of the burial
ground can help to solve the thorny question of exactly where it was located. The
parcel of city-owned land appears on later maps and deeds but is poorly
documented in the public record.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span id="goog_1267235654"></span><span id="goog_1267235655"></span><br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg33ilxqbxbfPvL3MOswlpZwmmIRDp6h3o1F_FiFDlDI1LaljoHNearBC8VKA40B_c-3oTEI8y7HoI7H4_ZhlJySMlXmEJZmFPRYMnFS9RRirSuQbPF0GNEuMQCBDGVO28G_mJp03ZGMeI/s1600/Watson%2527s+Temenet+from+1809+Youngs+Map+copy.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg33ilxqbxbfPvL3MOswlpZwmmIRDp6h3o1F_FiFDlDI1LaljoHNearBC8VKA40B_c-3oTEI8y7HoI7H4_ZhlJySMlXmEJZmFPRYMnFS9RRirSuQbPF0GNEuMQCBDGVO28G_mJp03ZGMeI/s640/Watson%2527s+Temenet+from+1809+Youngs+Map+copy.png" width="604" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Watson</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">s Tenement on the inset
map of Byrd</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">s
Lottery on Richard Young</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">s 1809 Map of Richmond. This map originated in 1768
and includes the platted town of Shockoe west of the creek labeled </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">“</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Town Land.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">”</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br /></div>
<o:p></o:p><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Background- Watson<span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s Tenement<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">In 1780, when Richmond became a city, the majority of residents
lived east of Shockoe Creek on the grid established by William Byrd in the
1730s. The plateau to the west on Shockoe Hill was laid out in streets in 1768 on
the lands of William Byrd III and was incorporated into the city as the Town of
Shockoe in the following year. The tract on Shockoe Hill was slow to develop,
but one area, just at the top of the hill, attracted merchants and tavern
operators along the old <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">“</span>County Road<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">”</span><span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">
</span>that climbed the steep hillside and connected the town to points east
and west.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">A large tract of undeveloped land on Shockoe Hill to the
north and east of the County Road pre-dated the lots of 1768. It was known as
Watson<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s Tenement because it had been leased by Philip Watson, a
merchant, from William Byrd III. It is not clear when Watson acquired the
lease, but it appears to have been renewed in 1757, at which time it comprised
128 acres. At some date after that, Thomas Turpin purchased Watson<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s
Tenement from William Byrd III, as noted in a deed of 1783, when Turpin sold 93
1/2 acres, the remainder of the tenement after the sale of lots on the hill, to
his son, Dr. Philip Turpin. This undeveloped remainder of Watson<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s
Tenement ran east from the Shockoe Hill lots down to Shockoe Creek. The southern
portion of this sloping land, containing Philip Watson<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s brick
residence, had been considerably improved and was valued by a jury at 4,000 lbs
specie. The sloping land of the portion to the north was considered less
valuable and was assessed at only 1,000 lbs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Owing to the loss of records, including those pertaining to
the General Court in Williamsburg, where the Byrds recorded most of their
transactions, the history of the property is vague. Thomas Turpin acquired
Watson<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s Tenement in its entirety after the lease was vacated,
well before 1779. It was in that year that Thomas Jefferson, during his term as
governor, occupied a house near the corner of Thirteenth and Broad belonging to
Turpin.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">The Turpin tract was entirely in the hands of Philip Turpin
by 1775. He laid out the flat part at the top of the hill in lots that extended
the adjacent Shockoe Hill grid pattern by 1775, when he sold lots no. 781 and
782 to James Monroe [Richmond City DB 1:43].<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The land on Council Chamber Hill and sloping down to the Shockoe Creek
he sold in larger unnumbered tracts.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These
less likely tracts became acceptable sites for public and civic uses. In 1786
he sold a lot to the trustees of the Quesney Academy [Richmond City DB 1:119].
This became the site of the Richmond Theatre, which after its destruction in a
horrific fire, was replaced by Monumental Church. At that time, Turpin
guaranteed that Broad Street (<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">“</span>the Main Street on Shockoe Hill<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">”</span>)
should be extended along the entire frontage of the <span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times Roman";">“</span>Academy
lot.<span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times Roman";">”</span> The city<span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s Baptists acquired a lot east of
the Academy. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">At the bottom of the hill, in a bend of Shockoe Creek, the city invested in an irregularly shaped tract. While the date of purchase is not known, this property was to serve numerous secondary purposes over the following century and plays a key role in the search for the Burial Ground. The corporation</span><span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times Roman";"><span style="font-size: large;">’</span></span><span style="font-size: large;">s tract of land is first seen on the Bates Map of 1835 containing the City</span><span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times Roman";"><span style="font-size: large;">’</span></span><span style="font-size: large;">s jail and principal public school. Angled property lines separating the city</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";"><span style="font-size: large;">’</span></span><span style="font-size: large;">s parcel and the other tracts along the west side of the creek from the lots on higher ground to the west probably correspond to the shapes of the bluff dividing them. On this map, the formerly inaccessible tract has been divided and joined to the rest of the city by extension of the streets to the north, east, and south, while the formerly winding Shockoe Creek has been channeled into a new bed to the east.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDJBK9IDUxQW3H644aaWkfjq_DZKicspqul-anefwPMNI22I2cH4xuBjLtxRDqR8pW2C-uEWq-ExVMDS2yfmSRwKKi69EfRDkJiwjbHxM7aWGiSPaWIDzUIDsXMGRLANpNIAQYaZPEigI/s1600/1835+Bates+Map+copy.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="335" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDJBK9IDUxQW3H644aaWkfjq_DZKicspqul-anefwPMNI22I2cH4xuBjLtxRDqR8pW2C-uEWq-ExVMDS2yfmSRwKKi69EfRDkJiwjbHxM7aWGiSPaWIDzUIDsXMGRLANpNIAQYaZPEigI/s400/1835+Bates+Map+copy.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Detail, Mijacah Bates 1835
Map of Richmond showing the area of the city property on the west side of
Shockoe Creek. The Rutherfoord lots extending west from 15th Street were the
site of the residence of James Goodwin before 1807. The irregular lot on which the
Lancastrian School (1816) and the City Jail (1830) are shown is the pubic land.
It seems likely that this is the very same tract on which the burial ground,
gallows, and magazine were placed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyVhPdmByuGFMr3mcVdFZHyX9ivMAxPX2cZk6cKM2M5CS1-p6NWPr-ltBS5owZ-rbbQo9F709ML3auoD0yuDvbFLWANDIsikgtaui20M_ikOL3F7mqMTDKG9C8VkrNVKokBpmo-MlbODY/s1600/1809.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyVhPdmByuGFMr3mcVdFZHyX9ivMAxPX2cZk6cKM2M5CS1-p6NWPr-ltBS5owZ-rbbQo9F709ML3auoD0yuDvbFLWANDIsikgtaui20M_ikOL3F7mqMTDKG9C8VkrNVKokBpmo-MlbODY/s640/1809.png" width="515" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Young</span><span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">’</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">s 1809 Map of Richmond
showing the site of the Burial Ground on the northeast side of what would become
Broad Street, with the gallows in the center (marked with the letter N) and the
Magazine to the immediate east [the top of the map as shown here points northeast]. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
<span style="font-size: small;"></span></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times Roman";"><span style="font-size: x-small;">“</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">The Land Belonging to the Corporation</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times Roman";">”</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;">The public functions on the west side of Shockoe Creek are first
shown on Young<span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s 1809 map of the city<span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s
lots. These civil uses are identified as a magazine for the storage of
gunpowder, the site of the gallows, and a <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">“</span>Burial Ground
for Negroes.<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">”</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The location and
extent of the Burial Ground as shown on this map has proven difficult to pin
down with any certainty. Commentators have suggested that the graveyard was on <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">“</span>common
land<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">”</span> and that it may have expanded into the area where Broad
Street is located today, although the city<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s original <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">“</span>commons<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">”</span><span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">
</span>were located along the east side of Shockoe Creek as it ran in 1737 and
along the river. Some commentaries have given the Burial Ground<span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s
boundaries an elastic quality that seems unrealistic in the litigious climate
of eighteenth-century Virginia land speculation and boundary disputes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">It is most likely that civil uses, including the Burial
Ground, were officially restricted to public land already belonging to the
city. At the same time, it is not unreasonable to assume that the boundaries of
the Burial Ground were poorly marked at the time and that burials might, as was
suggested at the time, have strayed onto private land. It would, however, be
unusual for the litigious members of the Turpin family, owners of Watson<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s
Tenement after c. 1780, to have approved of a public graveyard, gallows, and
powder magazine on their land without a formal transfer of property to the
city. The Turpins pursued lawsuits for decades over issues related to land acquired
by the state. The size of the city tract was, in fact, probably large enough
for its purpose, even adjusting for the steepness of the site, when compared
with the two-acre site of the city<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s official graveyard on Church
Hill that served the city<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s white population until 1822.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times Roman";"></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times Roman";">“</span>Public Ground<span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times Roman";">”</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Jeffrey Ruggles has drawn attention to the 1810 account by
the free African-American author Christopher McPherson of a visit to the Burial
Ground ["The Burial Ground: An Early African American Site in Richmond, Virginia, 2009 (<a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/42051809/Burial-Ground-Ruggles-12-09"><span class="Hyperlink0"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.scribd.com/doc/42051809/Burial-Ground-Ruggles-12-09</span></span></a>)]. McPherson described it as located to the east of the Baptist Meeting House.
The city<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s tract<span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">
</span>was, in fact, due east of the site of the meeting house, not southeast as shown on the 1809 map. He seems to
confirm public ownership of the tract when he commented that<span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">
</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">“</span>many graves are on private land adjoining<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">”</span><span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">
</span>owing to <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">“</span>want of knowledge of what was
public ground.<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">”</span> He adds, as well, the humiliating fact that <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">“</span>this
is the very express<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";"> </span>gallows ground where
malefactors are interred<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">.” In
fact,</span><span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";"> </span>Richmond was the site of the executions of white felons
from all over the state from 1780 to 1785, and the site on Shockoe Creek
appears to have been used for that purpose. Prior to 1780, Henrico County had
been required to send all white felons to Williamsburg for execution and
probably placed the temporary gallows used for the execution of slaves wherever
it was most convenient on the common land. From 1785 until its removal in 1816,
most Richmond and Henrico County felons were executed there. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br />
The public nature of this tract helps to explain the close
association of the gallows, the magazine, and the Burial Ground. The powder
magazine, always liable to explode, was shared by both the city and the state
governments, and by both public institutions and private persons. A magazine
was established by ordinance in 1788 [Records of Common Hall]. This appears to be
the same structure shown as the magazine in 1809, placed where it was remote
from most habitations. Temporary repairs were made to it in 1808 [Common Hall,
16 May 1808]. This was probably designed to extend its life until completion of
a new state magazine near the penitentiary two years later would allow the city
to abandon the structure [Common Hall, 10 June 1810].<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br />
Neighbors and Developers<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br />
Some have suggested that the Burial Ground extended into the
right-of-way of Broad Street. The city was, however, vitally interested in
keeping clear the future locations of public ways like Broad Street. The act of
1769 that extended the city boundaries to embrace Shockoe Hill stipulated that
existing tracts like Watson<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s Tenement could be divided into
half-acre lots, provided they continued the street grid through their lands.
Until they subdivided their property they were not allowed <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">“</span>to
erect any house on any of the said tenements, so as to obstruct the prospect of
any street which terminates at the said tenements, that may hereafter, when the
same shall be laid off in lots, stop the said streets<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">”</span><span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">
</span>[1769 Act, quoted in John W. Reps, <i>Tidewater Towns</i>, 1972, 269].
On the other hand, the city<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s irregular tract of public land officially
blocked the path of Marshall Street, which ended to the west at the top of a
slope that was too steep to ever accommodate traffic. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br />
The 1809 map contradicts conventional assumptions about the
use of public land for public purposes. It places the Burial Ground directly
north of Broad Street. The deed record, however, indicates that the question
needs to be carefully approached<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">.
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The land between the corporation’s
parcel and Broad Street was purchased at some point in the late eighteenth
century from Phillip Turpin by James Goodwin, who was living there at the time
of his death in 1807.</span></span><b> </b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This parcel had never served as public or
common land and was likely utilized by Goodwin as part of his domestic
establishment. Some burials may have extended south onto Goodwin<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s
lot by error, but is unlikely that there were enough to disrupt the residential
use of the property during the same period. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"></span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Another portion of the tract between the future
jail lot and what would become Broad Street was sold in 1811 to Charles Beck
and Company. They sold it, in the form of two narrow lots extending between an
alley (Church or College Street) and </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">“</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Shockoe Creek as it
meanders,</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">”</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">to
Thomas Rutherfoord in 1814 [Richmond DB 8:255]. Rutherford built a long line of
houses facing Broad Street after it was extended east in 1845, but at the time
it was probably already the site of houses fronting on Church or College
Street, the same or predecessors of those shown in the 1865 photo by Andrew J.
Russell analyzed in the article by Jeffrey Ruggles. </span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-KckPSimS0JNqZGyNzN8ZP-0p2L8W41mZ9HFLSJZHRNFG7Sry0fkU0Ccc6BsYjNAfuVwadJCco336yQ7Wt-jt0qcV-Qg8cq55xz79mIf4ZQ2jBbNZDiQQQS3mV8bWNqpsqekMv69u_vk/s1600/1817.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="548" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-KckPSimS0JNqZGyNzN8ZP-0p2L8W41mZ9HFLSJZHRNFG7Sry0fkU0Ccc6BsYjNAfuVwadJCco336yQ7Wt-jt0qcV-Qg8cq55xz79mIf4ZQ2jBbNZDiQQQS3mV8bWNqpsqekMv69u_vk/s640/1817.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Map of the City, c 1817, by
Richard Young. This shows the City Jail lot (assigned to that purpose in 1817 </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">“</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">on land belonging to the
corporation,</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">”</span><span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">
</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">but not built until 1830) and the
Lancastrian School (1816) across the street, comprising all of the city-owned
property on the west side of Shockoe Creek.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjv-ZNJKV52vLYwxpCQw4HSbqoK84ZU-rKHYDr5VETu3s5RjfqooyYcvAi5AVltMNRBlmGld4dUlrgSuZ_vsh4jESdxP4M-wh0ooA_HNS5EuL1n4DEghLFv66OiSj7efWgmjAuUSYjaFdU/s1600/Detail+1848+Morgan+Map.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjv-ZNJKV52vLYwxpCQw4HSbqoK84ZU-rKHYDr5VETu3s5RjfqooyYcvAi5AVltMNRBlmGld4dUlrgSuZ_vsh4jESdxP4M-wh0ooA_HNS5EuL1n4DEghLFv66OiSj7efWgmjAuUSYjaFdU/s640/Detail+1848+Morgan+Map.png" width="608" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Map by Morgan of 1848, showing
the City Jail (F2) and the Lancastrian School (E3). It indicates the steep
bluff into the slope of which the jail was built and the canalization of the
creek along the route of 16th Street. The angled edge of the city property
roughly corresponded to the bluff.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
The principal problem in resolving the question of the
relationship of the burying ground to the <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">“</span>property
belonging to the corporation on which the magazine lately stood<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">”</span><span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">
</span>has been in identifying when the city acquired the land. This not only
included the City Jail (1830), but also a yard behind the jail itself, and the
Lancastrian School (built on the same lot belonging to the city in 1816). The
lack of any lot lines in this part of the 1809 Richard Young Map has given the
impression that this was just open land, but a larger property transferred from
Turpin to the city in 1799, including the future site of Shockoe Hill Burying
Ground, are not shown either. The explanation becomes clear after looking the
larger map. Young only drew lots and streets on city land. The land on which
the jail and school were built was not annexed to the city until 1810 and was officially
laid out in streets in 1812. This is why lots are not shown in 1809 but are on
the map of 1817. <o:p></o:p>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiypEBVQ_drOkxH87paYcsYws9Avy3GNlmJ4aVqbr__Dj_i1Axbu_yznV1Qblb-2h6KjKlQvTR8S7Ee28xbX4CmIFa86w6YQL1QQUTpEVbvDOn8S-KP6dXPsZSLAmLKzQsrGe1doDsKBZw/s1600/Richmond+Jail+reduced.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="416" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiypEBVQ_drOkxH87paYcsYws9Avy3GNlmJ4aVqbr__Dj_i1Axbu_yznV1Qblb-2h6KjKlQvTR8S7Ee28xbX4CmIFa86w6YQL1QQUTpEVbvDOn8S-KP6dXPsZSLAmLKzQsrGe1doDsKBZw/s640/Richmond+Jail+reduced.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="Body" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">These illustrations show the 1830 jail at the time of the execution of
a notorious murderer in 1885 [Courtesy of Shockoe Examiner blog]. The jail is a the left, concealed behind high walls that mask its flanks. The jailer's residence to the right.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
A New City Jail<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
In the years before 1830, the county and city shared
operating and repair expenses at the jail beside the Henrico County Courthouse.
Henrico carried out all local executions until 1830, when Richmond built its
own jail. At first, executions took place on a temporary gallows erected on the
north side of Broad Street in or near the Negro Burying Ground, and either the
Negro Burying Ground or a possible adjacent <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">“</span>potter<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s
field<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">”</span> served as the place where executed criminals of whatever
race were interred. As we have seen, one contemporary witness, Christopher
MacPherson, implied that they were the same.<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
The city shifted its priorities in 1812. The sharing of the
Henrico County Courthouse and Jail was drawing to an end.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At first the city council or <span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times Roman";">“</span>common
hall<span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times Roman";">”</span> was of a mind to spend $1,000 to rehabilitate the upper
floor of the Market House to accommodate a relocation of the city's Hustings
Court.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>An entirely new and grander
conception intervened: on 18 May 1812, the common hall rescinded that vote and
began the search for a new courthouse, the one eventually completed to the
designs of Robert Mills in 1819. <o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
As we have seen, the city owned a largely inaccessible tract
at the base of Shockoe Hill that contained the Powder Magazine, but also likely held the <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">“</span>gallows ground<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">”</span><span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";"> </span>and the Burying Ground for
Negroes. Here they decided to place a new jail, on the same day that they voted
to demolish the <a href="http://urbanscalerichmondvirginia.blogspot.com/2010/01/cage.html">cage or lockup</a> beside the market house.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1816-17, the Common Hall, prompted by
complaints from the jailor, considered building its own <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">“</span>jail and jailor<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s
house<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">”</span><span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";"> </span>and selected the tract <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">“</span>belonging
to the corporation, opposite to the Lancastrian School<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">”</span><span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">
</span>[Records of the Common Hall, 20 Oct 1817].<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
The southern half of the city<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s land is
labelled <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">“</span>City Jail<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">”</span><span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: large;">on the c1817 map by Richard Young,
although the jail would not be built for fourteen years. The city even had
plans for the jail drawn up by Robert Mills (serving at that time the architect of the
Richmond City Hall) and Otis Manson (architect of the Union Hotel) [Records of
the Common Hall, 17 March 1817]. The new jail was to be built at about the same
time as the opening of the new Court House or City Hall on Shockoe Hill, but in
the end the city decided to join with the county to build a new jail at the
county court house [Records of the Common Hall, 17 March and 6 May 1818].</span> </span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrwkm1E5oBoJoC4rb6bgF5cH2ToIJz8nbi9PPoXNZf7eRZ_xykaT1wlvWnq5svxvTHC-x_KFvJ4tF9mVZG9pFEFgDSrtEqZWIk6vgyoNh2VV641LfXLsvxuA9S195EdEkBZZAu9KljcVI/s1600/Prison+Rules+1830+from+Ruggles.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="424" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrwkm1E5oBoJoC4rb6bgF5cH2ToIJz8nbi9PPoXNZf7eRZ_xykaT1wlvWnq5svxvTHC-x_KFvJ4tF9mVZG9pFEFgDSrtEqZWIk6vgyoNh2VV641LfXLsvxuA9S195EdEkBZZAu9KljcVI/s640/Prison+Rules+1830+from+Ruggles.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Prison Bounds of 1830, showing where trusted prisoners were allowed to go, including Monumental and First Baptist churches (Ruggles report)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">After the city had annexed
the land west of the creek in 1810, the common hall authorized an extension of
Marshall and Clay streets through the existing, irregular lots, including </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">“</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">the land belonging to the corporation on which the magazine lately stood</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">”</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">and </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">“</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">the land of John Adams, commonly called Fleisher</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">’</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">s Garden</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">”</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">[Common
Hall, 18 May 1812 and 20 July 1812.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At
the same time, a newly created 15th Street was created to run north and south
though the section</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">. It seems that Shockoe Creek had already been
straightened and pushed to the east to permit this new land to be opened for
development.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As a result, the eastern
edge of the land belonging to the corporation, which would have corresponded to the curving bed of
the creek, was straightened and <span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">the size of the tract
reduced.</span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVJaauB2k8lYjjfXSALgu_FHmD9r8UA-Y8-utF0RFOFaiHNyTwP2CkSgo1R6G_X2WA54-mC8fQnce1CZxLbjT-DrDNgrXFto99cjRXO30JUGopNc4FLcqN6TwA4VEVOKjN6qweDPZSvAQ/s1600/Micajah_Bates_1835+jail+overlay.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="532" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVJaauB2k8lYjjfXSALgu_FHmD9r8UA-Y8-utF0RFOFaiHNyTwP2CkSgo1R6G_X2WA54-mC8fQnce1CZxLbjT-DrDNgrXFto99cjRXO30JUGopNc4FLcqN6TwA4VEVOKjN6qweDPZSvAQ/s640/Micajah_Bates_1835+jail+overlay.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div align="center">
<span style="font-size: small;"></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Roughly aligned composite map illustrating the discussion. Shows current </span></div>
<div align="center">
<span style="font-size: small;">conditions overlaid on the Mijacah Bates map of 1835.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The burial ground, wherever it was placed on the public land, could have projected to the east as far out as the curves of the old bed of Shockoe Creek permitted. North is to the top.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_Np8Go_cWwsF35a9Mhv0bs6kJ8EiG0oPaN6l8EGNgNdYldtCFXu6UA4w8MruGpiNI8jQm2NTT3hhsiyUkm1UymbakSk1b7TZyzjEebsakwDtLPcTnSlPB4Jm7AZmrbXGesVFmofaj6G8/s1600/Micajah_Bates_1835+jail+overlay.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="532" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_Np8Go_cWwsF35a9Mhv0bs6kJ8EiG0oPaN6l8EGNgNdYldtCFXu6UA4w8MruGpiNI8jQm2NTT3hhsiyUkm1UymbakSk1b7TZyzjEebsakwDtLPcTnSlPB4Jm7AZmrbXGesVFmofaj6G8/s640/Micajah_Bates_1835+jail+overlay.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Overlay of the 1835 Bates Map with the boundaries of city's tract shown in red. The southeast edge that was formed by the creek is approximate.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZxvuWoWhw0LR1rXgjgYyhXBZmJsirmPjMT9tOCNI0wP2bCAi2_oByjyfvh3VJ6NjomYpFsW3x2KQ570CG-JUMNr-t3aSeTbeYRY7P7vHy14aiiVCmbh9IlcXDHLL7Ve5iKmDC9qjfM4k/s1600/Burial+Ground+on+Baist+map.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZxvuWoWhw0LR1rXgjgYyhXBZmJsirmPjMT9tOCNI0wP2bCAi2_oByjyfvh3VJ6NjomYpFsW3x2KQ570CG-JUMNr-t3aSeTbeYRY7P7vHy14aiiVCmbh9IlcXDHLL7Ve5iKmDC9qjfM4k/s640/Burial+Ground+on+Baist+map.JPG" width="624" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Similar overlay on the 1889 Baist Atlas Map produced by the online <a href="https://labs.library.vcu.edu/baist-atlas/#!/panel/4/place/trinity-methodist">Baist Atlas Project</a> at VCU libraries. This shows <br />
the jail and school, but also shows another City of Richmond tract nearby. This would have been mostly on the east <br />
side of Shockoe Creek before it was straightened. </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: large;">Richmond<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s new City Jail occupied a terrace
that comprised the entire southern section of the city<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s property,
about an acre in size. The commission advertised for bids and awarded the
contract for the jail to Curtis Carter, who completed it in the early months of
1830 [Common Hall Minutes, 14 July 1828]. The only alterations to the contract
were the need to remove earth from the uphill side of the <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">“</span>Jailor<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s
Lodge<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">”</span><span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";"> </span>and the paving of the yard within
the walls of the jail and the jailor<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s lodge. Jeffrey Ruggles
introduced the testimony of Ernest Walthall, who wrote an unusual memoir in
1908 called <i>Hidden Things Brought to Light</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span></span>
</div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 27pt 0pt 0.5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><em>In talking about cemeteries
Walthall states, <span style="mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">“</span>In
digging foundation for old city jail there were signs of a burial place, and
the bones were so large they were classed giants<span style="mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>.<span style="mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">” </span>The
jail was built in 1830, and Walthall was not born until 1848, so this is a
story he heard from others.<o:p></o:p></em></span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 27pt 0pt 0.5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><em>Walthall<span style="mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s account probably understates how many bones were found.
Old City Jail was located on Marshall Street, just west of 15th. There was much
digging when the jail was built. During the 1820s and 30s, as Richmond became
more urban, a number of terracing projects<span style="mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";"> </span>were undertaken on the slopes of Council Chamber
Hill and Shockoe Hill to create lots for development. One was for the jail. The
site preparation required that part of the hillside be dug away for the
structure, and then more excavation carved out a jail yard. On the west line of
the jail lot a tall stone wall held back the hillside, then the wall turned and
went a ways east on the south line of the lot [Jeffrey Ruggles,<span style="mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";"> “</span>The Burial Ground: an
early African-American site in Richmond: Notes on its history and location,<span style="mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">” </span>2009].
</em></span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: large;">New Uses for the Public Land<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNhlSQ3GzABj5D23hghiDBoXpXbnjxq8X-edSiT35I9twszbp5XwZ9jwCeRxUt77POwmFc8unzUtftHr9NF97dzSLV0XfX1ujeQGo67y34adOMGkMLa2nSBRFkXVLYXafQkFMToJqAjnU/s1600/Mijacah+Bates+over+Google+map+1835.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="765" data-original-width="802" height="610" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNhlSQ3GzABj5D23hghiDBoXpXbnjxq8X-edSiT35I9twszbp5XwZ9jwCeRxUt77POwmFc8unzUtftHr9NF97dzSLV0XfX1ujeQGo67y34adOMGkMLa2nSBRFkXVLYXafQkFMToJqAjnU/s640/Mijacah+Bates+over+Google+map+1835.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Modern Google Map overlay for 1835 Bates Map of Richnond, It shows the "Grave Yard for Free People of Colour" to the east of the Hebrew cemetery, joined on the east be a second burial are for "For Slaves."</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: large;">On 18 June, 1810 <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">“</span>sundry persons of colour<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">”</span><span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">
</span>petitioned the Common Hall for new ground for a graveyard. The request
was delegated to a committee to prepare a report. The Common Hall received the
report and granted the request several months later [19 Oct. 1812]. It doesn<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>t
appear that any action was taken until 1816, when the city established a new
Negro Burying Ground (later shown as <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">“</span>Potters Field<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">”</span>)
in a location near the Almshouse and what became Shockoe Cemetery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>An inadequate and delayed response to the
petition of 1810, the new burying ground included separate areas set aside for
free blacks and slaves [Minutes of the Common Hall, Richmond, Vol. 5, p. 23 ; <i>Richmond
Enquirer</i>, 22 Feb. 1816, cited in Jeffrey Ruggles, Burial Ground, 2009]. The
venue for public executions moved along with the new Burial Ground in 1816.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Later, a new powder magazine was built
nearby, completing what seems to have been a full recreation of the earlier site. The new burial ground for free persons of color is located on the flat area to the northeast of the intersection of Fifth and Hospital streets. Slaves were buried in an area set aside along the bluff above the creek, as can be seen in the 1835 map above. At the end of the Civil War, free and enslaved was no longer a category and the two cemeteries were combined and expanded around the north side of the bluff. It was now labeled Potters Field. </span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span></span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCTO44Spwt9VGhhHZ8hPDeU13VY2z5pxHac0ryAlzjdMmGZdQ1qpbBfSi_TWMxSFXXl2Dgr8gAt1MyMpiHKtq_HQOa92_ZJQzyPDTQzTt1XY9wrAJMSq15fK4TJccW9gxGdzRR-FdlODo/s1600/Beers+Map+showing+City+Almshouse+and+Colored+Almshouse.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="474" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCTO44Spwt9VGhhHZ8hPDeU13VY2z5pxHac0ryAlzjdMmGZdQ1qpbBfSi_TWMxSFXXl2Dgr8gAt1MyMpiHKtq_HQOa92_ZJQzyPDTQzTt1XY9wrAJMSq15fK4TJccW9gxGdzRR-FdlODo/s640/Beers+Map+showing+City+Almshouse+and+Colored+Almshouse.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Potters Field shown on the Beers Map of 1877. Fifth Street has since cut through the Potter's Field to run <br />
over Bacon's Quarter Branch on a viaduct and he hillside has bee reshaped in relation to the railroad tracks <br />
that run at the bottom. </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span><br /></span></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></span>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFMMHiBXWXCNP82nLsZQnK-WtiDSqgTcAW2QhgX7JmsnyFFi-Qs2p0bW3kCu7vccMxxGbLItHQwb1Xt17mB_p5oYydd2nhLTGKL-TLwg96PWxRx86-NTFhCXC5ozDCIlKAFg4EXPUT4Uw/s1600/1876+on+Google+map.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="774" data-original-width="820" height="602" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFMMHiBXWXCNP82nLsZQnK-WtiDSqgTcAW2QhgX7JmsnyFFi-Qs2p0bW3kCu7vccMxxGbLItHQwb1Xt17mB_p5oYydd2nhLTGKL-TLwg96PWxRx86-NTFhCXC5ozDCIlKAFg4EXPUT4Uw/s640/1876+on+Google+map.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Map showing size in 1876, when free and non-free sections of the 1816 Negro Burial Ground was shown as the "Potters Field."</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: large;">All across the nation, African Americans of all conditions
were forced indiscriminately into <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">“</span>potter<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s fields,<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">”</span><span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">
</span>the traditional name for a graveyard for outsiders and paupers,
together with indigents and criminals. Pressing for improved burial conditions
was one of the first ways in which African Americans attempted to give an
independent voice to their political aspirations [Archaeological Investigations
of the Mother Bethel Burying Ground </span><a href="http://www.phila.gov/ParksandRecreation/PDF/Bethel%20Burying%20Ground%20Appendices.pdf%5D"><span class="Hyperlink0"><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">http://www.phila.gov/ParksandRecreation/PDF/Bethel%20Burying%20Ground%20Appendices.pdf]</span></span></a><span style="font-size: large;">.
In Richmond, free blacks followed a pattern familiar to other cities, when they
used their only avenue for redress and asked the Common Hall to provide a
dignified place for burial. </span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">
</span></span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: large;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicmZ40KjCAREO5s-VL1YOJtDWt1DcRdQ3RvKs4fMyBYoOr6AjLplmT-ZhFU4E8T8z7g1YYk5gZVR_qzATVCBs-JC_L-F_RUHgGDP5No1u0bS5J_mxxv_dG0oLFm3qvY-xbLhbLv6bioXw/s1600/Burial+Ground+on+Sanborn+00284_Richmond_1924_1925_vol_1_1924.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicmZ40KjCAREO5s-VL1YOJtDWt1DcRdQ3RvKs4fMyBYoOr6AjLplmT-ZhFU4E8T8z7g1YYk5gZVR_qzATVCBs-JC_L-F_RUHgGDP5No1u0bS5J_mxxv_dG0oLFm3qvY-xbLhbLv6bioXw/s640/Burial+Ground+on+Sanborn+00284_Richmond_1924_1925_vol_1_1924.jpg" width="540" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">City Jail and repurposed Lancastrian School seen at center bottom of Sanborn Map of 1924. Note the curve of Shockoe Creek to the northeast. </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">The building of the Lancastrian School in 1816 and the
selection of the tract as the site for a new jail coincides precisely with the
establishment of the new Negro Burying Ground. There is no record of what
happened to the remains of those buried in the burying ground. If their remains
were mostly confined to the area of the jail and school, then they were either
deposited with the fill that was removed or perhaps moved to the new potters<span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>
field. This seems to expand on Christopher McPherson<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s prediction in
1810 that, since <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">“</span>many graves are on private
property adjoining, [they are] liable to be taken up and thrown away, whenever
the ground is wanted by its owners, (this is owing, either to confined space,
or want of knowledge of what was public ground). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">A group of six free blacks had made a similar request of the
Philadelphia government to consider establishing a burying ground separate from
the common potter<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s field as early as 1782. As many
as a dozen of these burying grounds have been identified in Philadelphia, most of which were ignored by
later development. The abandonment of potter<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s fields
without relocation of the graves was widespread in densely settled cities. With
no advocate able to defend their memories, only a few were exhumed and
reburied.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">The new land was no more suitable for burial than the
former: a contemporary account by Frederick Law Olmstead describes its location
along a <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">“</span>crumbling bank<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">”</span><span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";"> </span>and its <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">“</span>graves ascending
in irregular terraces up the hill-side<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">”</span><span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";"> </span>[Olmstead, <i>Cotton Kingdom</i>,
1861, quoted in Veronica A. Davis, <i>Here I lay my Burden Down: A History of
the Black Cemeteries of Richmond, Virginia</i> (Richmond: Dietz Press, 2012)].</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<br />Gibson Worshamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17914252671575229780noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-284912172590016102.post-53987434438612726312015-10-18T22:48:00.000-04:002015-10-18T23:02:19.423-04:00PUBLIC ART AND COMMUNITY MEMORY- RICHMOND'S MAGGIE LENA WALKER, PART II<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><em><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">"Urban Scale Richmond takes as its focus the rediscovery of the rules, both explicit and implicit, that have guided the building of the city and give to its art and architecture a unique character. One way to achieve this result (and to reduce the diminution of local conventions and the disempowerment of citizens) is for planners to actively reconstruct the city’s operative patterns. </span>The way in which monuments proceed from a nexus of community expectations is an important part of those patterns. <span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">By engaging critically with local issues, it will be possible to confirm and stimulate healthy growth and change in the city. </span></em></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><em></em></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><em><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">The way in which monuments are procured has an effect on the quality of their 'fit,' although there is no consensus on the best way to control the process. The most complicated part of making a monument is in connecting it in some tangible way, not only with local tradition, but with the expectations of the various constituencies for which it is intended. This is only </span>achieved<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"> </span>through<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"> careful consideration of location, materials, scale, form, and viewer expectations. Urbanismo hopes for the best!"</span></em></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"></span></span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQYNt8dmfiLgWpXNd7JYLEZvkW1jEON4iwyUtDL50a4geAw7yb6uGk9bq4n83dRVynwHsHON1os_K3jt2EDh-lGz6AmUIj1cF8yL9GR7az6gkg3PLaeAwUvsx-LXh00TeLj3tKLEkTagU/s1600/young+Maggie+Walker.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQYNt8dmfiLgWpXNd7JYLEZvkW1jEON4iwyUtDL50a4geAw7yb6uGk9bq4n83dRVynwHsHON1os_K3jt2EDh-lGz6AmUIj1cF8yL9GR7az6gkg3PLaeAwUvsx-LXh00TeLj3tKLEkTagU/s200/young+Maggie+Walker.jpg" width="142" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: large;">This is how we ended our previous post on <a href="http://urbanscalerichmondvirginia.blogspot.com/2014/04/a-monument-for-maggie-l-walker.html"><span style="font-size: large;">Public Art and Community Memor</span>y: Richmond's Maggie Lena Walker</a>, expressing our concerns the commemorative public art proposed to honor Richmond's Maggie L. Walker </span><span style="font-size: large;">. We were apprehensive that the Public Art Commission would guide the designer selection process away from the kind of engagement with the past seemingly favored by the community. A year and a half later, the process described in the post has been completed and we have very good news to report. The city's Public Art Commission </span><a href="http://www.styleweekly.com/Studi/archives/2015/10/13/maggie-walker-statue-announced-for-broad-st"><span style="font-size: large;">announced</span></a><span style="font-size: large;"> last week that the commission would be for a statue and that the artist would be prominent American representational sculptor </span><a href="http://www.tobymendezstudios.com/Artist.asp?ArtistID=37429&AKey=7c569c3t"><span style="font-size: large;">Antonio Tobias Mendez</span></a><span style="font-size: large;">. Mendez, with a BFA from the Chicago Art Institute, does sports, commemorative, private commissions, and veteran's memorials. </span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">Mayor Dwight Jones announced the decision: “Not only will Richmond gain an important new monument that can reflect the diverse heritage and history of a significant local hero, but this effort will also underscore her role as a champion for civil rights on the national landscape,” said Mayor Jones in a press release. “Maggie Walker was a revolutionary leader in business, a champion for breaking down barriers between communities and showed incredible strength as a person that came out of extraordinarily challenging circumstances to create great things.”</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"></span></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: large;">The location of the monument will be in the triangular plot at the intersection of Adams Street and Broad Street, an important node on the urban scale, where the 18th-century road called Brook Turnpike engages at an angle with the city grid. This was formerly the site where a fountain was provided to water the horses and oxen drawing wagons and drays as they entered the city (that fountain is now located behind the Bill "Bojangles" Robinson Statue a few blocks to the north. The historic intersection was a key location in Maggie Walker's world and remains a very memorable node in the city's transportation network.</span> <span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: large;"> The new statue begins to reinforce an established civic armature. This begins at Franklin and Adams and moves from Maggie Walker's statue at Adams and Broad to the Bojangles statue and beyond.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: large;">This commission bodes well for the Maggie L. Walker Monument to join with many others, including the George Washington Monument and the Civil Rights Monument at <span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">Capital Square. As we previously observed, that "sculptural ensemble by Stanley Bleifeld avoids the sentimentality that characterizes some of the sculptor's work in other cities and takes a place among the very best monuments of recent decades." Let's hope the Maggie L. Walker Monument will achieve the same levels of formal and emotional strength, and by doing so, help re-establish the legitimacy of figurative public art. </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">This seriousness should extend to the setting as well as the bronze centerpiece. Mendez's website indicates that <span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">"</span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">Toby primarily focuses on the figure, combining a classical figurative approach with a contemporary eye for site design." In</span> monument-rich Richmond, the plinth says a great deal about the position of the subject in the city's historical narrative. Offering a sense of "approachability" by placing the statue on the same plane as the viewer has become a hackneyed trope. Maggie Walker, who pointed the way for her community, often from a position on her elevated front porch, would best occupy a raised podium equipped with moldings and set off by appropriate ornament. The setting should support and embrace the statue without seating, planting, or paving elements that draw attention to themselves or work against the city's conventional landscape patterns. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">Congratulations to the entire community and the arts commission for making decisions that will contribute to a deeper understanding of Maggie Walker as leader, embodying the civic values she espoused throughout her life.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"></span></span></span><br />Gibson Worshamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17914252671575229780noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-284912172590016102.post-38868958720347964982015-07-16T21:40:00.001-04:002020-08-04T23:49:39.055-04:00Civic Markers II: Monuments as Ordering Elements in the City<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">"The
status of monuments on the cusp of the twenty-first century is
double-edged and fraught with an essential tension: outside of those
nations with totalitarian pasts, the public and governmental hunger for
traditional, self-aggrandizing monuments is matched only by the
contemporary artists’ skepticism of the monument"</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: x-small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">James E. Young, “Memory/Monument,” 2010</span></span></blockquote>
<div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqK91pCzybLPhnFT8MtlDsCXfzoJ-JFYtQWAvXqwOq8CPUSSFDKZ81NthoPbpykwTZi-NflILpUTRlP3ueCvu79JKedHMgK3Gy6g6qr9xW8HZf5Pkq5qYc5OS39au7zLJUGoG52fCPzNg/s1600/180px-Lord_Botetourt_statue.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqK91pCzybLPhnFT8MtlDsCXfzoJ-JFYtQWAvXqwOq8CPUSSFDKZ81NthoPbpykwTZi-NflILpUTRlP3ueCvu79JKedHMgK3Gy6g6qr9xW8HZf5Pkq5qYc5OS39au7zLJUGoG52fCPzNg/s1600/180px-Lord_Botetourt_statue.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Lord Botetourt</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Civic Markers
</span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">II<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">:</span> M</span>onuments as Ordering Elements in the City</span></span></div>
<div style="min-height: 14px;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Political
leaders across the nation followed classical precedent in the
employment of rhetorical narratives, sponsoring civic art works to
expound on important civic concepts, most often associated with a former
military or political leader. Virginia, indeed, began a tradition of
public statuary with the marble figure of a much loved royal governor.
One of the earliest examples of public statuary in the colonies, the
statue of Lord Botetourt, was placed in the central arcade of the
Williamsburg Capitol in 1773. </span></span><br />
<div style="min-height: 14px;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">At
first, Richmond, in its role as the new capitol of the commonwealth,
built its narrative around political and military figures who were not
necessarily local heroes. The state’s leaders memorialized the founding
fathers and the larger-than life role Virginians played in the founding
of the nation. In 1796, Houdon’s virtuoso life-size sculpture of George
Washington took a central place in the new Capitol, a position that was
equivalent to that previously occupied by Lord Botetourt’s statue in
Williamsburg. Both Botetourt and Washington were here treated as modern
citizens in modern dress, although Washington was accompanied by the
symbols of the Roman hero Cincinnatus, who, like Washington, turned from
war-craft to farming. </span></span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjytE3a0lXwSm34STnXa11uxD3rveVGzqdZauezyS-He2YZDTTwZHwv3tvq4th99bL2R0ldamD-3y5G4qpy-aCp_phjm0pVj19YkupojDRccIUJXuQQ8MKfmBmllfEfiZQCadV3U_1QtJo/s1600/jeanantoinehoudon_georgewashington.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjytE3a0lXwSm34STnXa11uxD3rveVGzqdZauezyS-He2YZDTTwZHwv3tvq4th99bL2R0ldamD-3y5G4qpy-aCp_phjm0pVj19YkupojDRccIUJXuQQ8MKfmBmllfEfiZQCadV3U_1QtJo/s640/jeanantoinehoudon_georgewashington.jpg" width="516" /></a></span></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">As
Charles Brownell and his student Ramin Saadat asked, why, </span></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">at the Virginia Capitol,</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; letter-spacing: 0px;"> had Jefferson "devised a templelike exterior and a
templelike core surrounding a white marble statue in a fashion
suggesting divine honors?” The answer, they suggest, may lie in the
popular theory, known as</span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0px;"> </span><i style="font-family: "helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0px;">Euhemerism</i><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0px;">, </span></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; letter-spacing: 0px;">that saw the origin of ancient gods in mortal “leaders or benefactors” whose veneration had “naively evolved into worship.” </span><br />
<div style="min-height: 14px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-left: 36px;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">It
became necessary to call upon at least a modicum of myth in order to
craft an aestheticized history that met the new nation’s ideological
needs. . . . “American” versions of the methods by which Italy’s
Renaissance packed the past with rich meanings eventually found their
way into the national imagination, especially after the rising
commitment to manifest destiny began to overlay republican modesty with
grandiose images of heroic glory. But in the beginning the Capitol dealt
with America’s first president in its own way. By a reversal of the
euhemeristic tradition, as we will see in the making of the myth of
George Washington, the mortal man became a demigod. </span></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 36px; min-height: 14px;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 36px;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">George
Washington as America’s savior general and first president would endow
the nation’s capital with what Renaissance Italy named <i>civile</i>-
“the affective identification of the [citizen] with a particular,
geographically defined place,” as well as “a belief in the sacred nature
of institutions and leaders, an attitude that invests things and
persons political with a mystical aura, distinguishing them from mundane
structures and from ordinary mortals.”</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 36px; min-height: 14px;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 36px;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Public
ceremonies required the right person to represent the nature of the
republican virtues Americans were making up as they went along. . . . </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">In
both the Old World and the new, ceremonies of adventus sealed the
relation of leaders to the people (private individuals, the military,
the administrative staffs). They confirmed the needed sense of stability
and order, backed by a coherent bureaucratic system. Over time,
however, it became unnecessary to highlight the “action” by which a
leader “arrives.” He is “just there” through a process that has been
“completed and consummated.” . . . John Quincy Adams was deeply
depressed by the implications of the inability to reach a compromise
over the final resting place of the nation’s foremost symbol of unity.
In his diary of February 22, 1832, Adams wrote that the wish for the
capitol to be the site of Washington’s tomb had been “connected with an
imagination that this federal Union was to last for ages. I now
disbelieve its duration for twenty years, and doubt its continuance for
five. It is falling into the sear and yellow leaf” [Martha Banta, <i>One True Theory and the Quest for an American Aesthetic </i>(Yale U Press, 2007, 77ff].</span></span></div>
<div style="min-height: 14px;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The
indoor statue of Washington, “its form the result of a transatlantic
dialog between Houdon, Thomas Jefferson, then serving as minister
plenipotentiary to the court of Louis XVI, political figures in
Virginia, and Washington himself,” depicted him as a modern Cincinnatus,
the Roman general who voluntarily returned to farming after his success
at war. Maurie D. McInnis sees this as entirely appropriate republican
imagery for the post-revolutionary period. Changes in the nation’s
self-understanding gave impetus to an entirely different project for
memorializing Washington in the 1850s, one that “captures the changing
meaning of Washington and the Revolution for different generations of
Virginians. “By the middle of the nineteenth century, however,
Washington as Marcus Aurelius, the great military leader, seemed more
appropriate to Virginia’s leading men. . . . The second, by Crawford,
was a response to the first, commissioned by a later generation of
Virginians, who, in the 1850s, were attracted not to the symbols of
pastoral virtue, but instead to the military might of Washington, as
sectional tensions dictated a celebration of Washington’s military
prowess as a defender of Southern liberties [Maurie McInnis, “George
Washington, Cincinnatus or Marcus Aurelius?” from Peter S. Onuf and
Nicholas P. Cole eds, <i>Thomas Jefferson, the Classical World, and Early America</i>. University of Virginia P, 2011]. </span></span><br />
<div style="min-height: 14px;">
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiy9CmPW8eAehPE9psX4ovBi89r68XLngKc6qfVvkYw-tnLpbJE6pC2hS6ZAF0GN-NZUhdx3A59CXo93zLI0vZhxL9NOU4We-uWYJnh06g_Js5771TIxNjyJShQAwFCoRP6hBPpuAOFAJM/s1600/card00180_fr.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="404" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiy9CmPW8eAehPE9psX4ovBi89r68XLngKc6qfVvkYw-tnLpbJE6pC2hS6ZAF0GN-NZUhdx3A59CXo93zLI0vZhxL9NOU4We-uWYJnh06g_Js5771TIxNjyJShQAwFCoRP6hBPpuAOFAJM/s640/card00180_fr.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Thomas Crawford's equestrian Washington, 1858</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Thus
the Richmond tradition of outdoor public military monuments began with
a sculptural composition to immortalizing in bronze and granite
Virginia’s role in the nation’s founding and Virginia’s most famous
citizen, George Washington. Maximilian Godefroy, who prepared landscape
plans for Capitol Square, had proposed a triumphal arch in front of the
capitol’s portico as well as a viewing platform/water tower to its west.
The General Assembly authorized a public subscription for a monument
and burial place on the Capitol Square for Washington in 1817. After
years of inaction, a committee of citizens proposed a competition for
the monument, which was held in 1849. The selected sculptor was Thomas
Crawford, an American working in Rome. The popular and successful
monument was not only a tribute to Washington as military and political
leader, but an elaborate allegory linking Virginia with the national
polity.</span></span></div>
<div style="min-height: 14px;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-I-i9W4GYHvo3MNGHl1wgvGktsczV3JvxejJc-fqNJspCrN2dFC89SEXh6aodsKzuumDMqFca8WKreoLD3rhOgqUN0yTdLLc0EFGAbizEKoL7FfXIQ1VUajFdapt0zVrWJOlMLOekv1E/s1600/statue.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-I-i9W4GYHvo3MNGHl1wgvGktsczV3JvxejJc-fqNJspCrN2dFC89SEXh6aodsKzuumDMqFca8WKreoLD3rhOgqUN0yTdLLc0EFGAbizEKoL7FfXIQ1VUajFdapt0zVrWJOlMLOekv1E/s640/statue.jpg" width="502" /></a></div>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">The monumental composition stands on a granite base appropriately shaped like a hexagonal star fortress. The design includes</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"> two
tiers of supporting sculptures around a massive bronze equestrian
figure of Washington, cast in Germany. The upper row of pedestals
support statues of six Virginia patriots- Thomas Jefferson, George
Mason, John Marshall, Andrew Lewis, Thomas Nelson, and Patrick Henry.
The lowest tier consisted of six allegorical female figures and trophies
representing revolutionary virtues (and places) allied with the six
patriots. Andrew Lewis is allied with “colonial times,” Patrick Henry
with revolution, George Mason with the Bill of Rights, Thomas Jefferson
with independence, Thomas Nelson with finance, and John Marshall with
justice. Crawford died having completed only the sculptures of
Washington, Jefferson, and Henry. His student, Randolph Rogers,
completed the remaining pedestal sculptures after the Civil War. </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">The
monument strongly reinforces the urban order by serving as a objective
at the end of Grace Street at the entrance to Capitol Square. It stands
on axis with the Governor’s Mansion and in an effective non-axial
introductory relationship with the Capitol itself. The nearby Washington
Tavern was renamed the Monumental Tavern in its honor [Hopson Goddin,
Richmond Virginia 1861- 1865, Civil War Centennial Committee, 1961].</span></span><br />
<div style="min-height: 14px;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeINTiaBuY-e4GcZ4218wPtNLXvpOhpMkMX0npbvZIA2188ECw0ESDT1RPJBSxpT9fmnU2cdVDX08yuXaBgxoZ8Efu1Fq2KL3rk9gGj6QG_Y2MifzCbnuf8t8V4QFQwF8qCRv4G3WLDs8/s1600/th.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeINTiaBuY-e4GcZ4218wPtNLXvpOhpMkMX0npbvZIA2188ECw0ESDT1RPJBSxpT9fmnU2cdVDX08yuXaBgxoZ8Efu1Fq2KL3rk9gGj6QG_Y2MifzCbnuf8t8V4QFQwF8qCRv4G3WLDs8/s400/th.jpg" width="340" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Henry Clay Statue under the octagonal canopy, 1860</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">The Washington monument did not stand alone in Capitol Square for long. It was follow</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">ed
by the life-sized Henry Clay statue in 1860, located north of the
Capitol. Henry Clay, born in Hanover County, Virginia, was a renowned
statesman, orator, and long-serving speaker of the the U.S. House of
Representatives who had studied law in Richmond with George Wythe. Clay
was a hero to the Whig population of the city, who favored federalist
policies promoting economic, social, and moral modernization in
opposition to the populism of Andrew Jackson. The artist was the
Kentucky-born sculptor Joel T. Hart (1810-1875). The statue was
commissioned in 1845 by the Ladies Clay Association, in order to rescue
his cause “from the foulest slanders ever invented for party purposes”
during the presidential election of 1844 and to “teach our Sons to honor
[his] name- and imitate [his] noble deeds” [<i>The Papers of Henry Clay</i>, <i>January 1, 1844-June 29,1852</i>, 1991: U P of Kentucky:203]. </span></span><br />
<div style="min-height: 13px;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">It
took Hart until 1859 to arrange production of the marble sculpture in
Italy. The statue was placed under an octagonal, domed covering soon
after its dedication in 1860. The cast-iron canopy, supported on eight
Corinthian columns, was itself a major public amenity in Capitol Square
and emphasized the heroic status of Clay in the eyes of the city.
Unfortunately, the fifteen-year delay in the production of the monument
meant that its intended influence in favor or compromise and federalism
was of no use at the start of the Civil War. Unlike George Washington,
the significance of Henry Clay was largely forgotten by the early
twentieth century. The domed temple was demolished in the 1930s and the
statue placed inside the Capitol. </span></span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgb5V0lfuTfaEX5FOjLWKGPrgSMSLL4sKdRTKD8OfyfN6UB8e_cSkNvdUm8jvtvB4co-4_HdFtT-iPWy5i6tCCr_Y1HDRmSUoZKLUYbuJpx1VB66r2XG9OqWAO1SBYG9h-4E1ikrmcfrzY/s1600/Jackson1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgb5V0lfuTfaEX5FOjLWKGPrgSMSLL4sKdRTKD8OfyfN6UB8e_cSkNvdUm8jvtvB4co-4_HdFtT-iPWy5i6tCCr_Y1HDRmSUoZKLUYbuJpx1VB66r2XG9OqWAO1SBYG9h-4E1ikrmcfrzY/s400/Jackson1.jpg" width="253" /></a></span></span></div>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">A life-sized statue o</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">f
Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson was placed nearby in 1875, beginning a
line of monuments that would be erected in the twentieth century along
the northern edge of the square. The bronze sculpture was made in 1875
by Irish sculptor John Henry Foley and was the gift of “English
gentlemen as a tribute of admiration.” </span></span><br />
<div style="min-height: 14px;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">It
was a result of its former role of “national capitol” that Richmond
acquired an extensive and more urbane collection of public art
surpassing that of other state capitals of comparable size. The armature
of monuments extending from the old city into the projected suburbs to
the west was the serendipitous result, not of public planning, but of a
family who wished to extend the city through their property. </span></span><br />
<div style="min-height: 14px;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Monument Avenue</span></span><br />
<div style="min-height: 14px;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="a" style="color: #333333; left: 531px; top: 3260px; word-spacing: -2px;">Richmond's
great urban processional route, Monument Avenue, represents the
transformation of loss and suffering into a symbolic reconstruction of
the partially burned city as a monument to its aspirations. As Lucien
Steil has said: "</span><span class="a" style="color: #333333; left: 531px; top: 4163px; word-spacing: -2px;">The city is indeed the highest form of commemoration, the highest expression of resilience, the most</span><span class="a" style="color: #333333; left: 513px; top: 4262px;"> beautiful synthesis o<span class="l6">f human culture." Lucien Steil, "Reconstruction and Commemoration." American Arts Quarterly, 4:3 (Winter 2015). </span></span></span></span><span class="a" style="color: blue; left: 2085px; top: 4564px; word-spacing: -2px;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span class="a" style="color: #333333; left: 513px; top: 4262px;"><span class="l6"><br /></span></span></span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Monument
Avenue was laid out in 1887, not only to serve as an appropriate
setting for the heroic statue of Robert E. Lee planned to stand at the
center of a great circle at its eastern end, but as a grand extension of
the city to the west. </span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">As
was documented by Jay Killian Bowman Williams, Monument Avenue was
largely the creation of its property owners, beginning with the Allen
family, who owned the site of Lee Circle. The city and most of the
promoters of the statue wanted it to be placed in a familiar and
existing location such as Capitol Square, Libby Hill, or Monroe Park.
The Board of the Lee Memorial Association, having been convinced by,
among others, Augustus St. Gaudens, that an accomplished European
sculptor would produce the best work, hired Frenchman Jean Antoine
Mercier and mandated a calm, serene Lee who would project a sense of the
moral and aesthetic seriousness of the southern cause missing in the
booming New South city that doubled in size between 1860 and 1890 [</span></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Jay Killian Bowman Williams, <i>Changed Views and Unforeseen Prosperity: Richmond of 1890 Gets a </i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>Monument to Lee</i> (Richmond: privately printed, 1969)]</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large; letter-spacing: 0px;">. </span><br />
<div style="min-height: 14px;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Col.
Otway Allen promoted his vision for his tract of undeveloped land at
the western end of Franklin Street as the best place for the monument.
Franklin Street was the pre-eminent residential axis, extending from
Capitol Square’s Bell Tower to the city’s western limits. Allen insisted
that “no better situation (as far as a site for the Lee Monument) could
be obtained than at the head of Franklin Street. There is a prospect of
the street being opened, and a place similar to Monument Place in
Baltimore being laid out. Should this be done, where is a situation to
compare with it?” </span></span><br />
<br />
<div style="min-height: 14px;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrKM6ixUHUTgY_ZdqrsmirLESdyCL4gSSQl6pcYbNfCJFMr5OwiKYt6_RnItGGJpD_MXKfASZTWhyphenhyphen1mw1PWQ_m732JJsXstQAWkbgxX9mUY0C7bhgQX_HGPF1IDfTq8uhBxq5xiqvFwQ8/s1600/IMG_005180.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="312" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrKM6ixUHUTgY_ZdqrsmirLESdyCL4gSSQl6pcYbNfCJFMr5OwiKYt6_RnItGGJpD_MXKfASZTWhyphenhyphen1mw1PWQ_m732JJsXstQAWkbgxX9mUY0C7bhgQX_HGPF1IDfTq8uhBxq5xiqvFwQ8/s400/IMG_005180.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A famous image
of the Lee Monument, with a crop of tobacco growing in front of it.
This has always looked to us like a a publicity stunt. </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Writers,
including Henry James, who have mocked the messy selection process and
the lonely situation of the Lee Monument in an undeveloped landscape,
have failed to grasp the developers’ foresight and the similarity of
this project other grand urban expansions. Early Monument Avenue
compares favorably with the dreary expanses of nineteenth-century
District of Columbia. In previous decades, Baltimore’s Washington
Monument (1815-1829) preceded development of its projected setting in
Mount Vernon Square by many years. </span></span><br />
<div style="min-height: 14px;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">By
the late nineteenth century, Richmond’s civic leaders lacked the
political capacity to imagine or provide such a generously scaled
setting for the monument on their own. This kind of effort required an
unprecedented manipulation of the city’s grid, as ambitious, in its own
way, as the creation of the great boulevards that were driven through
the heart of Paris by Hausmann. Collison Pierpont Edwards Burgwyn, a
civil engineer, novelist, and playwright employed by the Allens, laid
out the 200-foot diameter Lee Circle and the two 140-foot wide
boulevards converging on it. Monument Avenue closely resembles Frederick
Law Olmstead’s contemporary project at Commonwealth Avenue in Boston.
In a similar way, Commonweath Avenue was laid out on private land as the
idea of developer and street railway operator, Henry M. Whitney. </span></span><br />
<br />
<div style="min-height: 14px;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsBkUj-i5U1ifZ4aQANEE6GeNWtcnkFG7vAq1OO0PcptwfyeD6kWLjFy1um6CNZ_4Iim7BhNZ4EaHDoBa8pOF8e3NI7mr-jADhqJvhyphenhypheneU56gnJya_tlUNUJJd7rPqNr5svyr7vR2YiJK4/s1600/Postcard_Monument_Avenue_Aerial.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="398" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsBkUj-i5U1ifZ4aQANEE6GeNWtcnkFG7vAq1OO0PcptwfyeD6kWLjFy1um6CNZ_4Iim7BhNZ4EaHDoBa8pOF8e3NI7mr-jADhqJvhyphenhypheneU56gnJya_tlUNUJJd7rPqNr5svyr7vR2YiJK4/s640/Postcard_Monument_Avenue_Aerial.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Monument Avenue looking west from Stuart Circle</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Monument
Avenue gradually extended to the west and its intersections became the
settings for a sequence of public sculpture on a scale rarely achieved
in an American city. Monumentally scaled statues of Confederate figures,
some more effective than others, and none as fine as Lee’s, were
eventually placed at the center of every other intersection for more
than a mile. </span></span><br />
<div style="min-height: 14px;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Older
parts of the city had made no distinction among streets or sections by
building type or land use, and streets were able to incorporate changes
in form and use over time. This new boulevard was intended serve a
distinctly residential suburban sector and was not intended to be a
principal thoroughfare. Eventually, however, with the coming of the
automobile it became a convenient commuters’ route into the
city. Oddly, and due to its emphatically axial form, Monument Avenue
doesn’t accommodate public buildings quite as well as the older,
reticulated parts of the city. Except at Stuart Circle, where two
churches, a hospital, and an apartment building manage to enclose the
more intimate circle there, churches and the few other larger buildings
fail to fully engage with the street’s massive scale. One success in
this regard is the temple-form church at the south end of Allen Street,
which effectively terminates that street. </span></span><br />
<div style="min-height: 14px;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Other Post-Civil War Civic Markers</span></span><br />
<div style="min-height: 14px;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">While
the Allens were developing Monument Avenue, another individual was
responsible for creatively managing urban-scale improvements across a
post-war city with little interest in spending money on public works.
Col. Wilfred Emory Cutshaw, a VMI-trained engineer, began a long career
as city engineer in 1873. According to Tyler Potterfield, Cutshaw, who
was responsible for the planning and supervision of municipal projects,
“fully recognized the importance of neighborhood squares, tirelessly
advocated for their improvement and oversaw a team of assistant city
engineers who proved to be talented landscape designers.” Preparation
for his position included travel to study up-to-date parks in the North
and in Europe in 1879. </span></span><br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgs0gZ7mlN0hYsp9ZlW14TR1isv1lAq3tJsR5mhq_uV0ly562JMQcrFybM786JJztcusOAkAjFR-7QyNLZSanBXQ9sG-2-d9vetuUXOLJpyNkGGlxcgSwjNBoBZHw3GXhbMVsWCFNduFyE/s1600/soldiers+and+sailors+monument.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgs0gZ7mlN0hYsp9ZlW14TR1isv1lAq3tJsR5mhq_uV0ly562JMQcrFybM786JJztcusOAkAjFR-7QyNLZSanBXQ9sG-2-d9vetuUXOLJpyNkGGlxcgSwjNBoBZHw3GXhbMVsWCFNduFyE/s400/soldiers+and+sailors+monument.jpg" width="328" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Soldiers and Sailors Monument by William Ludwell Sheppard, 1894</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> Cutshaw
landscaped Monroe Park and the large “promontory parks” overlooking the
James. He also acquired the small triangular parks that enliven Park
Avenue in the Fan District and organized a sophisticated tree-planting
program that provided shade throughout the city’s streets and parks in
accord with the City Beautiful movement, an urban design branch of the
American Renaissance. His plan to create a dramatic monument to Robert
E. Lee on the top of Libby Hill Park </span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">was rejected, but i</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">n
its place he projected the Soldiers and Sailors Monument of 1894, which
took the form of a Roman monumental column, placed on a highly visible
axis </span>carefully<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"> aligned with Main Street to the west [T. Tyler Potterfield, </span></span><i style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0px;">Nonesuch Place: A History of the Richmond Landscape</i><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0px;"> (History Press, 2009)].</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTbAybLLCTNNEGYcLhGE4j1zhmpR1iyu_VTOChLsRDVjf5_Hpa1mzHvk_8-y_3GLcIZMrbk17BIw-AMOP3RAOIsVFfL-YeTex1Q7l2mbSyMG3D9_8qLeCr7IhMANx3IZ015sadfLRycOE/s1600/Street+Carnival+Arch+1900.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTbAybLLCTNNEGYcLhGE4j1zhmpR1iyu_VTOChLsRDVjf5_Hpa1mzHvk_8-y_3GLcIZMrbk17BIw-AMOP3RAOIsVFfL-YeTex1Q7l2mbSyMG3D9_8qLeCr7IhMANx3IZ015sadfLRycOE/s1600/Street+Carnival+Arch+1900.png" width="316" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 20px;">A triumphal arch constructed as a temporary </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 20px;">entry gateway to the popular Street<br />Carnival held on Broad Street<br />in 1900. </span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Arches
have long been a theme in monumental Richmond. Street-spanning arches
were proposed, but not built, for both George Washington and Jefferson
Davis. Their lack of success is particularly instructive in the inherent
contentiousness of myth- and monument-making in a democratic regime. A temporary triumphal arch "beautifully festooned with flowers and evergreens," was built over Main Street at 19th Street beside the Union Hotel for Lafayette's parade in 1824. Thirteen girls "stood upon the arch to represent the thirteen original states" [Dan Murphy's Reminiscences, Part II]. The success of temporary arches built over Broad Street in 1900 and 1901
for street carnivals that were designed to “boost” the city seems to
have prompted the United Daughters of the Confederacy to propose a
monumental arch in 1902 over Broad Street at the intersection of Twelfth
Street as a memorial to Jefferson Davis (the dramatic location where
Broad Street drops off into the Shockoe Valley attracted propsals for
structures at the urban scale over the years, starting with the Shockoe
Market and Latrobe’s unexecuted project for a new Episcopal church, both
proposed for the center of the street).</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span>
<br />
<div style="min-height: 14px;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvdWJNydRAGhUy2dCQa2gJG7CfT5lzapqStJtuwF0QJfTYAYn_hwbBh93vHszYuoh0MPmknbTO-uvh9ZUCfzRJDFeV_wZhSNq70f2-BX0fzLOoHFq3YAg-naCFTByOxzQAaJ7bZHVzh80/s1600/Jefferson+Davis+Arch-+City+on+the+James+1893..png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvdWJNydRAGhUy2dCQa2gJG7CfT5lzapqStJtuwF0QJfTYAYn_hwbBh93vHszYuoh0MPmknbTO-uvh9ZUCfzRJDFeV_wZhSNq70f2-BX0fzLOoHFq3YAg-naCFTByOxzQAaJ7bZHVzh80/s1600/Jefferson+Davis+Arch-+City+on+the+James+1893..png" width="317" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br />"Triumphal" arch in stone proposed for Monroe Park soon after Jefferson Davis' death in 1889. <br />An arch<span style="text-align: start;"> was again suggested to span Broad Street in 1901 [City on the James, 1893].</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div style="min-height: 14px;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The
grandious project broke down due to the sensible objections of Davis'
widow, who indicated that she was opposed the location and the form of
the proposed monument, not to mention its being harnessed to the
promotion of the city. She declared that <i>"arches, as monuments, have
been built to perpetuate deeds of men and to express the idea of a
‘victory achieved.’ A triumphal arch to the memory of a man whose cause
failed. . . is surely an inappropriate way to express respect for his
memory, and certainly might excite ridicule in many quarters. Bound by a
thousand most tender ties and a warm sympathy to Richmond, yet even to
beautify the city I cannot approve the site at Broad and Twelfth
Streets. . . . [at] the intersection of two of the noisiest and busiest
streets, lined with shops and frequented by crowds of people of a
prosperous and growing city"</i> [Richmond Dispatch 1 June 1902]. </span></span><br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdroVTkWQY52bx9h9E6dFYfjWeznwsSZONpZM2aYLZsWlwiCD85aV3qtlMgCSX_OOB2noW6hNDcevqf90exa8aEUWk8otahbU5ux8CoFg6zpptGoLgy-gwqmfRzNmi1ttEDm0XItnrvXE/s1600/firstregiment.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdroVTkWQY52bx9h9E6dFYfjWeznwsSZONpZM2aYLZsWlwiCD85aV3qtlMgCSX_OOB2noW6hNDcevqf90exa8aEUWk8otahbU5ux8CoFg6zpptGoLgy-gwqmfRzNmi1ttEDm0XItnrvXE/s400/firstregiment.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;">First Regiment of Virginia Monument at Park Stuart and Meadow streets by </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Ferruccio Legnaioli</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Additional Statues</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">A
tradition began of placing statues at key points around the city, begun
by Cutshaw, continued to punctuate the axes of transportation routes
and along paths in public parks. These include the statue of A.P. Hill
at Laburnum and Hermitage and the figure of Williams Carter Wickham
(1820 –1888), a lawyer,
judge, politician, and Confederate Cavalry commander, who image was
placed in
Monroe Park by his war-time comrades and employees at the Chesapeake and
Ohio Railway in 1891. It was sculpted by Richmond’s Edward V.
Valentine. The Richmond Howizers Monument (1892) and the</span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="title"> Monument to the First Regiment of Virginia Infantry (1930) punctuate the irr<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">e</span>gular route of Park Avenue as it wends its wa<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">y through the Fan District.</span> </span></span> </span></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlPfNwRvnelSXra75cdVQ1G9d5H4uiBWV_gCDmJBIdne8AJECjAjr-UAM7RcFO3gbthT5STUulQlAyQePd6Be_Jn38ZSsJi2-WvzxSw1sBwt4iVbGdDxg0uh4a5PaSbwZRQZBFrHrDXAY/s1600/columbus.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="268" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlPfNwRvnelSXra75cdVQ1G9d5H4uiBWV_gCDmJBIdne8AJECjAjr-UAM7RcFO3gbthT5STUulQlAyQePd6Be_Jn38ZSsJi2-WvzxSw1sBwt4iVbGdDxg0uh4a5PaSbwZRQZBFrHrDXAY/s400/columbus.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Columbus statue and fountain</span></span><br />
<div style="min-height: 14px;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">As
the Fan District was extended to the
west, Boulevard was laid out in 1875 as a grand cross street to connect
Reservoir (Byrd) Park to Broad Street. The terminus at the foot of the
great reservoir was given an suitably architectural effect by the
placement of a small cascade fountain symbolizing the civic provision of
water fronted by a statue of Columbus. This was placed in front of the
fountain in 1925 by a group of citizens of Italian origin and sculpted
by </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">immigrant sculptor Ferruccio Legnaioli. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></div>
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span>
<br />
<b><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The discourse on Richmond's Civic Markers will continue with Part III- Fountains.</span></span></b><br />
<br />
<b><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">For a discussion of contemporary monumental art, see </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><a href="http://urbanscalerichmondvirginia.blogspot.com/2014/04/a-monument-for-maggie-l-walker.html">Public Art and Community Memory: Richmond's Maggie Lena Walker.</a></b></span></span>Gibson Worshamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17914252671575229780noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-284912172590016102.post-66124777687972925572015-06-26T17:48:00.000-04:002015-06-26T17:48:23.432-04:00The School of Life: How to Make an Attractive City<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBgSiaHhhP2Va14t2VwU4-yrsh2_UEepyo_jYdapmOmAF-DftKUndzlq9hS8_2uOKx24eqUBNCoVSSAmmHHMtxu_9pLDyrTs8x_W52PmkASC8O1KuN3bbvHpYRi9QjezypKEIs8wg-hIQ/s1600/How+to+make+an+attractive+city.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="167" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBgSiaHhhP2Va14t2VwU4-yrsh2_UEepyo_jYdapmOmAF-DftKUndzlq9hS8_2uOKx24eqUBNCoVSSAmmHHMtxu_9pLDyrTs8x_W52PmkASC8O1KuN3bbvHpYRi9QjezypKEIs8wg-hIQ/s320/How+to+make+an+attractive+city.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hy4QjmKzF1c&feature=youtu.be">Here</a> is a great short film that summarizes some of the most salient points about making beautiful cities.Gibson Worshamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17914252671575229780noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-284912172590016102.post-6103235449121003472015-06-14T23:34:00.001-04:002019-06-11T09:33:09.910-04:00Critiquing "Sterilizing Development" in Historic Areas <br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZDxlOCCImLhuntLOcwPvUHke3fhzMOWSCm0dX18zlImwgkhTNfV_QppXYTRe1bkAnjSHI4jEBbuMGb4HW-IVnG-CnKDsd9XV6UYuvLOl5o05VMaQJr-bo8e5NRwsqLslGv7Yn2U-mm4g/s1600/danville+156.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZDxlOCCImLhuntLOcwPvUHke3fhzMOWSCm0dX18zlImwgkhTNfV_QppXYTRe1bkAnjSHI4jEBbuMGb4HW-IVnG-CnKDsd9XV6UYuvLOl5o05VMaQJr-bo8e5NRwsqLslGv7Yn2U-mm4g/s320/danville+156.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Typical "patchwork" apartments in Richmond's historic center.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Urban advocates in Charlotte NC are taking a close look at the massive new multi-family apartment complexes that are transforming historic neighborhoods in a way that is becoming increasingly familiar here in Richmond. Is there a way to do new housing in city centers without damaging the fragile historic fabric of the small commercial and residential background buildings that provide the setting for the rich civic life, great cuisine, and commercial diversity that characterize Richmond's "bottom-up" revitalization in recent years? Is there a way to make new buildings that are more timeless in appearance and durable in materials, and that also respect the city's historic patterns of building?<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJcUNVV253w7q3YogvdI9RnbAEjx0ufwHPRrHqLsl3MngCCVql6juHy3acs-p2N7b1H0cPks5QJDbOctnDaVuCP-NX9iRS4woWG7xx2bxIeBSbdJVb_YA9vJTUUPJlT3isy_CG7sBALOM/s1600/shokope+valley.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="323" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJcUNVV253w7q3YogvdI9RnbAEjx0ufwHPRrHqLsl3MngCCVql6juHy3acs-p2N7b1H0cPks5QJDbOctnDaVuCP-NX9iRS4woWG7xx2bxIeBSbdJVb_YA9vJTUUPJlT3isy_CG7sBALOM/s640/shokope+valley.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Old Stone Row in Richmond's Shockoe Valley.</td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhN2CrlUTBc-3dpCuTzSwqlV4NpZHh6a7fdkTr94LSVIK4SBXjAME2pKKn18kkA2KitHfLKnlaNFLFqqpy7djYF1HZZ4WluvZdBRbx8z57VPbnniRMwLTDjDAvTT1RD5MhWxpn5sThkVo/s1600/St%252C+James+Street+Apts.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhN2CrlUTBc-3dpCuTzSwqlV4NpZHh6a7fdkTr94LSVIK4SBXjAME2pKKn18kkA2KitHfLKnlaNFLFqqpy7djYF1HZZ4WluvZdBRbx8z57VPbnniRMwLTDjDAvTT1RD5MhWxpn5sThkVo/s640/St%252C+James+Street+Apts.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">New apartment building in historic Jackson Ward.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCd3ypWPysyL8BHeIypeqfDrFGAj0LmUy9G7eoYSYOp3vW_V7Q-MxpRXvHN_06jcL2zOqrjDygEQzIpQqJjibBTFbn9hEFQiBz_GBDhY7Dq4_Auh4ZRSr-n8ZAt2xkxFnMj9_NfZS_e24/s1600/Sterilizing+development_2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="363" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCd3ypWPysyL8BHeIypeqfDrFGAj0LmUy9G7eoYSYOp3vW_V7Q-MxpRXvHN_06jcL2zOqrjDygEQzIpQqJjibBTFbn9hEFQiBz_GBDhY7Dq4_Auh4ZRSr-n8ZAt2xkxFnMj9_NfZS_e24/s640/Sterilizing+development_2.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Image: Opponents of a new apartment complex at a recent Charlotte City Council meeting credit: Ely Portillo, Charlotte Observer</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
In Charlotte a group of committed urbanists have organized "Civic by Design," a forum partnered with a wide array of cultural and design-related institutions, that intends "to elevate the quality of our region’s built environment and to promote
public participation in the creation of a more beautiful and functional
region for all." New Urbanist architect Tom Low, based in Charlotte, recently posted news of the forum on the traditional TradArch List. <br />
<br />
The group has effectively defined the dense, cheap apartment blocks appearing in American cities as "sterilizing development." More than 10,400 units are under construction in Charlotte, with more than 10,300 planned. As in Richmond, many are four- or five-story mid-rise buildings being constructed in historic neighborhoods. These buildings are out of character with their surroundings in scale, materials, and proportion. Their designers attempt to mitigate their massiveness by applying a variety of exterior finishes in a seemingly patternless collage, often mixing brick, cement board, and corrugated metal. One prominent Richmond traditional architect has named this kind of form "RPQ, the Random Patchwork Quilt Style." <br />
<br />
In Richmond, unlike in Charlotte, there has been little criticism of these new apartment blocks, perhaps because they are not yet as widespread and have not yet caused an extensive demolition of much-loved older buldings. The principal conversation in the past has been over the <a href="http://www.styleweekly.com/richmond/contemporary-contempt/Content?oid=1384111">official design standards for new buildings in historic districts</a> and the<a href="http://www.styleweekly.com/richmond/out-of-view/Content?oid=1755970"> lack of external windows</a> in a surprising number of rehabilitated lofts funded by historic preservation tax credits. <br />
<div style="color: black; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 10pt/normal sans-serif; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; text-align: left; text-transform: none; width: 1px;">
<br />
Read more here: http://www.charlotteobserver.com/news/business/biz-columns-blogs/development/article23919511.html#storylink=cpy</div>
<br />
A forum at Charlotte's Levine Museum of the New South on June 9th defined the problem:<br />
<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><span style="border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px;"></span></span><br />
<div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><span style="border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px;"><span style="border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px;"></span></span></span><br />
<div>
<div style="margin: 0px; min-height: 14px;">
<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><span style="border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px;"><span style="border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px;">"Sterilizing development can be defined as new development that is too dense, too tall, too quick and diluting the funky character that makes our historic neighborhoods special. These new designs are completely different in character and feel, quality, and style of bland, boring, beige, behemoth boxes all with the same look, the same standards, same floor plans. This coarse grain approach is wiping out affordable housing and hole-in-the-wall neighborhood hang-outs, forcing people out and changing both the character and the social structure. Developments with weak design and poor construction will not age well and quickly become passé, leaving neighborhoods to deal with the negative consequences in their wake. Please join Civic By Design as we explore how development is sterilizing Charlotte."</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0px; min-height: 14px;">
</div>
<div style="margin: 0px; min-height: 14px;">
<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><span style="border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px;"><span style="border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px;">The forum explored ways to change or mitigate the direction of development in Charlotte:</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0px; min-height: 14px;">
<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><span style="border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px;"><span style="border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px;"></span></span></span> </div>
</div>
<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><span style="border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px;"><span style="border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px;"></span></span></span> </div>
<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><span style="border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px;">
</span></span><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">"1. Review current design and redevelopment projects and their pros and cons for improving and harming neighborhoods and citizens — inclusive vs. elite, fine-grain vs. too coarse, durable vs. disposable?</span></div>
<div>
<div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">2. Determine what is key — can better civic design preserve elements of what is here now and allow for something new to come in and is it possible to control this? </span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">3. Analyze the time and financial challenges developers along with the constraints and design teams must address and what options should be considered — the benefits and backlash of strong and time-consuming strict historic standards if imposed or are there other options?</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">4. Explore ideas for a better and more civic design and development process as well as tools and techniques and how they can help — where economics do not trump sentiment."</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br />
<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Civic by Design has come up with this alternate design for the kinds of bland, big-box developments that are overwhelming Charlotte's small-scale historic districts. This for an area around "Tommy's Pub," a much-loved landmark threatened with demolition.</span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhl0GyAz0Zsbw03QIWqYtP5Kk884Feq9rjZeLVMMhFmXwm_7Z-nhw83fu6WSrlAZBJzW7wi2v6EHOp5ENo5AbmDDvbO3xNHHRcPIPlaCZLi_bNjaqhBdXqqciEM4lM71Ma248S99KSRJiM/s1600/Tommy%2527s+Pub+Alternate+Master+Plan+Study+6.15.15.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="414" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhl0GyAz0Zsbw03QIWqYtP5Kk884Feq9rjZeLVMMhFmXwm_7Z-nhw83fu6WSrlAZBJzW7wi2v6EHOp5ENo5AbmDDvbO3xNHHRcPIPlaCZLi_bNjaqhBdXqqciEM4lM71Ma248S99KSRJiM/s640/Tommy%2527s+Pub+Alternate+Master+Plan+Study+6.15.15.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Thanks to Tom Low on TradArch List.</span><br />
</div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Here are some pertinent links: </span><br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.charlotteobserver.com/news/business/biz-columns-blogs/development/article21342657.html">Plaza Midwood Residents Back Tommys Pub, oppose rezoning at council meeting.</a></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); display: inline !important;">
<br />
</div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><a href="https://clclt.com/charlotte/apartment-developers-are-sterilizing-charlotte/Content?oid=3608904">Apartment developers are sterilizing Charlotte</a></span></span></span></div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<br />
<a href="https://www.wcnc.com/article/news/local/plaza-midwood/plaza-midwood-pleads-with-city-council-to-stop-sterilizing-charlotte/275-213210108">Plaza Midwood Pleads with City Council to Stop Sterilizing Charlotte.</a></div>
<div>
<div>
<span style="color: black;"></span> </div>
<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span><br />
</div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<a href="http://wfae.org/post/growth-and-development-charlotte-neighborhoods" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);" target="_blank"><span style="color: black;">http://wfae.org/post/growth-<wbr></wbr>and-development-charlotte-<wbr></wbr>neighborhoods</span></a></div>
<a href="http://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwfae.org%2Fpost%2Fgrowth-and-development-charlotte-neighborhoods&h=FAQHyxci_" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);" target="_blank"><span style="color: black;"></span></a><br />
<div>
</div>
<a href="http://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwfae.org%2Fpost%2Fgrowth-and-development-charlotte-neighborhoods&h=FAQHyxci_" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);" target="_blank"><span style="color: black;">
</span></a><br />
<div>
<br />
<br />
<br /></div>
<a href="http://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwfae.org%2Fpost%2Fgrowth-and-development-charlotte-neighborhoods&h=FAQHyxci_" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);" target="_blank"><span style="color: black;">
</span></a></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Gibson Worshamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17914252671575229780noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-284912172590016102.post-20303957505660363302015-05-05T18:29:00.002-04:002020-07-22T11:25:50.987-04:00Westward Ho: Watson's Tenement, Turpin's Addition, and the Development of Shockoe Hill<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5B57OnQYlZVtmnbu74cKZJnRNREZZ1cEAcRcsCOcUfcMcz5KRXU_hKfw_vXZ_yno1vULMJRUs6vvHXieHQraAjmvsmfoWeyisOkxdhdlI_fwNUVU4FTXSV_QqUGi_GupwDbh9ECAsngs/s1600/c+1805+Watson+House+from+Madsion+Map+of+1818+cropped.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5B57OnQYlZVtmnbu74cKZJnRNREZZ1cEAcRcsCOcUfcMcz5KRXU_hKfw_vXZ_yno1vULMJRUs6vvHXieHQraAjmvsmfoWeyisOkxdhdlI_fwNUVU4FTXSV_QqUGi_GupwDbh9ECAsngs/s1600/c+1805+Watson+House+from+Madsion+Map+of+1818+cropped.png" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Watson Ho., Detail of Madison Map of 1818</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="border-image: none;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , "serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">As we have seen <a href="http://urbanscalerichmondvirginia.blogspot.com/2011/05/richmond-as-provincial-capitol.html">elsewhere</a>,
the plateau on top of Shockoe Hill was laid out in streets in 1768 and the
approximately 90 full squares, each containing four 1/2-acre lots, and 16 half
squares. This new town called Shockoe, part of the lands of William Byrd III,
was incorporated into the city in the following year. The development on
Shockoe Hill was slow to develop, but the area at the top of the hill attracted
some merchants and overnight lodging at the top of the old </span><span style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">“</span><span style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">County Road</span><span style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">”</span><span style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , "serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">that
entered Richmond from the east at Gillies Creek and connected the town to
points east and west.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Maps show that the
narrow, curving way that traversed Henrico from east to west (probably begun as
an Indian path) climbed the bluff from Shockoe Creek to the top of the hill. It
continued to the west in a path that roughly approximated H or Broad Street,
but did not strictly obey the official guidelines of the grid.</span></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5zfOWfjYqflv4iyBlVond8o2Z2cDN5XkYjM7Yg1xcMSzF9Yp09CMwOwhu-RiaqDT5aIZR6HP7UU2SYphtihLjeqFkOHt2Dq3fZ9g4HxQyFhaJPQ6iuzn2HMrmmHpSXnsAU3pZlybgtgg/s1600/Watson's+Temenet+from+1809+Youngs+Map+copy.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5zfOWfjYqflv4iyBlVond8o2Z2cDN5XkYjM7Yg1xcMSzF9Yp09CMwOwhu-RiaqDT5aIZR6HP7UU2SYphtihLjeqFkOHt2Dq3fZ9g4HxQyFhaJPQ6iuzn2HMrmmHpSXnsAU3pZlybgtgg/s1600/Watson's%2BTemenet%2Bfrom%2B1809%2BYoungs%2BMap%2Bcopy.png" width="604" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Watson<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s Tenement on the inset map of
Byrd<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s Lottery on Richard Young<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s 1809 Map of</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> Richmond. This map originated in 1768 and includes the platted town of Shockoe
west</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> of the creek labeled <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">“</span>Town Land.<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">”</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="border-image: none;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , "serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">The tract of undeveloped land to the north and east of the
County Road was known as Watson<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s Tenement. It had been leased by
Philip Watson, merchant, from William Byrd III- the lease appears to have been
renewed in 1757. It then comprised 128 acres and included, according to the
lease of 1757, a brick dwelling <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">“</span>where the said Philip now
dwelleth,<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">”</span><span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , "sans-serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";"> </span>a brick store, and a frame
granary. It seems likely that the brick house was the same as the one 1/2-story
dwelling that later served as the Council House and the town residence of Col.
John Mayo.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The appearance of that house
is known from a sketch done in the notebook of B. Henry Latrobe in 1798,
showing the damage done to it by a lightning strike. </span></span><br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5o8FeYw3Hsz7aOGfIGL57uyJkHl2ni4Ol4U7wa0qs7RU8SOndc2N8Ht1DFEsBik1Uz1YUoSPf9uBrv1SjKhzIBifEj4p07WaJhllkM9fHuLC4b4uVoJyPAr73h_bU4dPqNvH4hefjYC8/s1600/c+1805+Watson+House+from+Madsion+Map+of+1818.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="264" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5o8FeYw3Hsz7aOGfIGL57uyJkHl2ni4Ol4U7wa0qs7RU8SOndc2N8Ht1DFEsBik1Uz1YUoSPf9uBrv1SjKhzIBifEj4p07WaJhllkM9fHuLC4b4uVoJyPAr73h_bU4dPqNvH4hefjYC8/s1600/c+1805+Watson+House+from+Madsion+Map+of+1818.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 115%;">Detail
of James Madison, A Map of Virginia 1807. The Philip Watson/Council Chamber</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 115%;"> House is seen to the right of the center fold, standing nearly alone at the top
of the</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 115%;"> steep slopes of Council Chamber Hill.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" Name="annotation text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" Name="annotation reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0in;
mso-para-margin-right:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0in;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
</style>
<![endif]--></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , "serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , "serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">
</span></span></div>
<div style="border-image: none; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<div style="border-image: none;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhx4DOsVvt_YHaM2EueEAjaRBORGQZdcY5EWlDlGm3QgyUebYEj1dAos07j1yI2tZ19qrikXNtm47J3gXjvQKJCd6pyUjI68b72htNzQFNhQ7cDyfhxOaE02lAdiTJQwPvtXgE7CX_BmEE/s1600/Latrobe+1798+Council+Chamber+.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhx4DOsVvt_YHaM2EueEAjaRBORGQZdcY5EWlDlGm3QgyUebYEj1dAos07j1yI2tZ19qrikXNtm47J3gXjvQKJCd6pyUjI68b72htNzQFNhQ7cDyfhxOaE02lAdiTJQwPvtXgE7CX_BmEE/s1600/Latrobe+1798+Council+Chamber+.png" width="160" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">The house apparently built for Philip </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Watson, later the Council Chamber </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">from B. Henry Latrobe, Mayo </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">House, Notebook, 1798</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , "serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="font-size: large;">Thomas Turpin purchased Watson<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s Tenement from
William Byrd III [probably recorded in the General Court and now lost] as noted
in a deed of 1783, when Turpin sold 93 1/2 acres, the remainder of the tenement
after the sale of lots on the hill, to his son, Dr. Philip Turpin. The western
section of the tract that was occupied by Watson was left blank on the plat of
Shockoe that was made in 1768, north of Broad between Eighth and Twelfth
streets. This section, later known as Turpin<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s Addition and
Court End, was laid out in lots and incorporated into the city by Thomas Turpin
in 1780. The undeveloped remainder of Watson<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s Tenement ran
east down to Shockoe Creek. The southern portion of this sloping land,
containing Watson<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s brick residence, had been
considerably improved and was valued by a jury at 4,000 lbs specie. The other
half, to the north, where the Quesnay Academy,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Richmond Theatre, Baptist Meeting House, Medical College, City Jail, and
Lancastrian School were to stand, was considered less valuable, assessed at
only 1,000 lbs.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , "serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span> </span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="border-image: none;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbk9vE3MEnXKHUfZtX5GPn9tDMFbb6-zRo82umLg-HPbtyl1EKCPHiulblyaRhPV-BSvsFsoxZbQ4BJ1EjLmIL0hk9lEVdR4hr_dFC84ZsLE9hBLx1o40QH10W9575eD2Z5NQw6T-aNYY/s1600/1835+Bates+Map+copy.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="335" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbk9vE3MEnXKHUfZtX5GPn9tDMFbb6-zRo82umLg-HPbtyl1EKCPHiulblyaRhPV-BSvsFsoxZbQ4BJ1EjLmIL0hk9lEVdR4hr_dFC84ZsLE9hBLx1o40QH10W9575eD2Z5NQw6T-aNYY/s1600/1835+Bates+Map+copy.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , "serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="font-size: small;">Detail, Mijacah Bates 1835
Map of Richmond showing the area of the Burial Ground. The</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , "serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="font-size: small;"> three lots extending
west from 15th Street were the site of the residence of James</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , "serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="font-size: small;"> Goodwin in 1807.
The irregular lot on which the City Jail (1830) and the Lancastrian</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , "serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="font-size: small;"> School
(1816) are shown was public land on which a burial ground, gallows, and</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , "serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="font-size: small;"> magazine could be placed.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">
</span></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: right;">
</div>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , "serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="font-size: large;">The irregularity of Watson<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s Tenement as
it sloped down from the eastern margin of the Shockoe Hill plateau meant that
it was slow to be incorporated into the city<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s official
grid. Probably as a result, parcels of land at the top of the hill were
available for use by public institutions like schools (the Academy of Monsieur
Quesney and the Medical College), a theater (the Richmond Theatre and the later
Monumental Church), and churches (the Baptist Meeting House).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At some point, the city acquired a larger
tract of between two and three acres spanning Franklin Street along the west
side of the creek for civic purposes, including the eventual construction of
the City Jail. Missing city records mean that it is difficult to say in what
decade the city acquired the section from the Turpin heirs. Minutes of the
Common Hall are missing from May of 1795 until January of 1808 and no mention
of the acquisition is recorded in the deed books. The notorious sites
associated with the practice of slavery, such as Lumpkin<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s Jail and the
slave auction houses were located on the part of Watson<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s Tenement
along the creek to the south of Broad Street.</span> </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></span>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_pAhFuFwcGqLOzSmZsQmKDx36HDO2b7vCvbkByrgNq1_4e9YG-obF2o-Vh0hrMjDd5F_XB-iLvr5epNTAPwOiq_DLhC0C8a0WfLA7viB7f7cxn6r3UAjU27AK_WNMznKIP_xB5Kscb4E/s1600/Jefferson+plan+of+3+sqs+1780.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="522" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_pAhFuFwcGqLOzSmZsQmKDx36HDO2b7vCvbkByrgNq1_4e9YG-obF2o-Vh0hrMjDd5F_XB-iLvr5epNTAPwOiq_DLhC0C8a0WfLA7viB7f7cxn6r3UAjU27AK_WNMznKIP_xB5Kscb4E/s1600/Jefferson+plan+of+3+sqs+1780.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Jefferson layout for the three Capitol squares, 1780, from Reps. Names of the original</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> lots owners are shown.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , "serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Shockoe Hill was transformed by the arrival of state
government. The 1779 act that relocated the capital to Richmond from
Williamsburg authorized the Directors of Public Building to find a location for
the government buildings in the <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">“</span>open and airy part<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">”</span><span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , "sans-serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">
</span>of the city. Two locations were proposed by the major landowners in two
bluff-top locations: Shockoe Hill and Richmond [Church] Hill. In the following
year the General Assembly authorized the appropriation of a site on Shockoe
Hill for a new four-part government complex including a <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">“</span>Capitol<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">”</span>
for the legislature, a <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">“</span>Halls of Justice<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">”</span>
for the courts, a <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">“</span>State House<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">”</span> for the
executive boards and committees, and a residence for the governor. Richard
Adams, owner of much of the land on Richmond Hill, thought that he had
Jefferson<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s promise and broke off his friendship when his proposal
of twelve lots for the public buildings on Richmond Hill was rejected. <br />
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , "serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">
</span></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , "serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">
</span></span>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<div style="border-image: none;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , "serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">The process of valuing the land to be requisitioned for
public use on Shockoe Hill began in 1783. The present site of Capitol Square
seems to have been considered from the first, but two tracts that were also
considered for taking comprised an area of thirty acres that was part of the
former Watson Tenement. This parcel belonged to Horatio Turpin and his brother
Dr. Philip Turpin, sons of Thomas Turpin, Thomas Jefferson<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s
uncle. It was located on Council Chamber Hill, to the east of the County Road
[Governor Street]. Owing to the loss of records, including those pertaining to
the General Court in Williamsburg, where the Byrds recorded most of their
transactions, the history of the property is vague. As we have seen, the
Turpins acquired Watson<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s Tenement in its entirety after
the lease was vacated, well before 1779. It was in that year that Thomas
Jefferson, during his term as governor, occupied a house near the corner of
Thirteenth and Broad belonging to Thomas Turpin.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
</div>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKW1aARjfqTlAm9q6a8P1rEDIr83O-N6vXkYz-MSP0QCfSzV-1IgVGBlyUGT3yOMmkrvIxJhObQ4q27u1PacIhUqYrcYzITOo2gCd4k4hJjInD8Z1n0l4WlUlLwm_J_y3jH5egN2hv9Wg/s1600/Jefferson+map+1780.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="356" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKW1aARjfqTlAm9q6a8P1rEDIr83O-N6vXkYz-MSP0QCfSzV-1IgVGBlyUGT3yOMmkrvIxJhObQ4q27u1PacIhUqYrcYzITOo2gCd4k4hJjInD8Z1n0l4WlUlLwm_J_y3jH5egN2hv9Wg/s1600/Jefferson+map+1780.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "times roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1768
plat of the Town of Shockoe as found among Jefferson's papers with</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "times roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> undifferentiated grid pattern. The pre-existing tenements (including the very
large </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "times roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">extent of Watson's Tenement) and lots along Shockoe Creek are shown at
the right.</span><span style="font-family: "times roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times roman" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" Name="annotation text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" Name="annotation reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0in;
mso-para-margin-right:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0in;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
</style>
<![endif]--></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="border-image: none;">
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , "serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Horatio Turpin, deemed the <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">“</span>owner of the
lots most valuable for public use,<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">”</span><span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , "sans-serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";"> </span>offered the thirty acres on the
Council Chamber Hill for sale to the state and, for free, two 1/2 acres of land
that were part of the tract.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It included
the compact brick building identified as <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">“</span>the house now
used by the executive,<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">”</span><span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , "sans-serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";"> </span>known as the <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">“</span>council
chamber.<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">”</span><span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , "sans-serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";"> </span>This was offered to the state as
the site for the governor<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s house [Journal of the House of
Delegates 27 June 1783].<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This parcel,
later the home of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>John Mayo, would have
made an excellent and scenic location for the executive mansion. It was later
proposed as the site of a villa for the Mayos by B. Henry Latrobe.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , "serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><br />
</span></span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<div style="border-image: none;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , "serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Other lots were valued as well from 1781 to 1784. These
included all the lots that would make up Capitol Square. Most of these were
empty of buildings, but at least two lots on the immediate site of the Capitol
contained buildings. John Gunn had built two houses, occupied by himself and a
tenant, on lots 391 and 404. In addition two lots near the future site of the
Governor<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s Mansion, owned independently by cooper John Ligon and
merchant Zachariah Rowland, included valuable buildings. The large frame house
on lot 357, owned by Rowland, was used for the next twenty years, with
increasing levels of dissatisfaction, to house the governor and his
family.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This dwelling was close to the
County Road, which it faced, and was sited well below the level of Capitol
Square.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Since, according to the 1782 tax
lists, Rowland had arrived in Richmond no earlier than 1780, and was not
registered with this lot in 1782, it seem likely that someone else had it built
at an earlier date (lot numbers are missing for this ward in the tax
list).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , "serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="font-size: large;">
<br />
The general location was finalized in 1784, when the unitary
Capitol building, designed to house all the functions of government, was
commenced at the center of the square. The Directors of the Public Buildings
decided not to use the thirty-acre site purchased from Turpin, and the
legislature returned the land, for which he had not been paid. The state kept
the two-acre Council Chamber part of the site and traded it for another portion
of the tract just across the County Road from the governor<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s
house. This lot was already in use as a garden, presumably for vegetables to
supply the governor<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s table and to provide an
attractive setting across from his front door.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , "serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><br />
</span></span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh38sYAgAPlhID_bf7Nxa9S97xObTRlGT0voIZ8y_z4A9BcrTN1R1NKgeJv4pXin_YVn9LXAKb4DkbkarO-eOXAWBI401WuXaMhDTaOVy6oV6fP0ftZn7eBLulQw58dmjCEaooSt_GgOwc/s1600/Philip+Turpin's+lots+1787%EF%80%A5+LOV.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="476" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh38sYAgAPlhID_bf7Nxa9S97xObTRlGT0voIZ8y_z4A9BcrTN1R1NKgeJv4pXin_YVn9LXAKb4DkbkarO-eOXAWBI401WuXaMhDTaOVy6oV6fP0ftZn7eBLulQw58dmjCEaooSt_GgOwc/s1600/Philip+Turpin's%2Blots%2B1787%EF%80%A5%2BLOV.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Philip Turpin's Lots , 1787, Library of Virginia. Main Street is today's Broad Street and the</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> street at the right edge is 13th Street. Lot No. 749 appears to be the lot that Gov.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> Thomas Jefferson rented from Thomas Turpin in 1779.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , "serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">
<span style="font-size: large;">In 1787, Turpin was informed that <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">“</span>the public had
no occasion for the use of any part<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">”</span><span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , "sans-serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";"> </span>of his land, <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">“</span>except
two acres. . . for the purpose of having buildings erected thereon for the
residence of the Governor which buildings had they been erected, would have
greatly enhanced the value of your petitioner<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">’</span>s property
lying adjacent.<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">”</span><span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , "sans-serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";"> </span>Turpin petitioned in 1791 for
redress for the loss of value to his property [Richmond City Legislative
Petition, 11 Nov. 1791, Library of Virginia]. He continued to sue for relief
until well into the nineteenth century, finally receiving compensation for the
loss of the two acres in 1809. Meanwhile he had sold the remainder of the
Council Chamber tract to Col. John Mayo in 1789.<br />
<br />
The Turpin tract was entirely in the hands of Philip Turpin
by 1775. He had laid out the flat part at the top of the hill in lots
conforming to the adjacent grid pattern by that date, when he sold lots no. 781
and 782 to James Monroe [Richmond City DB 1:43].<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The land on Council Chamber Hill and sloping
down to the Shockoe Creek he sold in larger unnumbered tracts.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As we have seen, these less likely tracts
became acceptable sites for public and civic uses. In 1786 he sold a lot to the
trustees of the Quesney Academy [Richmond City DB 1:119], which would, after
the Richmond Theatre burned, become the site of Monumental Church. At that time
he guaranteed that Broad Street (<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">“</span>the Main Street on Shockoe Hill<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times Roman";">”</span>)
should be extended along the entire frontage of the Academy lot. The Baptists
acquired a lot east of the Academy. </span></span></span><br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBKnsAF845rhSYbKFlVUO-F6oCzCih4HRS5SZvDNcAKZEqrS5wSk4jj2TqrjeqcoSrmKOVvSHiNRvVujv9OuzvG1ATtLVW4TvRbijboZB_kF55xfeAePzDV-VFemJ0M8weS2UXlMg5-UU/s1600/BHL+Shockoe+Church+on+plan+detail.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="489" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBKnsAF845rhSYbKFlVUO-F6oCzCih4HRS5SZvDNcAKZEqrS5wSk4jj2TqrjeqcoSrmKOVvSHiNRvVujv9OuzvG1ATtLVW4TvRbijboZB_kF55xfeAePzDV-VFemJ0M8weS2UXlMg5-UU/s1600/BHL+Shockoe+Church+on+plan+detail.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Map showing location of the Latrobe Theater</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times roman" , "serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="font-size: large;">The eastern edge of Shockoe Hill became a prominent location for civic and academic buildings. In the late 1790s it was proposed as the site for a great new Episcopal Church which would have effectively replaced Henrico Parish Church (St. John's) on Church Hill. This church was proposed for an extremely prominent location on axis with (in the center of) Broad Street, appropriate for the position of an established church, a position still held in some contention for the descendent of the Church of England. The church, seen roughly sketched in on a plan of the area drawn by architect B. H. Latrobe, was never built, nor was Latrobe's famous hotel/theater combination seen just above. The history of the eastern slope of Shockoe Hill is continued in part <a href="http://urbanscalerichmondvirginia.blogspot.com/2015/12/the-location-of-richmonds-first-african.html">here.</a></span><br />
</span></span><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><div style="border-image: none;">
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
Gibson Worshamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17914252671575229780noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-284912172590016102.post-42698679384315945172015-03-24T00:31:00.000-04:002020-08-04T23:39:37.787-04:00City of Monuments, Part I<div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiuwL9K1UaFCNIgUYQqBLfSLOlsJOqgF1aaWyDYS2z6_KbzM0zSOx9R19HzE3PoDfrtHAqbpLnM1R0Ton0baPqLbQ03sJy_zbfMF7FUGjwvaE52X6aGkni9wdP0jpHhdnpjf6TeNByWf0/s1600/feat40_harry_stilson.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="260" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiuwL9K1UaFCNIgUYQqBLfSLOlsJOqgF1aaWyDYS2z6_KbzM0zSOx9R19HzE3PoDfrtHAqbpLnM1R0Ton0baPqLbQ03sJy_zbfMF7FUGjwvaE52X6aGkni9wdP0jpHhdnpjf6TeNByWf0/s1600/feat40_harry_stilson.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Photographer Harry Stilson, Soldiers and Sailors
Monument beyond </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">[Style Magazine: from Richmond in Sight].</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: small;"><i style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Movement
through the city of Richmond is punctuated and articulated by an
interconnecting series of urban-scale elements that serve to explicate,
in concrete form, the city's formal connection with the past and its
causal relationship to the future. In continuity with ancient and modern
European and Near Eastern civic traditions, those in charge of the
city’s individual and collective narratives have given voice to the
city’s ideals and normative values by adding to a growing stock of
monuments. These sculptural or architectural elements often served as
carriers of didactic or hortatory meaning but always function as markers
that clarify the city’s physical and political form and structure. </i></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><i style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The
city’s monuments never stand alone: they join in loosely connected
chains of meaning that extend across the city and through time to other
cites around the world. We have explored the ways in which civic rituals
like parades and processions make use of these armatures in <a href="http://urbanscalerichmondvirginia.blogspot.com/2014/03/ceremonial-routes.html">this post</a>.</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span><br /></div>
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em><span class="a" style="color: #333333; left: 531px; top: 1064px; word-spacing: -2px;">As Lucien Steil has observed, many memorials record, not only celebrations, but times of disaster or suffering. Commemoration of great struggle and suffering "is not about remembering and reviving acute and relentless destruction, terror, fear, </span><span class="a" style="color: #333333; left: 531px; top: 1163px; word-spacing: -2px;">etc., but about overcoming these moments of unbearable pain by moral <span class="w6"></span>and material acts of </span><span class="a" style="color: #333333; left: 531px; top: 1263px; word-spacing: -3px;">reconstruction. <span class="l6">. . . </span></span><span class="a" style="color: #333333; left: 531px; top: 1963px; word-spacing: -2px;"> </span><span class="a" style="color: #333333; left: 531px; top: 3061px; word-spacing: -2px;">This creative sublimation of the experience of death and </span><span class="a" style="color: #333333; left: 531px; top: 3160px; word-spacing: -2px;">destruction, of horror and fear, into symbols of <span class="w6"></span>life, continuity and permanence is the paradoxical <span class="w6"></span>purpose </span><span class="a" style="color: #333333; left: 531px; top: 3260px; word-spacing: -2px;">of commemoration. . . . It is a necessary condition of any cultural endeavor of <span class="w6"></span>humanity" [</span></em></span></span><span class="a" style="color: #333333; left: 513px; top: 4262px;"><span class="l6"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><em>Lucien F. Steil, "Reconstruction and Commemoration." American Arts Quarterly 4:3 (Winter 2015)]. </em></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /><br />
</span><br />
<div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div align="left" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The City’s Memorials</span></span></div>
<div style="min-height: 14px;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The urban-scale amenities that assist in ordering the city, making legible its structure and origins, both literally and figuratively, have been given various names through time. Here we are referring to amenities at the urban scale which have as their principal role the orientation of the citizen in both time and space. Traditionally, a city without such appropriate civic markers could make no claim to be a place of civility or a center of virtuous political life. </span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">For the purposes of this discussion, these civic markers have been divided into three types: I. Memorials, II. Monuments, and III. Fountains. While each of these may combine some aspects of the others, mingling, for instance, sculpture and flowing water or bas relief and memorial inscription, most of the civic markers in the city can be chiefly identified under one or the other of these categories. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial";"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial";">Justin Shubow of the National Civic Art Society has defined two of these civic elements:</span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">In current parlance, “monument” denotes a large (approximately at least
1.5 times the height of an average man) useless permanent immovable structure
that <i>honors</i> its subject and was designed to be seen as such. A
monument is useless in the sense that it is not meant to have a function other
than honoring and commemorating its subject.</span> . . .</span> </span>All monuments are <span class="il">memorials</span>, but not all <span class="il">memorials</span> are monuments. Some <span class="il">memorials</span> <i>contain</i> monuments. Monuments are clear and unequivocal in their meaning; <span class="il">memorials</span> can be abstract and ambivalent. Monuments immortalize their subjects; the subjects of <span class="il">memorials</span> can be permanently dead or finished. Monuments speak; <span class="il">memorials</span> can stay silent. Monuments need no signage; <span class="il">memorials</span> often do.</span></blockquote>
<span style="font-family: "arial";">An additional purpose for monuments is emphasized here: that of orienting the viewer
within the city, both in the past and present. </span><br />
<div style="min-height: 14px;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">I. Memorials</span></span><br />
<div style="min-height: 14px;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">According to one commentator, a memorial is an “umbrella term for anything that serves in remembrance of a person or event,” while a monument is more specific: “a sculpture, structure, or physical marker designed to memorialize [Paul Williams, <i>Memorial Museums: The Global Rush to Commemorate Atrocities</i>. Gordonsville, VA: Berg, 2007 quoted in Collette Rachel Kinane, Addressing the Nation: The Use of Design Competitions in Interpreting Historic Sites. Master’s Thesis, U of Penn, 2012].” At the same time, a “memorial often signifies mourning and loss, whereas a monument signifies greatness or valor.” </span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">The earliest memorials in Richmond were the grave markers in the cemetery surrounding St. John’s Church at the top of Richmond Hill near the northeastern entry to the city at the top of 23rd Street as well as in the </span>city’s successive<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"> African American burial grounds (the first Burying Ground for Negroes and the other public and private African American burying grounds that replaced it after 1816) on the sloping sides of Shockoe and Academy hills. </span></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">It appears that many of the earlier burials at the city's cemeteries were not marked with stones. S</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0px;">tone grave markers would have been the exception in favor of wooden head and footboards. <span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Th<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">o</span>se</span> early stone markers which do survive at St. John’s not only incorporate carved decoration, but include inscriptions praising the virtues of the dead. </span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBvAXw3a0wSyrAU4WFpJBbJVMEiqR_v9Qf-vQxaC-rdkMOF9aP1OEL1lhp4u_pNe2gmMUmkdRHyHwGZjPWmJKDBDQG4MGSLK_TtYyjZOy7n3lmqChHzMJfS18ghdAVSISnW1SNDNNLGt8/s1600/Old%20St_%20John's%20Church,%20Richmond,%20VA_preview.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="253" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBvAXw3a0wSyrAU4WFpJBbJVMEiqR_v9Qf-vQxaC-rdkMOF9aP1OEL1lhp4u_pNe2gmMUmkdRHyHwGZjPWmJKDBDQG4MGSLK_TtYyjZOy7n3lmqChHzMJfS18ghdAVSISnW1SNDNNLGt8/s1600/Old%20St_%20John's%20Church%2C%20Richmond%2C%20VA_preview.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">St John's Churchyard in the early 20th century</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">The city was necessarily provided with places for burial of the dead. It appears that the races were separated from an early date, although there is no information concerning the places in which slaves and free blacks were buried in the 18th century. Henrico Parish had originally provided, as was regular practice in the established Church of England, a one-acre burial ground for the citizens of the town, all of whom were assumed to be members of the parish. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">Disestablishment of the church coincided with a need for an enlarged burial ground for whites. A first step was the purchase by the city, in 1799, of two adjacent lots on Broad Street to double the size of </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"> burying ground to two acres. The city and church worked out a </span>cooperative<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"> agreement for management of the </span>graveyard<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"> that holds to </span>this<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"> day. </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirISxfBharbvwKLpsHppqJCUyEgLLYNPC82DHbRN5ylN6AH_ChBTzimsgoxNNXUc_P43b0H-16HYP05HzkCpwF4BWWNB5_OJyQjVPul78vex4Vz_uM4VTNf4ef6yH8CBRRF88DW2cZJuc/s1600/1865+LOC+Richmond+Almshouse.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="428" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirISxfBharbvwKLpsHppqJCUyEgLLYNPC82DHbRN5ylN6AH_ChBTzimsgoxNNXUc_P43b0H-16HYP05HzkCpwF4BWWNB5_OJyQjVPul78vex4Vz_uM4VTNf4ef6yH8CBRRF88DW2cZJuc/s1600/1865+LOC+Richmond+Almshouse.png" width="640" /></a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Shockoe Cemetery in 1865 showing overgrown lots and fenced graves with the </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">City Almshouse beyond [Library of Congress]</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="min-height: 15px;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyfAM57nMZj91t3bDIPMbd4MnfjSBy6WStikAmHrzm9SuyRRz1Le6nK2s26av4ubyUSrxRNe75D0UhPInyxW_MIn8RxnTgD4AseSglQd7vOOlBfNl-ttySVJCTgVneJq5PmhvIAB6igbo/s1600/Shockoe_Hill_Cemetery_-_Cabell_grave.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyfAM57nMZj91t3bDIPMbd4MnfjSBy6WStikAmHrzm9SuyRRz1Le6nK2s26av4ubyUSrxRNe75D0UhPInyxW_MIn8RxnTgD4AseSglQd7vOOlBfNl-ttySVJCTgVneJq5PmhvIAB6igbo/s1600/Shockoe_Hill_Cemetery_-_Cabell_grave.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Cenotaph tomb of William H. Cabell in Shockoe Cemetery</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;">Early burials are not </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">organized</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"> in any regular plan. The city’s numerous later cemeteries are laid out like miniature cities, with a grid pattern like Shockoe (1822) and Evergreen cemeteries (1891) or a picturesque layout like <span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Hollywood (1847). In these graveyards, many of <span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">the earliest burials </span></span></span><span style="font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">take </span></span></span><span style="font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">the classical form of</span></span></span><span style="font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> a <i>cenotaph</i>, or empty tomb, covered with a raised tombstone </span></span></span><span style="font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">either raised on </span></span></span><span style="font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">balusters like a table, or with the sides infilled to resemble a classical sarcophagus. </span></span></span><span style="font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Other </span></span></span><span style="font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">gravestones used </span></span></span><span style="font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">the traditional </span></span></span><span style="font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">vertical form, sometimes </span></span></span><span style="font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">provided with delicate carving representing themes </span></span></span><span style="font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">associated with death and </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0px; white-space: pre;">resurrection.</span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPkb7sPijKHIgSyAsZ54FVGyC0__p8xXuwIhSR6qIrB18f-axpVvtTmrofcngjS14OEN614m9offzaA2aMHtCUGbDx8Oz8YUsT4XtgwCCKJH7wUIut_yh3S86ur8fzdVtRUfqpLYxoP1I/s1600/043-0023_FloodMarker_VLR_4th_edition.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPkb7sPijKHIgSyAsZ54FVGyC0__p8xXuwIhSR6qIrB18f-axpVvtTmrofcngjS14OEN614m9offzaA2aMHtCUGbDx8Oz8YUsT4XtgwCCKJH7wUIut_yh3S86ur8fzdVtRUfqpLYxoP1I/s1600/043-0023_FloodMarker_VLR_4th_edition.jpg" width="326" /></a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Turkey Island Obelisk, Henrico Historical Society</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span>
</span><span style="font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The unusual obelisk built in 1772 below Richmond on the plantation known as Turkey Island is often cited as an early monument memorializing the “Great Fresh,” a catastrophic flood. It has, however, recently been proposed that the obelisk was not intended for this purpose, but was primarily a component in an important early English Baroque rural landscape design [</span></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">William Rhodes, "Ryland Randolph and the Palladian Triangle of Colonial Central Virginia." Presentation at the VCU Architectural History Symposium, 2012].</span><br />
<br />
<div style="min-height: 14px;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6EM_XvVnwp1an_XrLdINHrfeSLTvPVxKJyJK7aQXvhXRoQX33lQTz06itd1dmx_IbOl1Wu92RtFj3JYmkH2XJiry4o40QB8Xk9aaKet0r9PNQTViqba820KHWxIYuNDyl9CBdcI1Buhk/s1600/Monumental_JW.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="241" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6EM_XvVnwp1an_XrLdINHrfeSLTvPVxKJyJK7aQXvhXRoQX33lQTz06itd1dmx_IbOl1Wu92RtFj3JYmkH2XJiry4o40QB8Xk9aaKet0r9PNQTViqba820KHWxIYuNDyl9CBdcI1Buhk/s1600/Monumental_JW.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Monumental Church, Richmond</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<span style="font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Richmond’s first purposeful civic monument was a constituent but self-contained part of a larger, hybrid work of architecture. Monumental Episcopal Church was planned in 1812 and completed in 1814 to memorialize a deadly theater fire on the same site. Designer Robert Mills grafted a dramatic thirty-two-foot-square monumental Aquia stone porch onto the front of an equally unusual octagonal stuccoed brick church. Mill’s portico is the architectural setting for a monument in the form of a Neoclassical funereal urn symbolically representing the shocking loss felt by Richmond’s citizens. The portico can also be seen as a monument: a symbolically detachable loggia or templum with details and materials contrasting with the body of the church. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The relative independence of the loggia helps to justify the public funding of a sectarian church to memorialize members of the wider population. The exigencies of the situation suggested the hybrid nature of the monument; the city’s Episcopalians desired a new church and were prepared to build in the general area of the theater. The city improvised, not a new building type, but a largely unprecedented composite of models that would permit an effective memorial to those whose remains were indiscriminately mingled in the theater’s foundation. In combining the memorial to so large and diverse a group of victims in one monumental building, the city emphasized, not only a collective sense of loss, but a communal resolution to promote the public good. </span></span><br />
<div style="min-height: 14px;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAls8Z_ME043Nbx56uEkZsCNMOGiGQGLLGd8lLhbVIDXoA_IiX2S-8GpPWxB73JSvuTaIl0cOFOvni3dyTvgCwsB4SD4Foiv6hvr_x8dq5SB_AFEOdqLnFFdKXGK0kHl9at8muYyU8PoQ/s1600/pres_monumental.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAls8Z_ME043Nbx56uEkZsCNMOGiGQGLLGd8lLhbVIDXoA_IiX2S-8GpPWxB73JSvuTaIl0cOFOvni3dyTvgCwsB4SD4Foiv6hvr_x8dq5SB_AFEOdqLnFFdKXGK0kHl9at8muYyU8PoQ/s1600/pres_monumental.jpg" width="278" /></a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Monumental Church, Monument (John Milner Associates)</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<span style="font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Like the raised table tombs that appeared in St. John’s Churchyard in the early nineteenth century, the neoclassical cenotaph at Monumental Church formed a symbolic repository for the bones of the dead, which were actually mingled in the earth beneath the church. Their bones were set aside and marked so that examples would live on in the lives of the city as a whole, whenever a passerby saw the marker or read the text. The monument which consisted of a sarcophagus form topped by an urn, similar to those used in Mycenean times to contain the bones of the dead, is a linear descendent of the tumulus which covered the tomb central to the cults of the Ancient Greek heroes. A form of immortality was achieved when the place of burial was made of permanent materials and the memory of the great deeds of the tomb's occupant was kept alive. </span></span><br />
<div style="min-height: 14px;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWGMIk_v62Hi45G51bn-VWqvEvSlAnPr8vFrzcz2azpyupfiu6w3pfjDjeKZEd1be3yD_ql9iSwLXqRYIlTvTSKyU47-4BuWTGAEfAMNp9LtnrLCICYS1sPeyWOhfjUbqxfxzEOkP353I/s1600/Newport+Cross.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWGMIk_v62Hi45G51bn-VWqvEvSlAnPr8vFrzcz2azpyupfiu6w3pfjDjeKZEd1be3yD_ql9iSwLXqRYIlTvTSKyU47-4BuWTGAEfAMNp9LtnrLCICYS1sPeyWOhfjUbqxfxzEOkP353I/s1600/Newport+Cross.jpg" width="276" /></a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Newport Cross, Richmond Canal Walk</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<span style="font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The city’s expanding practice of monument-making also paid deference to the ancient importance of a founding myth, which we have explored <a href="http://urbanscalerichmondvirginia.blogspot.com/2013/10/founding-mythologies.html">here</a>. In much the same way that Richmond was said, improbably, to have seven hills like Rome, in order to lend it a classical air, those responsible knew that by venerating its ancient founders the young city might acquire a sense of permanence. The first monument of the city’s founding may be the copper cross atop a rough pyramid of stones placed on Gamble’s Hill to mark the first visit to the falls by the English settlers. It was dedicated by the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities in 1907 (and relocated to the Canal Walk in 1983). The monument reenacted the planting of a cross by Captain Christopher Newport three hundred years before, which served to claim the land for the English monarch. The new version was intended to gave legitimacy to the ongoing project of making a city. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div style="min-height: 14px;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBvJZlbJH6I-JlBrxXHpYXAh8ETL9cCVVGf-mIUP-JRm38ktAiNDgZNWIFz00CIzq8jpvYxlJzA6vwJcReRaGC4Lw5BNcj_VjzskNeRoiXKDjP4qlKgyII6bJ3OtXywIryZVwAhX5Vgaw/s1600/Powhatan+Stone.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBvJZlbJH6I-JlBrxXHpYXAh8ETL9cCVVGf-mIUP-JRm38ktAiNDgZNWIFz00CIzq8jpvYxlJzA6vwJcReRaGC4Lw5BNcj_VjzskNeRoiXKDjP4qlKgyII6bJ3OtXywIryZVwAhX5Vgaw/s1600/Powhatan+Stone.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Powhatan Stone, Chimborazo Park</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<span style="font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The Mayo family, descendants of the city’s original surveyor, had lived for generations at Powhatan’s Seat, on the hill east of Richmond that probably served as the local seat of the Powhatan’s personal tribe. The Mayos carefully preserved at their house a talisman in the form of a stone said to have formed part of Powhatan’s house, sited in the native village at the falls which had been purchased by Captain John Smith and named by him “Nonesuch.” This stone, formerly located along the river, was moved to the crest of Chimborazo Park overlooking the river when it was displaced by the city’s gasworks about 1911. Oddly, William Byrd, the putative father of Richmond, who was an accomplished founder and namer of cities, which he once called “castles in the air,” was never honored with a monument at all, although his name has been applied to a park, a hotel, a theater, and a community center. </span></span><br />
<div style="min-height: 14px;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGVpybUdO1-nvt9L78p16F-50YnHzYadRLnM_Kk1H-goMM_ZE1FAskYglEqy2XcN019Tj7J-P-7L8Y1s2i8mrXrjivqAyqP4ORAO4waPTBmWU3GHxpdC8bATE6SHHzkvs1T3dG46RJYNo/s1600/grove+avenue+monument.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="256" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGVpybUdO1-nvt9L78p16F-50YnHzYadRLnM_Kk1H-goMM_ZE1FAskYglEqy2XcN019Tj7J-P-7L8Y1s2i8mrXrjivqAyqP4ORAO4waPTBmWU3GHxpdC8bATE6SHHzkvs1T3dG46RJYNo/s1600/grove+avenue+monument.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Monument to the scuffle between British pickets and Virginia forces in 1781, Grove Avenue</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">One of the city’s earliest outdoor monuments was a small marble obelisk set up in 1834 to memorialize a skirmish between the otherwise victorious British Queen’s Rangers and the Virginia militia. According to the marker on Grove Avenue in the Fan District, probably placed by veterans of the engagement, Virginia forces under Col. J. Nicholas had “driven in” Arnold’s picket on 4 January, 1781. Benedict Arnold had taken Richmond in late 1780 and a regiment under Lt. Col John Simcoe were returning from burning the foundry at Westham west of Richmond. This may have been the “scuffle” for which the nearby hamlet of Scuffletown was named [Drew St.J. Carneal. <i>Richmond’s Fan District</i>. Historic Richmond Foundation, 1996, 14-15]. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial";"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial";">The two hundredth anniversary of the incorporation of Richmond as a city and of its elevation from a county seat to the state capital was memorialized in 1982. A plaque was appropriately placed at the Old Henrico Courthouse on East Main Street to mark the site where, in the absence of any other city meeting place, there took place the initial election of the twelve members of the city's common hall and of its first mayor, William Foushee.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial";"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihoHpFshn8VSvrdbWELPG4c7ZgyH54Up7rc7gvihibItYp6ZeoMCHwB4ODh43X-FDMolK4l-PcV4A1Ya5f0Dqckww43VZX2GYUtYLdPXwz32Tun8-iZkyQxFHEsZZfgmNdty-Atv0phvY/s1600/IMG_1561.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihoHpFshn8VSvrdbWELPG4c7ZgyH54Up7rc7gvihibItYp6ZeoMCHwB4ODh43X-FDMolK4l-PcV4A1Ya5f0Dqckww43VZX2GYUtYLdPXwz32Tun8-iZkyQxFHEsZZfgmNdty-Atv0phvY/s640/IMG_1561.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Memorial plaque at the Old Henrico County Courthouse recognizing the election there of the <br />
city's first governing body.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div style="min-height: 14px;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-JU-FNyLKq1c-qj4ATKgv2gcpmwKnEovFsyWv368sTIJ1Lk9o0orSNOESJXsQ5iuCdMgsh5yA6HQayPe7j3vMmQGiWdz3vAUZUR5sFT0XDlrjn28VnhPcnIT3tXv-mJh9T1xTlVuPs4M/s1600/cemetery_gate.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-JU-FNyLKq1c-qj4ATKgv2gcpmwKnEovFsyWv368sTIJ1Lk9o0orSNOESJXsQ5iuCdMgsh5yA6HQayPe7j3vMmQGiWdz3vAUZUR5sFT0XDlrjn28VnhPcnIT3tXv-mJh9T1xTlVuPs4M/s1600/cemetery_gate.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Hebrew Confederate Cemetery, Richmond, Virginia [Hebrew Cemetery]</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">Although there were non-sculptural memorials set up before the Civil War, the Confederacy became the subject of the city’s greatest outpouring of memorial-making. </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">The elaborate iron fence surrounding the Hebrew Confederate Cemetery was made in 1866. The posts consist of furled Confederate flags and stacked muskets, with a soldier's cap perched on top. The posts are connected by sabers and swords hung with laurel wreaths. </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">The earliest large-scale monument, built in 1869, rose in Hollywood Cemetery to honor the thousands of dead soldiers buried around it. The ninety-foot granite pyramid reinforced a ritualized theme of loss and death. A large marble obelisk at Oakwood Cemetery in the city’s east end followed soon after funds were raised by 1871.</span></span><br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWaQNuOI8w9mWtRIIcxacMaIgfv-wXmVWWm3xBmY4MU-hBmYXxbeVrto7ZJL9BNgUAj33tIZVcQj2O5GrcDKOMsAP8pPkVswanc-u-5XSirKw9YpeaDAWFQtj_szyLH-RtTFcRRutFcpM/s1600/oakwood_soldiers_monument_richmond-420x265.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="201" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWaQNuOI8w9mWtRIIcxacMaIgfv-wXmVWWm3xBmY4MU-hBmYXxbeVrto7ZJL9BNgUAj33tIZVcQj2O5GrcDKOMsAP8pPkVswanc-u-5XSirKw9YpeaDAWFQtj_szyLH-RtTFcRRutFcpM/s1600/oakwood_soldiers_monument_richmond-420x265.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Confederate Monument, Oakwood Cemetery</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipcFVwgPjVWwgHElw_j2V0Z8NAGP70bTxD8hEeUPJy5wiFp4cGJO189kxIS8JT1okYn-etJ2CAt63-Ka4s5Y_s0r-S_vNdA1gTCyfzsHZrXINcKafDEtfIZTT4sdZjncJrHE0vphKH3C0/s1600/SKMBT_C25309120500451.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipcFVwgPjVWwgHElw_j2V0Z8NAGP70bTxD8hEeUPJy5wiFp4cGJO189kxIS8JT1okYn-etJ2CAt63-Ka4s5Y_s0r-S_vNdA1gTCyfzsHZrXINcKafDEtfIZTT4sdZjncJrHE0vphKH3C0/s1600/SKMBT_C25309120500451.jpg" width="307" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Confederate Monument, Hollywood Cemetery</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"> </span></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">The memorialization of history became institutionalized soon after. Plaques recording locations and events were attached to buildings by the Confederate Memorial Literary Society in the first decades of the twentieth century, including the site of Libby Prison in 1911. The series of “Freeman Markers” named for author and editor Douglas Southall Freeman, who promoted them and wrote the texts around 1925, mark the locations of fortifications and battlefields in and around the city for the use of tourists and returning veterans. </span></span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibhrO4QxdyF1_jjdaStCMObx5lYm2UwSgSmTQFHV3PszdwJBfyDDsYo01ztqhEVwSbDt-PD1AwOfU-fSn2Rf9NAuJcSvaN3cXxwKfCUhbOjIpX6YDQBtRRRW5isieXqlKKz2u8UyMw1IE/s1600/freeman+marker.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="239" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibhrO4QxdyF1_jjdaStCMObx5lYm2UwSgSmTQFHV3PszdwJBfyDDsYo01ztqhEVwSbDt-PD1AwOfU-fSn2Rf9NAuJcSvaN3cXxwKfCUhbOjIpX6YDQBtRRRW5isieXqlKKz2u8UyMw1IE/s1600/freeman+marker.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Freeman Marker</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">A consideration of monuments follows in Richmond's Civic Markers, Part II, located <a href="http://urbanscalerichmondvirginia.blogspot.com/2015/07/the-status-of-monuments-on-cusp-of.html">here</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg30vVlJJpJ55TUGebqbcul0gjxLYQIUKrqEPrPVvKy1LQRkBAkzeZxGb8XIwnCUw21xvVHe-FJpnjAhoC5wwoiP2FX-36vMX1545OuTKzjnxO09kvKbeLcL2hWrKxhcaq3dAh7i_KTX3Q/s1600/IMG_1562.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg30vVlJJpJ55TUGebqbcul0gjxLYQIUKrqEPrPVvKy1LQRkBAkzeZxGb8XIwnCUw21xvVHe-FJpnjAhoC5wwoiP2FX-36vMX1545OuTKzjnxO09kvKbeLcL2hWrKxhcaq3dAh7i_KTX3Q/s320/IMG_1562.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Confederate Memorial Plaque at the Old Henrico <br />
Courthouse on East Main Street</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<br /></div>
Gibson Worshamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17914252671575229780noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-284912172590016102.post-77644776475708969062014-12-15T02:23:00.003-05:002015-01-29T15:56:38.924-05:00A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE SPORTS COMPLEX IN NORTH RICHMOND<div style="margin-left: 36px; text-align: center; text-indent: -36px;">
<div style="text-align: right;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="font-family: Georgia;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px; text-align: left;"> </span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia; margin-left: 36px; text-align: center; text-indent: -36px;">
<span style="font-size: 24px; letter-spacing: 0px;"> </span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhd-WkkAvVyH88b0Eqyf23KDBQQOGkcb7AvvROM3ls7j0DwawesxMwcEWgLh9L5FVjQ8LPDYjCT4G7LlNm3A2j96GYMQ50SWb4_1pB2Cf1O8_M7p74TlWAgPBuMc1R_b-IO1vlSH7S3Rfw/s1600/state+fair.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhd-WkkAvVyH88b0Eqyf23KDBQQOGkcb7AvvROM3ls7j0DwawesxMwcEWgLh9L5FVjQ8LPDYjCT4G7LlNm3A2j96GYMQ50SWb4_1pB2Cf1O8_M7p74TlWAgPBuMc1R_b-IO1vlSH7S3Rfw/s1600/state+fair.png" height="247" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Site of the Richmond Sports Complex on the 1865 <br />Mickeler Map of Richmond. The Hermitage is <br /> part of "Camp Lee." </span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="margin-left: 36px; text-align: center; text-indent: -36px;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<i style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: x-large;"> </i><i><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Like most older cities, Richmond is rediscovering and redeveloping blocks of land that have been revalued by changing economic conditions. These tracts clearly defined by existing street locations, permanent physical barriers, and historic property boundaries.</span></i></div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: large;">One of these areas is the Sports Complex in North Richmond. Hemmed in by industrial areas on two sides and by transportation corridors on the north and south, the area has been targeted by the city's administration for redevelopment. Just like Shockoe Valley, the proposed site of a new ballpark (analyzed by us<a href="http://urbanscalerichmondvirginia.blogspot.com/2013/12/what-can-we-do-better-planning-for.html"> here</a>), the Sports Complex has an interest history, if less fraught with injustice. The site is ideally located, not only for a regional sports venue, but for new commercial development , which the landlocked city needs to improve its tax base. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0IVqrcxJdxOrMXhPv62N_H4zPlZtGuDZHer6wRzAWcBTw6NP107Dzc8eU5UFXlhCnVnKTAntuXFSgU0qEwOlVeeqxCLVKOzR2xAFgREvF_Ur5Taf8ZP_ipP5jhewynkNPPqp1LXsL7lA/s1600/Latrobe+Hermitage.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0IVqrcxJdxOrMXhPv62N_H4zPlZtGuDZHer6wRzAWcBTw6NP107Dzc8eU5UFXlhCnVnKTAntuXFSgU0qEwOlVeeqxCLVKOzR2xAFgREvF_Ur5Taf8ZP_ipP5jhewynkNPPqp1LXsL7lA/s1600/Latrobe+Hermitage.png" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Mayos' Hermitage by B. Henry Latrobe 1797 [Maryland Historical Society].</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">The site begins with a large triangular tract located north of the Westham or Three-Chopped Road, the main thoroughfare west of Richmond. This is the remainder of a large tract that was made up of six of the 100-acre lots sold in William Byrd's Lottery of 1767. Col. John Mayo, industrialist, moved there before 1789, setting up a country house or villa just far enough outside the city to permit him to take care of business, while providing a resort for his family during the warm months, away from the smells and sounds of the town center. An early road, known as Hermitage Road ran along the boundary between sets of 100-acre lottery lots and gave the tract its triangular shape. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_Nol9SUpimABgfRiKnKsD1sifIQVjL8_VxXLiAaQ7H7kZeHS_gaD4QDg-Npe7kHUyKCvvkfMM_A6SuF7_CGuMFweEszBpB9RLp1krBj1rQmOE-uJj1YkFmdTGSsDWPhHPlvvxK0xOI5U/s1600/Plan+of+Hermitage.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_Nol9SUpimABgfRiKnKsD1sifIQVjL8_VxXLiAaQ7H7kZeHS_gaD4QDg-Npe7kHUyKCvvkfMM_A6SuF7_CGuMFweEszBpB9RLp1krBj1rQmOE-uJj1YkFmdTGSsDWPhHPlvvxK0xOI5U/s1600/Plan+of+Hermitage.png" height="619" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">The remaining section of the Hermitage tract from the 1942 Richmond Master Plan, showing the railroad <br />and the parkway planned to parallel it. The Sports Complex is shown in orange.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">In 1804 a new turnpike was authorized to connect with the lands to the west and the coal mines in western Henrico and Goochland counties. The Richmond Turnpike (now Broad Street) cut across the Col. land and he laid out the southern portion in lots in 1816. Mayo's daughter Maria married the famous Gen. Winfield Scott in 1816 [Drew St. J. Carneal, <i>Richmond's Fan District</i>, 1996]. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Much of the tract remained in family hands for many years- Scott's Addition, west of the boulevard and north of Broad, was developed in 1890 from the portion inherited by Maria and Winfield Scott from John Mayo in 1818. As the Fan District was extended to the west, Boulevard was laid out in 1875 as a grand cross street to connect Reservoir (Byrd) Park to Broad Street. It was eventually extended to intersect with Hermitage. This cut off the undeveloped section of the Hermitage which would become the Richmond Sports Complex as a triangular remainder that was never integrated into the grid. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">In 1834, the Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac Railroad was extended across the Hermitage property. This began the use of the area north of Broad Street for a series of transportation corridors from the Seaboard Airline Railroad in 1900, which followed Bacon's Quarter Branch, to the Richmond Petersburg Turnpike in 1958. The availability of unused land and the accessibility of the railroad meant that the area was characterized by industrial development and by other uses that required larger tracts. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMR6IoCEEq7yOLqW8gzoNcrOuUaa3bsY8DbHT9HhDnmitOHyDd6aY8y9AwLi3EBZKmrlGAdlwhPEfASXVylvMf7EGv9hRT5fquv28tK-Qf5NckS7J6EAptPlJ8E6NvvPapcAz7n0fvYG0/s1600/1964+land+use+plan.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMR6IoCEEq7yOLqW8gzoNcrOuUaa3bsY8DbHT9HhDnmitOHyDd6aY8y9AwLi3EBZKmrlGAdlwhPEfASXVylvMf7EGv9hRT5fquv28tK-Qf5NckS7J6EAptPlJ8E6NvvPapcAz7n0fvYG0/s1600/1964+land+use+plan.png" height="563" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">1942 Master Plan of Richmond shows the industrial section following the railroad through the city.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">The triangular tract, which included the site of the original Hermitage dwelling, survived as undeveloped land well after the Civil War. The part extending from Board Street to the north became the site of the State Fair of Virginia in 1859. The fair moved north of the tracks to the tip of the triangle in 1906. The section south of the railroad became the site of Union (Broad Street) Station in 1917. Meanwhile the adjoining areas north of the railroad were laid out for light industrial and warehouse uses. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUcnuvUuCLjKQtBI0D0-8TIQCRZbqI0dBB2qjurwrEos3JPs3wNLTYngSRAcRXs66BEr0YXoUW96PvzJjXJ0rJnKjKvl8ybvuN4BhNM8MMjRz34zft55_-XMMnF0GftfGug7b27B6cD48/s1600/arena.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUcnuvUuCLjKQtBI0D0-8TIQCRZbqI0dBB2qjurwrEos3JPs3wNLTYngSRAcRXs66BEr0YXoUW96PvzJjXJ0rJnKjKvl8ybvuN4BhNM8MMjRz34zft55_-XMMnF0GftfGug7b27B6cD48/s1600/arena.png" height="366" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The arena in the 1970s. Its classical yet pragmatic detailing reveals its original use as the state fair's exhibition hall.<br />
<br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: large;">The fairgrounds included a one-mile racetrack and a large exhibition hall with a central section covered by a bowstring arch, later known as the Arena. After the fair moved away in 1946, the hall was used as the city garage (new city garages and shops that were built in the southwest conner of the former fairgrounds nay recently closed). A</span><span style="font-size: large;">fter the 1950s, called the Arena, the hall became the city's main sports arena and exhibit hall, and it continued in reduced use until 1986. It was torn down in 1997. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">The racetrack became famous for motorcycle and automobile races from the 1920s to the 1940s. Joe Pratali brought his Class “A” Speedway Racer (seen here) and </span><span style="font-size: large;">Bill France, Sr. raced his open wheel roadsters known as "Big Cars." </span><br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLgtejzr00Cmel3zTDMxI6hoyVb-8n4C8SYU1N0YKBPH9-CAxn6Ne80ig8N6Bn6cRP49tN4xxz-D5h-KRC3IrdaIiVFgf1IsM01g8eLj99TlpwowHve3TTRYEgWEl4czAk-GMtzBnPJVs/s1600/One+mile+dirt+racetrack.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLgtejzr00Cmel3zTDMxI6hoyVb-8n4C8SYU1N0YKBPH9-CAxn6Ne80ig8N6Bn6cRP49tN4xxz-D5h-KRC3IrdaIiVFgf1IsM01g8eLj99TlpwowHve3TTRYEgWEl4czAk-GMtzBnPJVs/s1600/One+mile+dirt+racetrack.png" height="486" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div style="font-family: Georgia; text-align: start;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: small;">Richmond One-mile Dirt Racetrack, 1920s-40s (</span></span><span style="font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;">Joe Pratali Class “A” Speedway Racer seen here).</span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNNK6vSFewZnTOVXSPouRNelZIeQsOqWqJV_mfQN3IkFcDe4nnNOaO2ihc3RnP2j082ij_6KStJxoPXON_Fjs7GguHykZfr-Etg3EEV2V_e_e3v2es7qEJyDlEmukSXbaLQu_MO71rS4U/s1600/arena+1954.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNNK6vSFewZnTOVXSPouRNelZIeQsOqWqJV_mfQN3IkFcDe4nnNOaO2ihc3RnP2j082ij_6KStJxoPXON_Fjs7GguHykZfr-Etg3EEV2V_e_e3v2es7qEJyDlEmukSXbaLQu_MO71rS4U/s1600/arena+1954.png" height="362" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: small;">The Richmond Arena, aerial view, 1954, when it was a municipal garage.</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10px; min-height: 11px;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"></span><br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxCWPKM4rVkJW1Yts_Teb08Rq7VQhWX2PchyphenhyphenlAIYswLklswiGoV046UYguz8nL3fwozju0rLe-MM9v1oNzhqlAgzRVEaLS4qidInS34X-HIptCFXeLV1OG9IeCpuYxSwKthwB6w83kv88/s1600/ad+for+arena.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxCWPKM4rVkJW1Yts_Teb08Rq7VQhWX2PchyphenhyphenlAIYswLklswiGoV046UYguz8nL3fwozju0rLe-MM9v1oNzhqlAgzRVEaLS4qidInS34X-HIptCFXeLV1OG9IeCpuYxSwKthwB6w83kv88/s1600/ad+for+arena.png" height="320" width="247" /></a></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia; min-height: 16px;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia; min-height: 16px;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWzqOGaNiexJ4mN0pbyXLmuJqJH1jxcu7k2Ybi5LY6jy2OTvukC8_ulvOLpzSV6cL5BX9_Fhajcv3dsQPZR7uTrvdJReXvnxG33QRTFPDCMmbVHxtqsEr3dKiujKwcokiOPlX5nPPls18/s1600/skating.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWzqOGaNiexJ4mN0pbyXLmuJqJH1jxcu7k2Ybi5LY6jy2OTvukC8_ulvOLpzSV6cL5BX9_Fhajcv3dsQPZR7uTrvdJReXvnxG33QRTFPDCMmbVHxtqsEr3dKiujKwcokiOPlX5nPPls18/s1600/skating.png" height="211" width="400" /></a><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia; min-height: 16px;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia; min-height: 16px;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia; min-height: 16px;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia; min-height: 16px;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia; min-height: 16px;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia; min-height: 16px;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia; min-height: 16px;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia; min-height: 16px;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia; min-height: 16px;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia; min-height: 16px;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia; min-height: 16px;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia; min-height: 16px;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia; min-height: 16px;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia; min-height: 16px;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia; min-height: 16px;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia; min-height: 16px;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia; min-height: 16px;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia; min-height: 16px;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia; min-height: 16px;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="min-height: 16px;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">In the later 1950s, the Arena was known for roller skating when it wasn't in use for shows and sport events. In the 1970s, it became Richmond 's venue for professional wrestling booked by Crockett Promotions.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0px;"></span></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia; min-height: 16px;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYU705qFeXqBMkW80T3yJhXOLjH0OHdw8TNcbcmlsFU_kIZ8seceFaIIuA36bRze2r8XxOXkr-yL20SP-dyA2dU8yuG4KqfsvMbqoIiJ-xzoWEDB-50Lr529grApYdkspPSZvyqGpbyLU/s1600/wrestling+ad.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYU705qFeXqBMkW80T3yJhXOLjH0OHdw8TNcbcmlsFU_kIZ8seceFaIIuA36bRze2r8XxOXkr-yL20SP-dyA2dU8yuG4KqfsvMbqoIiJ-xzoWEDB-50Lr529grApYdkspPSZvyqGpbyLU/s1600/wrestling+ad.png" height="208" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia; min-height: 16px;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidLr5Om5pWcUsRtZa-6Eah-HCtZsuA7A_lr5p-3xaXJZZrVanFJCytAZiDWI5lgk5mbOwTFm0Acls4r47JKIDr2nUfUTEV6V_C3DFoS7R_85PRJtZjXbgr4h6Ni9lQz-UU0czyXVZZwZw/s1600/Crockett+Promotions.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidLr5Om5pWcUsRtZa-6Eah-HCtZsuA7A_lr5p-3xaXJZZrVanFJCytAZiDWI5lgk5mbOwTFm0Acls4r47JKIDr2nUfUTEV6V_C3DFoS7R_85PRJtZjXbgr4h6Ni9lQz-UU0czyXVZZwZw/s1600/Crockett+Promotions.png" height="320" width="262" /></a><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 24px;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 24px;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 24px;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 24px;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 24px;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 24px;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 24px;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 24px;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 24px;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 24px;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 24px;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 24px;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-size: 24px;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Parker Field was build as a stadium in 1934 as part of the state fair grounds. It was rebuilt as a minor league ball field in 1954 as the home of the Richmond Virginians and later the Richmond Braves. It was replaced by the present structure on the same site, known as the Diamond, in 1984. The Richmond Petersburg Turnpike and a new connector street, Robin Hood Road, were extended across the tip of the triangle, creating a green area later developed as "Travelland" and a public baseball field.</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 24px;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjikZVamWzxxbh7mZpg5STEAiSePk4pUj-mmZKSVsmytX3cQGzlBZj7ScmK1aoDLa0-o0IL1ZRS07HCA8tB3h0jFlgKgp9oW8x3Pn-3pXd9xDnY9o3LExxW1mRBRqJ4WoWoIuJm5Lk_MfE/s1600/Parker+Field+1954.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjikZVamWzxxbh7mZpg5STEAiSePk4pUj-mmZKSVsmytX3cQGzlBZj7ScmK1aoDLa0-o0IL1ZRS07HCA8tB3h0jFlgKgp9oW8x3Pn-3pXd9xDnY9o3LExxW1mRBRqJ4WoWoIuJm5Lk_MfE/s1600/Parker+Field+1954.png" height="322" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Parker Field, 1954</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 24px;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 24px;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 24px;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 24px;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 24px;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 24px;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 24px;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi995gJxGAFOeSjiTZbuLBuyj-YSEvSr2eBVResshJg0bwfzGktMLmMSzyj4SRkoCcg2RqHNOBKE0GV-5g4QFDhWDSUGB0wF_bSK8xI9Zxuz8HHbzYiGe_dodex7dFafMzejUsK-faK-VU/s1600/Parker+Field.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi995gJxGAFOeSjiTZbuLBuyj-YSEvSr2eBVResshJg0bwfzGktMLmMSzyj4SRkoCcg2RqHNOBKE0GV-5g4QFDhWDSUGB0wF_bSK8xI9Zxuz8HHbzYiGe_dodex7dFafMzejUsK-faK-VU/s1600/Parker+Field.png" height="310" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Parker Field</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 24px;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 24px;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 24px;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 24px;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 24px;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 24px;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 24px;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 24px;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 24px;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 24px;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 24px;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 24px;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 24px;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 24px;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 24px;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 24px;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 24px;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 24px;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 24px;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 24px;">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2e5o-2Xpw2JL_3KuCIhpW-zGHkugNoj7GoUL6VHa5lLltmFZ7R5HttBeAIZNW14aipEhn1Ok91PhlWloqWU_9K7FBHyEFoRStvAdkfZEsDzCYyz_0v4Xw7LS8xCsuGqHy7glkplnwUXk/s1600/entry+gates+1950s.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2e5o-2Xpw2JL_3KuCIhpW-zGHkugNoj7GoUL6VHa5lLltmFZ7R5HttBeAIZNW14aipEhn1Ok91PhlWloqWU_9K7FBHyEFoRStvAdkfZEsDzCYyz_0v4Xw7LS8xCsuGqHy7glkplnwUXk/s1600/entry+gates+1950s.png" height="422" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">The gates off Boulevard into the Arena and Parker Field looking north in the late 1950s. The "Toll Road" can be seen in the distance. </span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">The Arthur Ashe Athletic Center, named for tennis champion and former Richmond resident, Arthur Ashe Jr. The 6,000 seat arena in part replaced the Arena of 1906 when it was built in 1982 and hosts local sporting events and concerts. It is located at the northwest corner of the property. Sports Backers Stadium, located behind the Diamond, is a soccer and college athletics field built in 1999. Parking for the Diamond and the other venues now covers the remainder of the site, except for the city warehouses and shops along the tracks at the southern edge. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCNiFmkP_36l9fjzICTzYNjcZPeCiwns4f3DPn0HB_-K281LKYxQi-PfmaV5TQrkvWdL46i9bohxulS8QtVdiQaldVy1wCiyU3A7-Gnm8-95_iSVAwB4z_lryiiyw_YDx_CrtVjW3qwK4/s1600/travelland.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCNiFmkP_36l9fjzICTzYNjcZPeCiwns4f3DPn0HB_-K281LKYxQi-PfmaV5TQrkvWdL46i9bohxulS8QtVdiQaldVy1wCiyU3A7-Gnm8-95_iSVAwB4z_lryiiyw_YDx_CrtVjW3qwK4/s1600/travelland.png" height="340" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Travelland and Westham Station</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">A venture known as Travelland was opened on the section of the old fairgrounds between Robin Hood Road </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"> the Toll Road in 1962. The idea was to collect equipment to be displayed as a transportation museum. They began with the old Westham Station, built in 1911 west of the city and C & O Locomotive 2732, given to the city in 1962 several years after after it was </span>decommissioned. It was moved to the nearby Science Museum of Virginia in 2003. The station served as the</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: large;"> city’s Visitor’s Information Center beginning in 1975. It </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: large;">closed in 1985.</span></span></span><br />
<div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14px; min-height: 16px;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"></span><br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10px; min-height: 11px;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"></span><br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10px; min-height: 11px;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"></span><br /></div>
</div>
Gibson Worshamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17914252671575229780noreply@blogger.com0